Charter of Carnaro - Citizendia

The Charter of Carnaro (Carta del Carnaro in Italian) was the constitution of the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a short-lived government in Fiume (Rijeka), proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio on September 8, 1920. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The Italian Regency of Carnaro ( Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro in Italian) was proclaimed as a state by Gabriele D'Annunzio in Fiume now the city of Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is Gabriele d'Annunzio ( 12 March 1863 &ndash 1 March 1938) was an Italian Poet, Journalist, Novelist Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Following the Treaty of Rapallo the regime of D'Annunzio was ousted by Italian military forces at Christmas 1920, and by December 31 the Free State of Fiume had been established. See also Treaty of Rapallo 1922 The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes The Free State of Fiume, also known as the Free State of Rijeka (Croatian Slobodna Država Rijeka) was an independent free state which existed between Misleadingly the Charter of Carnaro is sometimes also referred to as the "Constitution for the free state of Fiume" even if it has no relation to the Free State.

The constitution combined anarchist, proto-fascist, and democratic republican ideas. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology A republican democracy is a Republic which has democratic Forms of government. D'Annunzio is often seen as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of Italian fascism. His own explicit political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored with syndicalist Alceste De Ambris. Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front Alceste De Ambris (1874 - 1934 was an Italian syndicalist, the brother of Amilcare De Ambris. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. The charter is notorious for designating "music" to be the fundamental principle of the state. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time.

Corporations

The constitution established a corporatist state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy, where membership was mandatory, plus a tenth corporation devised by D'Annunzio, to represent the superior individuals. Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic The other nine were:

Industrial and Agricultural Workers
Seafarers
Employers
Industrial and Agricultural Technicians
Private Bureaucrats and Administrators
Teachers and Students
Lawyers and Doctors
Civil Servants
Co-operative Workers

Executive

The executive power would be vested in seven ministers (rettori):

Foreign Affairs
Treasury
Education
Police and Justice
Defense
Public Economy
Labor

Legislature

The legislative power was vested in a bicameral legislature. Joint sessions of (Arengo del Carnaro), would be responsible for treaties with foreign powers, amendments to the constitution, and appointmen of a dictator in times of emergency.

Council of the Best (Consiglio degli Ottimi) - Elected by universal suffrage for a 3 year term - 1 councilor per 1000 population Responsible for legislation concerning civil and criminal justice, police, armed forces, education, intellectual life and relations between the central government and communes

Council of Corporations (Consiglio dei Provvisori) - 60 members chosen by nine corporations for a 2 year term - Responsible for laws regulating business and commerce, labor relations, public services, transportation and merchant shipping, tariffs and trade, public works, medical and legal professions

Judiciary

Judicial power vested in the courts

Supreme Court, (Corte della Ragione, literally "Court of Reason")
Communal Courts, (Buoni Uomini, literally "Good Men")
Labour Court (Giudici del Lavoro)
Civil Court (Giudici Togati, literally "Judges in toga")
Criminal Court (Giudici del Maleficio)

Impact

Benito Mussolini was influenced by the Fascist portions of the constitution, and by D'Annunzio's style of leadership as a whole. As the Fascist movement came to power in Italy, D'Annunzio moved towards it, and became close with Mussolini. De Ambris, however, was a staunch opponent of Fascism, calling the movement "a filthy pawn. "

External links

" The Doctrine of Fascism " (" La dottrina del fascismo " is a seminal essay signed by Benito Mussolini and officially attributed to him although Gabriele d'Annunzio ( 12 March 1863 &ndash 1 March 1938) was an Italian Poet, Journalist, Novelist Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is

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