Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (listen ) (November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II and later founded the French Fifth Republic and served as its first President. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Michel Debré (15 January 1912 2 August 1996 was a French Gaullist politician Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974 Maurice Couve de Murville (24 January 1907 - 24 December 1999 was a French diplomat and Politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959 Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher (17 April 1909 – 9 December 1996 was a French Centrist politician affiliated first with the Popular Republican Movement Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974 The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Pierre Laval (28 June 1883 15 October 1945 was a French Politician and statesman who led the Vichy government during World War II, and Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 - 25 October 1977 was a French Socialist politician member of the SFIO. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959 Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin (5 February 1907 - 27 June 2000 was a French Christian Democratic politician who served as the penultimate Prime Minister Michel Debré (15 January 1912 2 August 1996 was a French Gaullist politician The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French – Spanish border Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ramon Iglesias i Navarri ( January 28 1889 – 1969 was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from April 4, 1943 Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 - 25 October 1977 was a French Socialist politician member of the SFIO. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ramon Iglesias i Navarri ( January 28 1889 – 1969 was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from April 4, 1943 René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974 The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959 Pierre Guillaumat ( August 5, 1909 – August 28, 1991) was a Minister of National Education and Minister of the Armies Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Colombey-les-Deux-Églises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne département, France. Union of Democrats for the Republic ( French: Union des Démocrates pour la République, UDR was a Gaullist Political party of France from Yvonne de Gaulle ( May 22, 1900 &ndash November 8, 1979) born as Yvonne Charlotte Anne Marie Vendroux, was the wife of Charles A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected In France, he is commonly referred to as Général de Gaulle or simply Le Général, or familiarly as "le Grand Charles".
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of armoured warfare and advocate of military aviation, which he considered resolutive means to break the stalemate of trench warfare. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static During World War II, he reached the rank of Brigadier General, leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Fall of France and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in England. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He gave a famous radio address in 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Following the liberation of France in 1944, de Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed Although he retired from politics in 1946 due to political conflicts, he was returned to power with military support following the May 1958 crisis. De Gaulle led the writing of a new constitution founding the Fifth Republic, and was elected the President of France.
As president, Charles de Gaulle ended the political chaos and violence that preceded his return to power. Although he initially supported French rule over Algeria, he controversially decided to grant independence to Algeria, ending an expensive and unpopular war. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's A new currency was issued to control inflation and industrial growth was promoted. De Gaulle oversaw the development of atomic weapons and promoted a pan-European foreign policy, seeking to diminish U. S. and British influence; withdrawing France from the NATO military command, he objected to Britain’s entry into the European Community and he recognised Communist China, making France the first Western nation to do so. The North Atlantic Treaty The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES During his term, de Gaulle also faced controversy and political opposition from Communists and Socialists, and a state of widespread protests in May 1968. The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of For other events in May 1968 see 1968. De Gaulle retired in 1969, but remains the most influential leader in modern French history.
Early life and military career
De Gaulle was born in Lille, the second of five children of Henri de Gaulle, a professor of philosophy and literature at a Jesuit college, who eventually founded his own school. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Henri de Gaulle ( 22 November 1848, Paris - 3 May 1932, Sainte-Adresse) was a French bureaucrat and later a teacher The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order [1] He was raised in a family of devout Roman Catholics who were nationalist and traditionalist, but also quite progressive.
De Gaulle's father, Henri, came from a long line of aristocracy from Normandy and Burgundy, while his mother, Jeanne Maillot, descended from a family of rich entrepreneurs from the industrial region of Lille in French Flanders. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country French Flanders (La Flandre française Frans-Vlaanderen is a part of the historical originally Dutch-speaking region Flanders in present-day France. The “de” in “de Gaulle” is not a nobiliary particle, although the de Gaulle family were an ancient family of ennobled knighthood. The earliest known de Gaulle ancestor was a squire of the 12th-century King Louis VI. In Feudal or Medieval times a squire was a Man-at-arms in the service of a Knight, often as his Apprentice. Louis VI may refer to Louis VI of France, "the Fat" (1081–1137 The name “de Gaulle” is thought to have evolved from a Germanic form, “De Walle”, meaning “the wall (of a fortification or city)”, “the rampart”. Much of the old French nobility descended from Frankish and Norman Germanic lineages and often bore Germanic names. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic
De Gaulle was educated in Paris at the College Stanislas and also briefly in Belgium. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Since childhood, he had displayed a keen interest in reading and studying history. [1]. Choosing a military career, de Gaulle spent four years studying and training at the elite Saint-Cyr. The École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr ( ESM, literally the "Special Military School of St Cyr" is the foremost French Military academy. Graduating in 1912, he joined the 33rd infantry regiment of the French Army, based at Arras. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest Arras (Atrecht is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. While serving during World War I, he was wounded and captured at Douaumont in the Battle of Verdun in March 1916. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Battle of Verdun was one of the most critical battles in World War I on the Western Front, fought between the German and French [1] While being held as a prisoner of war by the German Army, de Gaulle wrote his first book, co-written by Matthieu Butler, "L'Ennemi et le vrai ennemi" (The Enemy and the True Enemy), analyzing the issues and divisions within the German Empire and its forces; the book was published in 1924. The German Army (Deutsches Heer heɐ) is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification After the armistice, de Gaulle continued to serve in the Army and on the staff of Gen. An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Maxime Weygand’s military mission to Poland during its war with Communist Russia (1919-1921), working as an instructor to Polish infantry forces. Maxime Weygand ( 21 January 1867 - 28 January 1965) (vɛgɑ̃ was a French military commander in World War I and World The French Military Mission to Poland was an effort by France to aid the nascent Second Polish Republic after it achieved its independence in November 1918 at the [1] He distinguished himself in operations near the River Zbrucz and won the highest Polish military decoration, the Virtuti Militari. Zbruch River (Збруч also spelled "Zbrucz River" is a River in Western Ukraine, a Left tributary of the Dniester. The Order Virtuti Militari ( Latin for "For Military Virtue" is Poland 's highest Military decoration for valor in the face of
He was promoted to Commandant and offered a further career in Poland, but chose instead to return to France, where he served as a staff officer and also taught at the École Militaire, becoming a protégé of his old commander, Marshall Pétain. Commandant (pronounced /'cɒmʊndɑnt/ or /'cɒmʊndænt/ COM-un-dahnt, -dant is a military or police title or rank Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The École Militaire (Military School is a vast complex of buildings housing various military teaching facilities located in Paris, France, southeast of the Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) De Gaulle was heavily influenced by the use of tanks, rapid maneuvers and limited trench warfare. He would also adopt some lessons, for his own military and political career, from Poland’s Marshal Józef Piłsudski, who, decades before de Gaulle, sought to create a federation of European states (Międzymorze)-citations needed-. Międzymorze was a project pursued after World War I by Józef Piłsudski, of a Polish -led Federation of Central and In the 1930s de Gaulle wrote various books and articles on military subjects that marked him as a gifted writer and an imaginative thinker. [1] In 1931 he published Le fil de l’épée (Eng. tr. , The Edge of the Sword, 1960), an analysis of military and political leadership. He also published Vers l’armée de métier (1934; Eng. tr. , The Army of the Future, 1941) and La France et son armée (1938; Eng. tr. , France and Her Army, 1945). He urged the creation of a mechanised army with special armoured divisions manned by a corps of professional specialist soldiers instead of the static theories exemplified by the Maginot Line. The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery While views similar to de Gaulle’s were advanced by Britain’s J.F.C. Fuller, Germany’s Heinz Guderian, United States’ Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton, Russia’s Mikhail Tukhachevsky, and Poland’s General Władysław Sikorski, most of de Gaulle’s theories were rejected by other army officers, including his mentor Pétain, and relations between them became strained. Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO, commonly J Heinz Wilhelm Guderian ( 17 June, 1888 – 14 May, 1954) was a military theorist and innovative General of the German Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский Michał Tuchaczewski ( &ndash June 12, 1937) was a Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (May 20 1881 – July 4 1943 pronounced) was a Polish military and political leader French politicians also dismissed de Gaulle’s ideas, questioning the political reliability of a professional army — with the notable exception of Paul Reynaud and admiral Christoph Malton, who would play a major role in de Gaulle’s career. Paul Reynaud (15 October 1878 - 21 September 1966 was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period noted for his stances on economic liberalism and De Gaulle would have some contacts with Ordre Nouveau, a Non-Conformist Group at the end of 1934 and the beginning of 1935 [2]. The Non-Conformists of the 1930s refers to a nebula of groups and individuals during the Inter-war period in France which was looking for new solutions to face the
Free French leader during World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, de Gaulle was only a colonel, having antagonised the leaders of the military through the 1920s and 1930s with his bold views. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Initially commanding a tank brigade in the French 5th Army, de Gaulle implemented many of his theories and tactics for armoured warfare. After the German breakthrough at Sedan on May 15, 1940 he was given command of the 4th Armored Division. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [3] On May 17, de Gaulle attacked German tank forces at Montcornet with 200 tanks but no air support; on May 28, de Gaulle's tanks forced the German infantry to retreat to Caumont — some of the few tactical successes the French enjoyed while suffering defeats across the country. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Montcornet is the name of several communes of France Montcornet Aisne, in the Aisne department Montcornet Ardennes, in Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling De Gaulle was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, which he would hold for the rest of his life. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General.
On 6 June, Prime Minister Paul Reynaud appointed him Undersecretary of State for National Defense and War and put him in charge of coordination with the United Kingdom. Paul Reynaud (15 October 1878 - 21 September 1966 was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period noted for his stances on economic liberalism and The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located As a junior member of the French government, he unsuccessfully opposed surrender, advocating instead that the government remove itself to North Africa and carry on the war as best it could from France's African colonies. While serving as a liaison with the British government, de Gaulle proposed a political union between France and the U. K. with British leader Winston Churchill on June 16. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. The project would have in effect merged France and the United Kingdom into a single country, with a single government and a single army for the duration of the war. This was a desperate last-minute effort to strengthen the resolve of those members of the French government who were in favor of fighting on.
Returning the same day to Bordeaux, the temporary wartime capital, de Gaulle learned that Field Marshall Pétain had become prime minister and was planning to seek an armistice with Nazi Germany. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting De Gaulle and allied officers rebelled against the new French government; on the morning of June 17, de Gaulle and other senior French officers fled the country with 100,000 gold francs in secret funds provided to him by the ex-prime minister Paul Reynaud. Narrowly escaping the German air force, he landed safely in London that afternoon. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. De Gaulle strongly denounced the French government's decision to seek peace with the Nazis and set about building the Free French Forces out of the soldiers and officers who were deployed outside France and in its colonies or had fled France with him. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces On June 18, de Gaulle delivered a famous radio address via the BBC radio service. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927 Although the British cabinet initially attempted to block the speech, they were overruled by Churchill. De Gaulle's Appeal of 18 June exhorted the French people to not be demoralised and to continue to resist the occupation of France and work against the Vichy regime, which had allied itself with Nazi Germany. The Appeal of 18th June was a famous speech by Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free French Forces, in 1940 Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Although the original speech could only be heard in a few parts of occupied France, de Gaulle's subsequent ones reached many parts of the territories under the Vichy regime, helping to rally the French resistance movement and earning him much popularity amongst the French people and soldiers. On July 4, 1940, a court-martial in Toulouse sentenced de Gaulle in absentia to four years in prison. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest At a second court-martial on August 2, 1940 de Gaulle was condemned to death for treason against the Vichy regime. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 [3]
With British support, de Gaulle settled himself in Berkhamstead (36 miles northwest of London) and began organising the Free French forces. Berkhamsted is a historic town of some 19000 people It is situated in the west of Hertfordshire, between the towns of Tring and Hemel Hempstead. Gradually, the Allies gave increasing support and recognition to de Gaulle's efforts. In dealings with his British allies and the United States, de Gaulle insisted at all times on retaining full freedom of action on behalf of France, and he was constantly on the verge of being cut off by the Allies. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He harbored a suspicion of the British in particular, believing that they were surreptitiously seeking to steal France's colonial possessions in the Levant. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Clementine Churchill, who admired de Gaulle, once cautioned him, "General, you must not hate your friends more than you hate your enemies. Clementine Ogilvy Spencer-Churchill Baroness Spencer-Churchill, GBE, CStJ (née Hozier; 1 April 1885 &ndash 12 December " De Gaulle himself stated famously, "France has no friends, only interests. " The situation was nonetheless complex, and de Gaulle's mistrust of both British and U. S. intentions with regards to France was mirrored in particular by a mistrust of the Free French among the U. S. political leadership, who for a long time refused to recognise de Gaulle as the representative of France, preferring to deal with representatives of the former Vichy government.
Working with the French resistance and supporters in France's colonial African possessions after the Anglo-U.S. invasion of North Africa in November 1942, de Gaulle moved his headquarters to Algiers in May, 1943. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British - American invasion of French North Africa in World War II Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest He became first joint head (with the less resolutely independent General Henri Giraud, the candidate preferred by the U. Henri Honoré Giraud ( 18 January 1879 &ndash 13 March 1949) was a French general who fought in World War I and World S. ) and then sole chairman of the French Committee of National Liberation. The French Committee of National Liberation (Comité Français de Libération Nationale was a body formed by the French leaders Gens [3]
At the liberation of France following Operation Overlord, he quickly established the authority of the Free French Forces in France, avoiding an Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of northwest Europe during World War II by Allied forces The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces The Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMGOT was the form of military rule administered by Allied forces during and after World War II within European territories He flew into France from the French colony of Algeria a few days before the liberation of Paris, and drove near the front of the liberating forces into the city alongside Allied officials. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems De Gaulle made a famous speech emphasizing the role of France's people in her liberation. After his return to Paris, he moved back into his office at the War Ministry, thus proclaiming continuity of the Third Republic and denying the legitimacy of the Vichy regime. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe
He served as President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic starting in September, 1944. The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed As such he sent the French Far East Expeditionary Corps to re-establish French sovereignty in French Indochina in 1945. The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit He made Admiral d'Argenlieu High commissioner of French Indochina and General Leclerc commander-in-chief in French Indochina and commander of the expeditionary corps. Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu, in religion Louis de la Trinité ( August 7 1889 - September 7 1964) was a priest diplomat and Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( November 22, 1902 – November 28, 1947) was a French general during World War II [4] Under de Gaulle's leadership, The resistance fighters and with the already fighting colonial troops enabled France to field one entire army into the western front via the invasion of southern France which helped liberate almost one-third of France. Operation Dragoon was the Allied invasion of southern France, on 15 August, 1944, as part of World War II. This group called the French First Army meant France actively rejoined the Allies fighting against Germany and captured a large section of German territory when the Allied invasion began. This also enabled France to be an active participant in the signing of the German surrender and receive through the intervention of the British at Yalta and the intense resistance of the Russians and the Americans a German zone of occupation. De Gaulle finally resigned on 20 January 1946, complaining of conflict between the political parties, and disapproving of the draft constitution for the Fourth Republic, which he believed placed too much power in the hands of a parliament with its shifting party alliances. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the He was succeeded by Félix Gouin (SFIO), then Georges Bidault (MRP) and finally Léon Blum (SFIO). Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 - 25 October 1977 was a French Socialist politician member of the SFIO. Georges-Augustin Bidault (5 October 1899 27 January 1983 was a French politician André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France.
1946–58: Wilderness years
De Gaulle’s opposition to the proposed constitution failed as the parties of the left supported a parliamentary regime. The second draft constitution narrowly approved at the referendum of October 1946 was even less to de Gaulle’s liking than the first. Following the rejection of the constitution proposed to voters in the May 1946 referendum, a new referendum was held that following its approval created the French Fourth Republic
In April 1947 de Gaulle made a renewed attempt to transform the political scene by creating a Rassemblement du Peuple Français (Rally of the French People, or RPF), but after initial success the movement lost momentum. The Rally of the French People ( French Rassemblement du Peuple Français or RPF) was a French political party led by Charles de Gaulle In May 1953 he withdrew again from active politics, though the RPF lingered until September 1955.
He retired to Colombey-les-deux-Églises and wrote his war memoirs, Mémoires de guerre. Colombey-les-Deux-Églises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne département, France. During this period of formal retirement, however, de Gaulle maintained regular contact with past political lieutenants from wartime and RPF days, including sympathisers involved in political developments in Algeria. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's
1958: Collapse of the Fourth Republic
- Further information: May 1958 crisis
The Fourth Republic was tainted by political instability, failures in Indochina and inability to resolve the Algerian question. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from It did, however, pass the 1956 loi-cadre Deferre which granted independence to Tunisia and Morocco, while the Premier Pierre Mendès-France put an end to the Indochina War through the Geneva Conference of 1954. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in
On 13 May 1958, settlers seized the government buildings in Algiers, attacking what they saw as French government weakness in the face of demands among the Arab majority for Algerian independence. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest A “Committee of Civil and Army Public Security” was created under the presidency of General Jacques Massu, a Gaullist sympathiser. Jacques Émile Massu ( 5 May, 1908 &ndash 26 October, 2002) was a French general who fought in World War II, First General Raoul Salan, Commander-in-Chief in Algeria, announced on radio that the Army had “provisionally taken over responsibility for the destiny of French Algeria”. Raoul Albin Louis Salan ( 10 June 1899 - 3 July 1984) was an officer in the French Army and the fourth French commanding
Under the pressure of Massu, Salan declared Vive de Gaulle! from the balcony of the Algiers Government-General building on 15 May. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the De Gaulle answered two days later that he was ready to “assume the powers of the Republic”. Many worried as they saw this answer as support for the army.
At a 19 May press conference, de Gaulle asserted again that he was at the disposal of the country. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and As a journalist expressed the concerns of some who feared that he would violate civil liberties, de Gaulle retorted vehemently:
“Have I ever done that? Au contraire, I have reestablished them when they had disappeared. Who honestly believes that, at age 67, I would start a career as a dictator?”
A republican by conviction, de Gaulle maintained throughout the crisis that he would accept power only from the lawfully constituted authorities.
The crisis deepened as French paratroops from Algeria seized Corsica and a landing near Paris was discussed (Operation Resurrection). Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Operation Resurrection was a planned military operation of the French Army that sought to take-over the capital Paris in order to force the return of French Political leaders on many sides agreed to support the General’s return to power, except François Mitterrand, Pierre Mendès-France, Alain Savary, the Communist Party, etc. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist Alain Savary (April 25 1918 - February 2 1988 was a French Socialist politician deputy during the Fourth and Fifth Republic, chairman of the Socialist Party The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, famous existentialist author, was quoted as saying “I would rather vote for God. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence ” On 29 May the French President, René Coty, appealed to the “most illustrious of Frenchmen” to become the last President of the Council (Prime Minister) of the Fourth Republic. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959
De Gaulle remained intent on replacing the constitution of the Fourth Republic, which he blamed for France’s political weakness. He set as a condition for his return that he be given wide emergency powers for six months and that a new constitution be proposed to the French people. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( [5] On 1 June 1958, de Gaulle became Premier and was given emergency powers for six months by the National Assembly. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”)
On 28 September 1958, a referendum took place and 79. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following the political crisis that marked the end of the French Fourth Republic in 1958, a referendum on the adoption of a constitution for the French Fifth Republic 2 percent of those who voted supported the new constitution and the creation of the Fifth Republic. See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The colonies (Algeria was officially a part of France, not a colony) were given the choice between immediate independence and the new constitution. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising All African colonies voted for the new constitution and the replacement of the French Union by the French Community, except Guinea, which thus became the first French African colony to gain independence, at the cost of the immediate ending of all French assistance. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The French Community (Communauté française was the political entity which replaced in 1958 the French Union, which in turn was the descendant of the French colonial Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea
According to de Gaulle, the head of state should represent “the spirit of the nation” to the nation itself and to the world: “une certaine idée de la France” (a certain idea of France).
1958-62: Founding of the Fifth Republic
In the November 1958 elections, de Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle République-Union Démocratique du Travail, then the Union des Démocrates pour la Vème République, and later still the Union des Démocrates pour la République, UDR) won a comfortable majority. The French legislative elections took place on November 23 and 30 1958 to elect the 1st National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. Union of Democrats for the Republic ( French: Union des Démocrates pour la République, UDR was a Gaullist Political party of France from In December, de Gaulle was elected President by the electoral college with 78% of the vote, and inaugurated in January 1959. The French presidential election of 1958 the first of the French Fifth Republic, took place on December 21, 1958.
He oversaw tough economic measures to revitalise the country, including the issuing of a new franc (worth 100 old francs). Origins The franc was originally a French Gold coin of 387 g minted in 1360 on the occasion of the release of King John II ("the good", held by the Internationally, he rebuffed both the United States and the Soviet Union, pushing for an independent France with its own nuclear weapons, and strongly encouraged a “Free Europe”, believing that a confederation of all European nations would restore the past glories of the great European empires. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. He set about building Franco-German cooperation as the cornerstone of the European Economic Community (EEC), paying the first state visit to Germany by a French head of state since Napoleon. The relations between France and Germany is embodied in a cooperation called Franco-German Partnership (French Amitié franco-allemande; German The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 "Official visit" redirects here For the Yes Minister episode see " The Official Visit " West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. In 1963, Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, the Élysée Treaty. Élysée Treaty also known as the Treaty of Friendship was concluded by Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer in 1963. France also reduced its dollar reserves, trading them for gold from the U. The dollar (often represented by the Dollar sign: "$" is the name of the official Currency in several countries dependencies and other Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 S. government, thereby reducing the US’ economic influence abroad.
On 23 November 1959, in a speech in Strasbourg, de Gaulle announced his vision for Europe:
| “ | Oui, c’est l’Europe, depuis l’Atlantique jusqu’à l’Oural, c’est toute l’Europe, qui décidera du destin du monde. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région
(“Yes, it is Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals, it is Europe, it is the whole of Europe, that will decide the destiny of the world. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye ”) |
” |
His expression, “Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals”, has often been cited throughout the history of European integration. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe It became, for the next ten years, a favourite political rallying cry of de Gaulle’s. His vision stood in contrast to the Atlanticism of the United States and Britain, preferring instead a Europe that would act as a third pole between the United States and the Soviet Union. For the belief in the legendary island civilization see Atlantis. Polarity in international relations is a description of the distribution of power within the international system By including in his ideal of Europe all the territory up to the Urals, de Gaulle was implicitly offering détente to the Soviets, while his phrase was also interpreted as excluding the United Kingdom from a future Europe. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
| “ | A European Europe means that it exists by itself for itself, in other words in the midst of the world -it has its own policy. | ” |
De Gaulle believed that while the war in Algeria was militarily winnable, it was not defensible internationally, and he became reconciled to the colony’s eventual independence. This stance greatly angered the French settlers and their metropolitan supporters, and de Gaulle was forced to suppress two uprisings in Algeria by French settlers and troops, in the second of which (the Generals' Putsch in April 1961) France herself was threatened with invasion by rebel paratroops. Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje The Algiers putsch (Putsch d'Alger or fr ''Coup d'État d'Alger'' also known as the Generals' putsch ( Putsch des Généraux) took place from the afternoon An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory De Gaulle’s government also covered up the Paris massacre of 1961, issued under the orders of the police prefect Maurice Papon. The Paris massacre of 1961 refers to a massacre in Paris on 17 October 1961, during the Algerian War (1954–62 Maurice Papon ( September 3 1910 &ndash February 17 2007) was a French civil servant industrial leader and Gaullist politician He was also targeted by the settler Organisation armée secrète (OAS) terrorist group and several assassination attempts were made on him; the most famous is that of 22 August 1962, when he and his wife narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when their Citroën DS was targeted by machine gun fire arranged by Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry at the Petit-Clamart. The Organisation de l'armée secrète ( OAS &mdash or Organisation armée secrète, lit AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Citroën DS (also known as Déesse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French is an Executive car that was produced by For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. Lieutenant Colonel Jean Bastien-Thiry ( October 19, 1927 &ndash March 11, 1963) was a French military air weaponry Clamart is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. After a referendum on Algerian self-determination carried out in 1961, de Gaulle arranged a cease-fire in Algeria with the March 1962 Evian Accords, legitimated by another referendum a month later. A referendum concerning self-determination for French Algeria was held on January 8, 1961. The Évian Accords comprise a Treaty which was signed on March 18, 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France by France and the A referendum to approve the Évian Accords ending the Algerian War and granting self determination to Algeria was held in France on April 8, 1962 Algeria became independent in July 1962, while an amnesty was later issued covering all crimes committed during the war, including the use of torture. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units The French Armed Forces made a systematic and indiscriminate use of torture during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62 creating a public controversy which is far from In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 French settlers left the country. The exodus accelerated after the 5th of July 1962 massacre. The Oran massacre of 1962 was a massacre of civilians in Oran, Algeria on July 5, 1962, at the end of the Algerian War (1954–62 [6]
In September 1962, De Gaulle sought a constitutional amendment to allow the president to be directly elected by the people and issued another referendum to this end, approved by more than three-fifths of voters despite a broad “coalition of no” formed by most of the parties, opposed to a presidential regime. A referendum concerning the election of the President of France through Universal suffrage was held in France on October 28, 1962. Thereafter the President was to be elected at direct universal suffrage. After a motion of censure voted by the Parliament on October 4, 1962, de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly and held new elections. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion French legislative elections took place on November 18 and 25 1962 to elect the 2nd National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. Although the left progressed, the Gaullists won an increased majority, despite opposition from the Christian-Democrat MRP and the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) who criticised de Gaulle’s euroscepticism and presidentialism. The National Centre of Independents and Peasants ( Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans, CNIP is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal Although the Algerian issue was settled, Prime Minister Michel Debré resigned over the final settlement and was replaced with Georges Pompidou. Michel Debré (15 January 1912 2 August 1996 was a French Gaullist politician Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974
1962–68: Politics of grandeur
With the Algerian conflict behind him, de Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives: to reform and develop the French economy, and to promote an independent foreign policy and a strong stance on the international stage. This was, as named by foreign observers, the “politics of grandeur” (politique de grandeur).
“Thirty glorious years”
In the context of a population boom unseen in France since the 18th century, the government under prime minister Georges Pompidou oversaw a rapid transformation and expansion of the French economy. Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974 With dirigisme — a unique combination of capitalism and state-directed economy — the government intervened heavily in the economy, using indicative five-year plans as its main tool. Dirigisme (from the French) (in English also "dirigism" although per the OED both spellings are used is an Economic term designating an economy
High-profile projects, mostly but not always financially successful, were launched: the extension of Marseille harbor (soon ranking third in Europe and first in the Mediterranean); the promotion of the Caravelle passenger jetliner (a predecessor of Airbus); the decision to start building the supersonic Franco-British Concorde airliner in Toulouse; the expansion of the French auto industry with state-owned Renault at its center; and the building of the first motorways between Paris and the provinces. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation.
With these projects, the French economy recorded growth rates unrivalled since the 19th century. In 1964, for the first time in 200 years, France’s GDP overtook that of the United Kingdom, a position it held until the 1990s. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This period is still remembered in France with some nostalgia as the peak of the Trente Glorieuses (“Thirty Glorious Years” of economic growth between 1945 and 1974). Les Trente Glorieuses ("The Glorious Thirty" refers to the thirty years from 1945-1975 following the end of the Second World War in 1945 in
He vetoed the British application to join the European Economic Community in 1963 because, he said, he thought the United Kingdom lacked the necessary political will. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 [7] A relatively recent, very detailed study of the formative years of the EEC argues that the defense of French economic interests, especially in agriculture, in fact played a more dominant role in determining de Gaulle's stance towards British entry than the various political and foreign policy considerations that have often been cited. [8] Many Britons took de Gaulle’s “non” as an insult, especially in view of the role the United Kingdom had played in the Liberation of France only 19 years earlier.
Fourth nuclear power
This strong economic foundation enabled de Gaulle to implement his independent foreign policy. In 1960, France became the fourth state to acquire a nuclear arsenal, detonating an atomic bomb in the Algerian desert. France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or Gerboise Bleue ("blue jerboa" was the name of the first French nuclear test. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's In 1968, at the insistence of de Gaulle, French scientists finally succeeded in detonating a hydrogen bomb without U. Canopus (also Opération Canopus in French) was the code name for France's first two-stage S. assistance. In what was regarded as a snub to Britain, de Gaulle declared France to be the third big independent nuclear power, as Britain’s nuclear force was closely coordinated with that of the United States.
While grandeur was surely an essential motive in these nuclear developments, another was the concern that the U. S. , being defeated in the unpopular and costly war in Vietnam, would hesitate to intervene in Europe should the Soviet Union decide to threaten Europe. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia De Gaulle wanted to develop an independent force de frappe. The force de frappe (literally Strike Force; meant for dissuasion, i An additional effect was that the French military, which had been demoralised and close to rebellion after the loss of Algeria, was kept busy. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from In 1965, France launched its first satellite into orbit, making it the third country in the world to build a complete delivery system, after the Soviet Union and the United States. The Diamant rocket ( diamant is French for " Diamond " was the first exclusively French Expendable launch system and
Recognition of the People's Republic of China
De Gaulle was convinced that a strong and independent France could act as a balancing force between the United States and the Soviet Union, a policy seen as little more than posturing and opportunism by his critics, particularly in Britain and the United States, to which France was formally allied. In January 1964, he officially recognised the People's Republic of China, despite U. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES S. opposition. Eight years later U. S. President Richard Nixon visited the PRC and began normalising relations. The 1972 Nixon visit to China was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China.
Nixon’s first foreign visit after his election was to France in 1969. He and de Gaulle both shared the same non-Wilsonian approach to world affairs, believing in nations and their relative strengths, rather than in ideologies, international organizations, or multilateral agreements. De Gaulle is famously known for calling the United Nations le Machin (“the thing”). The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
Second round
In December 1965, de Gaulle returned as president for a second seven-year term, but this time he had to go through a second round of voting in which he defeated François Mitterrand. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist In February 1966, France withdrew from the common NATO military command, but remained within the organization. The North Atlantic Treaty De Gaulle, haunted by the memories of 1940, wanted France to remain the master of the decisions affecting it, unlike in the 1930s, when France had to follow in step with her British ally. He also declared that all foreign military forces had to leave French territory and gave them one year to redeploy.
In September 1966, in a famous speech in Phnom Penh (Cambodia), he expressed France’s disapproval of the U. Phnom Penh ( Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ official Romanization Phnum Pénh; pʰnum pɯɲ is the Capital The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East S. involvement in the Vietnam War, calling for a U. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia S. withdrawal from Vietnam as the only way to ensure peace. As the Vietnam War had its roots in French colonialism in southeast Asia, this speech did little to endear de Gaulle to the Americans, even if they later came to the same conclusion. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world
Empty Chair Crisis
During the establishment of the European Community, de Gaulle helped precipitate one of the greatest crises in the history of the EC, the Empty Chair Crisis. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 It involved the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, but almost more importantly the use of qualified majority voting in the EC (as opposed to unanimity). The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes Voting procedures for decisions not requiring unanimity Here is an overview of the formerly used currently used and proposed voting systems employed in the Council of the European In June 1965, after France and the other five members could not agree, de Gaulle withdrew France’s representatives from the EC. Their absence left the organization essentially unable to run its affairs until the Luxembourg compromise was reached in January 1966. The Luxembourg compromise or Luxembourg Accords was an agreement reached in January 1966 which resolved differences within the (then European Economic Community. De Gaulle managed to make QMV essentially meaningless for years to come, and halted more federalist plans for the EC, which he opposed. He vetoed Britain’s entry into the EEC a second time, in June 1967.
Six-Day War
With tension rising in the Middle East in 1967, de Gaulle on June 2 declared an arms embargo against Israel, just three days before the outbreak of the Six-Day War. The pragmatism on which he prided himself meant acting to placate the producers of oil, not on sentiment.
This was an abrupt change in policy. In 1956 France, Britain, and Israel had cooperated in an elaborate effort to retake the Suez Canal from Egypt. Israel's air force operated French Mirage and Mystere jets in the Six-Day War, and its navy was building its new missile boats in Cherbourg. Though paid for, their transfer to Israel was now blocked by de Gaulle's government. But they were smuggled out in an operation that drew further denunciations from the French government. The last boats took to the sea in December 1969, directly after a major deal between France and now-independent Algeria exchanging French armaments for Algerian oil. [1]
Under de Gaulle, following the independence of Algeria, France embarked on foreign policy more favourable to the Arab side. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Israel turned towards the United States for arms, and toward its own industry. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
De Gaulle supported the principle of a just settlement for both the Arab and Jewish refugees of the Middle East within the framework of the United Nations. This was stated upon the adoption of UN Resolution 242, in his press conference of 27 November 1967 and contained in his letter to David Ben-Gurion dated 9 January 1968.
Nigerian Civil War
During Nigeria’s civil war of 1967-1970, de Gaulle’s government supported the Republic of Biafra in its struggle to gain independence from Nigeria. The Republic of Biafra was a Secessionist state in south-eastern Nigeria. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Despite lack of official recognition, de Gaulle provided covert military assistance through France’s former African colonies. The United Kingdom opposed de Gaulle’s stance, but he viewed the political position of the Igbo in Nigeria as analogous to that of the French Québécois living in Canada. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Igbo [iɡɓo] ( Igbo: Igbo, sometimes Nd'Igbo) sometimes referred to (usually formerly as the Ibo, Eboe, Ebo Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Vive le Québec Libre!
In July 1967, de Gaulle visited Canada, which was celebrating its centennial with a world's fair, Expo 67. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or Expo 67 as it was commonly known was the World's Fair held in Montreal, Canada from April 27 to October On 24 July, speaking to a large crowd from a balcony at Montreal’s city hall, de Gaulle yelled Vive le Québec ! (Long live Quebec!) then added, Vive le Québec libre ! (Long live Free Québec!). Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The Canadian media harshly criticised the statement, and the Prime Minister of Canada, Lester B. Pearson, a soldier who had fought in World War I and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, stated that “Canadians do not need to be liberated. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor ” [2] De Gaulle left Canada the next day without proceeding to Ottawa as scheduled. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. He never returned to Canada. The speech caused outrage in most of Canada; it led to a serious diplomatic rift between the two countries. However, the event was seen as a watershed moment by the Quebec sovereignty movement. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some
In the following year, De Gaulle visted Brittany, where he declaimed a poem written by his uncle (also called Charles de Gaulle) in the Breton language. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Charles de Gaulle ( January 31 1837 - January 1 1880) was a French writer who was a pioneer of Pan-Celticism and the The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany The speech followed a series of crackdowns on Breton nationalism. Breton nationalism is the Nationalism of the traditional province of Brittany in France. De Gaulle was accused of double standards for on the one hand demanding a "free" Quebec because of its differences from English speaking Canada, while on the other oppressing the movement in Brittany. [9]
In December 1967, claiming continental European solidarity, he again rejected British entry into the European Economic Community. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The United Kingdom became a member of the EEC on January 1973.
Assessment
Many have commented that the “policy of grandeur” was probably too ambitious and heavy for the shoulders of France. This policy, it is argued, was only made possible by de Gaulle’s resolve, and was not sustainable in the long run. In any case, it is still remembered in France as a defining era of modern French foreign policy, and it still largely inspires policy to this day.
May 1968
De Gaulle’s government was criticised within France, particularly for its heavy-handed style. For other events in May 1968 see 1968. While the written press and elections were free, the state had a monopoly on television and radio broadcasts (though there were private stations broadcasting from abroad; see ORTF) and the executive occasionally told public broadcasters the bias that they desired on news. The Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française ( ORTF) was the national agency charged between 1964 and 1974 with providing public radio and television in France In many respects, society was traditionalistic and repressive, especially regarding the position of women. Many factors contributed to a general weariness of sections of the public, particularly the student youth, which led to the events of May 1968.
The huge demonstrations and strikes in France in May 1968 severely challenged de Gaulle’s legitimacy. He briefly fled to Germany and met with Jacques Massu, the then chief of the French forces occupying Germany, to discuss possible army intervention against the protesters (according to popular unofficial accounts). Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the western foothills of the Black Forest, on the banks of the Oos River Jacques Émile Massu ( 5 May, 1908 &ndash 26 October, 2002) was a French general who fought in World War II, First
In a private meeting discussing the students’ and workers’ demands for direct participation in business and government he coined the phrase “La réforme oui, la chienlit non”, which can be politely translated as 'reform yes, masquerade/chaos no. Chienlit is a traditional French term typically translated as masquerade or carnival/chaos, but in 1968 it was brought to notoriety by General Charles ' It was a vernacular scatological pun meaning 'chie-en-lit, no'. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality For the Coil album see Scatology (album. In Medicine and Biology, scatology or coprology is the study of A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical Chienlit is a traditional French term typically translated as masquerade or carnival/chaos, but in 1968 it was brought to notoriety by General Charles The term is now common parlance in French political commentary, used both critically and ironically referring back to De Gaulle.
But de Gaulle offered to accept some of the reforms the demonstrators sought. He again considered a referendum to support his moves, but Pompidou persuaded him to dissolve parliament (in which the government had all but lost its majority in the March 1967 elections) and hold new elections instead. The June 1968 elections were a major success for the Gaullists and their allies; when shown the spectre of revolution or even civil war, the majority of the country rallied to him. His party won 358 of 487 seats. Pompidou was suddenly replaced by Maurice Couve de Murville in July. Maurice Couve de Murville (24 January 1907 - 24 December 1999 was a French diplomat and Politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs
Retirement and death
Charles de Gaulle resigned the presidency on 28 April 1969, following the defeat of his referendum to transform the Senate (upper house of the French parliament, wielding less power than the National Assembly) into an advisory body while giving extended powers to regional councils. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Some said this referendum was a self-conscious political suicide committed by de Gaulle after the traumatising events of May 1968. As in 1946, de Gaulle refused to stay in power without widespread popular support.
De Gaulle retired once again to Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, where he died suddenly in 1970, two weeks before his 80th birthday, in the middle of writing his memoirs. Colombey-les-Deux-Églises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne département, France. In generally very robust health until then, despite an operation on his prostate some years before, it was reported that as he had finished watching the evening news on television and was sitting in his armchair he suddenly said “I feel a pain here”, pointing to his neck, just seconds before he fell unconscious due to an aneurysmal rupture. The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a A cerebral aneurysm or brain aneurysm is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral Artery or Vein Within minutes, he was dead.
De Gaulle had made arrangements that insisted that his funeral would be held at Colombey, and that no presidents or ministers attend his funeral, only his Compagnons de la Libération. Heads of state had to content themselves with a simultaneous service at Notre-Dame Cathedral. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the He was carried to his grave on a tank, and as he was lowered into the ground the bells of all the churches in France tolled starting from Notre Dame and spreading out from there.
He specified that his tombstone bear the simple inscription of his name and his dates of birth and death. Therefore, it simply says: “Charles de Gaulle, 1890-1970”.
Unlike many other politicians, de Gaulle was nearly destitute when he died. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and When he retired, he did not accept pensions to which he was entitled as a retired president and as a retired general. Instead, he only accepted a pension to which colonels are entitled.
His family had to sell the Boisserie residence. It was purchased by a foundation and is currently the Charles de Gaulle Museum.
Private life
Charles de Gaulle married Yvonne Vendroux (“Tante (Aunt) Yvonne”) on 7 April 1921. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar They had 3 children: Philippe (born 1921), Élisabeth (1924), who married general Alain de Boissieu, and Anne (1928 - 1948). Alain de Boissieu ( 5 July 1914 - 5 April 2006) was a French general Free French, Compagnon de la Libération, Army chief Anne de Gaulle ( 1 January 1928 - 6 February 1948) was the youngest daughter of General Charles de Gaulle and his wife Yvonne Anne had Down syndrome and died at 20. Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, or trisomy 21 is a Chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome.
One of Charles de Gaulle’s grandsons, Charles de Gaulle, was a member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2004, his last tenure being for the National Front. Charles de Gaulle (born 25 September 1948 in Dijon) is a French politician A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. The National Front ( FN, Front national is a French Far right, Nationalist Political party, founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie He is said by most other family members especially Philippe de Gaulle (in several TV shows while promoting his book De Gaulle, mon père) to be ”the shame of the family” all the more since he shares the name of his famous grandfather.
Another grandson, Jean de Gaulle, is a member of the French Parliament.
Current view
Though controversial throughout his political career, not least among ideological opponents on the left and among overseas strategic partners, de Gaulle continues to command enormous respect in France and beyond, where his presidency is seen as a return to political stability and to strength on the international stage. To his admirers, he was the epitome of a roi juste (“just king”) — the embodiment of the qualities of a just and righteous ruler. An epitome ( Greek epitemnein —to cut short is a summary or miniature form also used as a Synonym for embodiment De Gaulle’s new constitution for the Fifth Republic satisfied a lingering feeling for a strong, central, single political position, harking back to the monarchy but connected to a democratic system.
De Gaulle’s opponents saw his constitution as nothing but a recasting of the old—a caesaropapism, with the president wielding almost monarchical powers like those under the ancien regime. Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the power of secular government with or making it superior to the spiritual authority of the Christian Church; especially Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in Nevertheless, the system of the Fifth Republic (une certaine idée de la France) has proven remarkably stable, compared to that of the previous, Fourth Republic, notwithstanding constitutional changes since its implementation.
Domestically, for all the flaws in de Gaulle’s approach, he presided over a return to economic prosperity after an initially sluggish postwar performance, while maintaining much of the social contract evolved in previous decades between employers and labour. The associated dirigisme (state economic interventionism) of the Fifth Republic’s early decades remains at odds with the current trend of western economic orthodoxy; yet those decades coincided with unprecedented growth and much-improved standards of living for the French population. Dirigisme (from the French) (in English also "dirigism" although per the OED both spellings are used is an Economic term designating an economy
De Gaulle’s presidential style of government was continued under his successors. Internationally, the emphasis on French independence which so characterised de Gaulle’s policy remains a keystone of foreign policy, together with his alignment with former rival Germany, still seen in both countries as a foundation for European integration.
France’s largest airport, in Roissy, outside Paris was named Charles de Gaulle International Airport in his honour. Roissy can refer to Roissy-en-Brie in the Seine-et-Marne département in France Roissy-en-France in the Val-d'Oise département in France Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French in the Paris area is
- Further information: Things named after Charles de Gaulle
Popular culture
- De Gaulle is mentioned in the song "30th Century Man" by Scott Walker
- De Gaulle's head appears in Futurama: Bender's Big Score. Many streets and public buildings in France bear the name of Charles de Gaulle. Futurama Bender's Big Score is an Annie Award -winning Direct-to-video Film based on the animated series Futurama
- The book The Day of the Jackal is about an attempt to kill De Gaulle in 1963. The Day of the Jackal (1971 is a thriller Novel by Frederick Forsyth, about a professional Assassin who is contracted by the
- It was also made into a movie by the same name (The Day of the Jackal) in 1972. The Day of the Jackal is a 1973 film set in late 1963 based on a novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth.
- De Gaulle appears in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, and in the television miniseries Ike (played by Vernon Dobtcheff) and Le Grand Charles. The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, also known as The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, is an Emmy Award -winning American Vernon Dobtcheff (born August 14, 1934) is an Anglo-French Actor. Le Grand Charles was a 2006 French TV-drama on the life of Charles de Gaulle from 1939 to 1959 written and directed by Bernard Stora.
- The StarCraft Brood War character Admiral Gerard DuGalle is both named after and very similar to Charles de Gaulle. StarCraft is a Military science fiction Real-time strategy Video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment. StarCraft Brood War is an Expansion pack for the award winning military science fiction, real-time strategy Video game Blizzard Entertainment's 1998 bestselling Real-time strategy game series StarCraft revolves around interstellar affairs in a distant sector of
- De Gaulle is also mentioned in "Paris, Tokyo" by Lupe Fiasco. "Paris Tokyo" is the second single from Lupe Fiasco 's second studio album Lupe Fiasco's The Cool. Wasalu Muhammad Jaco (born February 16 1982 better known by his Stage name Lupe Fiasco, is a Grammy -winning American rapper.
- De Gaulle is also mentioned in "Central Booking" by John Vanderslice. John Vanderslice (born May 22, 1967 in Gainesville Florida) is an American musician formerly of Mk Ultra but now performing
- De Gaulle is a playable leader for France in the video game Civilization IV
- De Gaulle is referenced in Allo Allo, a very popular English comedy tv show that was based on the events in Occupied France. The French people depicted in the show usually talked about "De Gaulle, the one with the big hooter" to differentiate between De Gaulle, the leader of the Free French, and the leader of the Communist Resistance
Works
French editions
- La Discorde Chez l’Ennemi (1924)
- Histoire des Troupes du Levant (1931) Written by Major de Gaulle and Major Yvon, with Staff Colonel de Mierry collaborating in the preparation of the final text.
- Le Fil de l’Épée (1932)
- Vers l’Armée de Métier (1934)
- La France et son Armée (1938)
- Trois Études (1945) (Rôle Historique des Places Fortes; Mobilisation Economique à l’Étranger; Comment Faire une Armée de Métier) followed by the Memorandum of January 26, 1940.
- Mémoires de Guerre
- Volume I - L’Appel 1940–1942 (1954)
- Volume II - L’Unité, 1942–1944 (1956)
- Volume III - Le Salut, 1944–1946 (1959)
- Mémoires d’Espoir
- Volume I - Le Renouveau 1958–1962 (1970)
- Discours et Messages
- Volume I - Pendant la Guerre 1940–1946 (1970)
- Volume II - Dans l’attente 1946–1958 (1970)
- Volume III - Avec le Renouveau 1958–1962 (1970)
- Volume IV - Pour l’Effort 1962–1965 (1970)
- Volume V - Vers le Terme 1966–1969
English translations
- The Enemy’s House Divided (La Discorde chez l’ennemi). Tr. by Robert Eden. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2002.
- The Edge of the Sword (Le Fil de l’Épée). Tr. by Gerard Hopkins. Faber, London, 1960 Criterion Books, New York, 1960
- The Army of the Future (Vers l’Armée de Métier). Hutchinson, London-Melbourne, 1940. Lippincott, New York, 1940
- France and Her Army (La France et son Armée). Tr. by F. L. Dash. Hutchinson London, 1945. Ryerson Press, Toronto, 1945
- War Memoirs: Call to Honour, 1940–1942 (L’Appel). Tr. by Jonathan Griffin. Collins, London, 1955 (2 volumes). Viking Press, New York, 1955.
- War Memoirs: Unity, 1942–1944 (L’Unité). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1959 (2 volumes). Simon and Schuster, New York, 1959 (2 volumes).
- War Memoirs: Salvation, 1944–1946' (Le Salut). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1960 (2 volumes). Simon and Schuster, New York, 1960 (2 volumes).
De Gaulle’s Second Government, 21 December 1945 - 26 January 1946
- Charles de Gaulle: Chairman of the Provisional Government
- Georges Bidault: Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Edmond Michelet: Minister of Armies
- Charles Tillon: Minister of Armaments
- Adrien Tixier: Minister of the Interior
- René Pleven: Minister of Finance
- François Billoux: Minister of National Economy
- Marcel Paul: Minister of Industrial Production
- Ambroise Croizat: Minister of Labour
- Pierre-Henri Teitgen: Minister of Justice
- Paul Giacobbi: Minister of National Education
- Laurent Casanova: Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- François Tanguy-Prigent: Minister of Agriculture and Supply
- Jacques Soustelle: Minister of Colonies
- Jules Moch: Minister of Public Works and Transport
- Robert Prigent: Minister of Population
- Raoul Dautry: Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning
- Eugène Thomas: Minister of Posts
- André Malraux: Minister of Information
- Vincent Auriol: Minister of State
- Francisque Gay: Minister of State
- Louis Jacquinot: Minister of State
- Maurice Thorez: Minister of State
De Gaulle’s Third Ministry, 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959
- Charles de Gaulle: President of the Council and Minister of National Defense
- Maurice Couve de Murville: Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Émile Pelletier: Minister of the Interior
- Antoine Pinay: Minister of Finance and interim Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
- Édouard Ramonet: Minister of Industry
- Paul Bacon: Minister of Labour
- Edmond Michelet: Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- Michel Debré: Minister of Justice
- Jean Berthoin: Minister of National Education
- Roger Houdet: Minister of Agriculture
- Bernard Cornut-Gentille: Minister of Overseas France
- Robert Buron: Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
- Eugène Thomas: Minister of Posts
- Édouard Ramonet: Minister of Commerce
- Pierre Sudreau: Minister of Construction
- Max Lejeune: Minister of Sahara
- Guy Mollet: Minister of State
- Pierre Pflimlin: Minister of State
- Félix Houphouët-Boigny: Minister of State
- Louis Jacquinot: Minister of State
Changes
- 12 June 1958: André Malraux enters the cabinet as Minister of Radio, Television, and Press. Georges-Augustin Bidault (5 October 1899 27 January 1983 was a French politician Edmond Michelet ( Paris, October 8, 1899 &ndash October 9, 1970 in Brive) was a French politician Charles Tillon ( July 3, 1897, Rennes — January 13, 1993, Marseilles) was a French politician René Pleven (15 April 1901 – 13 January 1993 was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. Marcel Paul ( July 12 1900 &mdash November 11 1982) was a French Trade unionist and communist politician Pierre-Henri Teitgen ( May 29, 1908 - April 6, 1997) was a French lawyer, professor and Politician. François Tanguy-Prigent ( October 11, 1909 - January 20, 1970) was a French politician and resistance fighter Jacques Soustelle ( 3 February 1912 &ndash 6 August 1990) was a French anthropologist specializing in pre-Columbian Jules Salvador Moch (born in Paris on March 15, 1893 - died on August 1, 1985 in Cabris of Alpes-Maritimes André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture For other meanings see also the disambiguation page Auriol Jules-Vincent Auriol ( 27 August, 1884 1 January, 1966 was a Louis Jacquinot ( 16 September, 1898 - 14 June, 1993) was a French lawyer and politician and chief of Prime Minister Raymond Maurice Thorez ( April 28, 1900 – July 11, 1964) was a French politician and longtime leader of the French Communist Party Maurice Couve de Murville (24 January 1907 - 24 December 1999 was a French diplomat and Politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs Antoine Pinay (30 December 1891 Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise, Rhône, France - 13 December 1994 was a French conservative politician Paul Bacon (born 1 November 1907 in Paris, died on 6 December 1999) was a French Politician. Edmond Michelet ( Paris, October 8, 1899 &ndash October 9, 1970 in Brive) was a French politician Michel Debré (15 January 1912 2 August 1996 was a French Gaullist politician Bernard Cornut-Gentille ( 26 July 1909 – 21 January 1992) was a French administrator and politician Robert Buron ( 27 february 1910 - 28 april 1973) was a French politician and Minister of Finance from 20 January 1955 to Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin (5 February 1907 - 27 June 2000 was a French Christian Democratic politician who served as the penultimate Prime Minister Louis Jacquinot ( 16 September, 1898 - 14 June, 1993) was a French lawyer and politician and chief of Prime Minister Raymond Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture
- 14 June 1958: Guy Mollet becomes Minister of General Civil Servants Status. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician
- 7 July 1958: Bernard Chenot enters the cabinet as Minister of Public Health and Population. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bernard Chenot ( 1909 - June 5 1995) was a French politician and senior official Jacques Soustelle succeeds Malraux as Minister of Information. Jacques Soustelle ( 3 February 1912 &ndash 6 August 1990) was a French anthropologist specializing in pre-Columbian
- 23 July 1958: Antoine Pinay becomes Minister of Economic Affairs, remaining also Minister of Finance. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
See also
- Gaullism
- Gaullist Party
- Names and terms of address used for Charles de Gaulle
- Things named after Charles de Gaulle
References
- ^ a b c d e World War II Commemoration
- ^ Account of Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle’s book on the non-conformists of the 1930s on the EHESS’s website (French)
- ^ a b c Brad DeLong (29 May 2000). Gaullism (Gaullisme is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. In France, the Gaullist Party is usually used to refer to the largest party professing to be Gaullist. In France Charles de Gaulle is called or referred to with different names depending on who is talking and possibly what are feelings of the person talking about De Gaulle are Many streets and public buildings in France bear the name of Charles de Gaulle. The Non-Conformists of the 1930s refers to a nebula of groups and individuals during the Inter-war period in France which was looking for new solutions to face the The École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( French for " School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences " EHESS) is a French Charles de Gaulle. University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
- ^ Anthony Clayton Three Marshals of France. p. 124
- ^ As he commissioned the new constitution and was responsible for its overall framework, de Gaulle is sometimes described as the author of the constitution. The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. De Gaulle’s political ideas were written into a constitution by Michel Debré who then guided the text through the enactment process. Michel Debré (15 January 1912 2 August 1996 was a French Gaullist politician Thus while the constitution reflects de Gaulle’s ideas, Michel Debré was the actual author of the text.
- ^ Pied-noirs breathe life back into Algerian tourism
- ^ How the EU was built (2000). Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
- ^ Andrew Moravscik, The Choice for Europe (1998).
- ^ Peter Berresford Ellis, The Celtic Dawn, Constable, London, 1993, pp. Peter Berresford Ellis (born 10 March 1943) is a historian literary biographer and novelist who has published over 80 books to date under his own name and his pseudonym 62.
External links
- Charles de Gaulle World History Database
- News, speech excerpts and quotations
- De Gaulle’s policy in the Middle East
- Works by or about Charles de Gaulle in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Speeches (in original French) collected by the Charles De Gaulle foundation
- Biographical elements from the Charles De Gaulle foundation
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Pierre Laval (as Prime Minister) |
Chairman of the Provisional Government of France 1944–1946 |
Succeeded by Félix Gouin |
| Preceded by Philippe Pétain (as Head of State) |
||
| Co-Prince of Andorra 1944–1946 with Ramon Iglesias i Navarri |
||
| Preceded by Pierre Pflimlin |
Prime Minister of France 1958–1959 |
Succeeded by Michel Debré |
| Preceded by Pierre de Chevigné |
Minister of National Defense 1958–1959 |
Succeeded by Pierre Guillaumat |
| Preceded by René Coty |
Presidents of the French Republic 1959–1969 |
Succeeded by Alain Poher |
| Co-Prince of Andorra 1959–1969 with Ramon Iglesias i Navarri |
Succeeded by Georges Pompidou |
|
| Party political offices | ||
| New title | Gaullist Party Presidential Candidate 1958 (won); 1965 (won) |
Succeeded by Georges Pompidou |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie de |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | French politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 22 November 1890 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Lille |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 9, 1970 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Colombey-les-deux-Églises |
WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative Pierre Laval (28 June 1883 15 October 1945 was a French Politician and statesman who led the Vichy government during World War II, and Second French Republic (1848-1852 President of the Provisional Government of the Republic Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (24 February 1848 Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 - 25 October 1977 was a French Socialist politician member of the SFIO. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French – Spanish border Ramon Iglesias i Navarri ( January 28 1889 – 1969 was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from April 4, 1943 Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin (5 February 1907 - 27 June 2000 was a French Christian Democratic politician who served as the penultimate Prime Minister The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Michel Debré (15 January 1912 2 August 1996 was a French Gaullist politician The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France Pierre Guillaumat ( August 5, 1909 – August 28, 1991) was a Minister of National Education and Minister of the Armies René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959 Second French Republic (1848-1852 President of the Provisional Government of the Republic Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (24 February 1848 Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher (17 April 1909 – 9 December 1996 was a French Centrist politician affiliated first with the Popular Republican Movement This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French – Spanish border Ramon Iglesias i Navarri ( January 28 1889 – 1969 was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from April 4, 1943 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974 In France, the Gaullist Party is usually used to refer to the largest party professing to be Gaullist. Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 2 April 1974 was President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974 Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Colombey-les-Deux-Églises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne département, France.
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