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Western Philosophers
Charles Maurras
Name
Charles Maurras
Birth April 20, 1868 (Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône, France)
Death November 16, 1952 (aged 84) (Tours, France)
School/tradition leader and principal thinker of the reactionary Action Française

Charles Maurras (April 20, 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – November 16, 1952) was a French author, poet, and critic. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Martigues ( Occitan: Lo Martegue in classical norm Lou Martegue in Mistralian norm is a commune in the southeastern part of France Bouches-du-Rhône ( Occitan: Bocas de Ròse, lit "Mouths of the Rhône River" is a department in the south of France named after the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He was a leader and principal thinker of the reactionary Action Française, a political movement that was monarchist, anti-parliamentarist, and counter-revolutionary, and is the main intellectual influence of National Catholicism and integral nationalism. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part National Catholicism ( nacionalcatolicismo) was part of the ideological identity of Francoism, the dictatorial regime with which Francisco Franco Integral Nationalism is one of five types of Nationalism defined by Carlton Hayes in his 1928 book The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism

Contents

Biography

Before World War I

Maurras was issued from an old Provençal family, and brought up by his mother and grand-mother in a Catholic and monarchist environment. Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation In his early teens he became profoundly deaf. [1] As many other French politicians, he was heavily affected by the defeat during the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 [2] After the 1871 Commune and the 1879 defeat of Marshall Mac-Mahon's Moral Order government, French society slowly found a consensus for the Republic, symbolized by the rallying of the Orleanists to the Republic. The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, 1st Duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (13 June 1808 - 17 October 1893 was a French The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution In his youth, Maurras was a disciple of the poet Frédéric Mistral and shared the federalist thesis of the Provençal Félibrige movement. Frédéric Mistral ( September 8, 1830 — March 25, 1914) was a French Poet who led the 19th century revival of The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France The Félibrige (more aptly Felibritge, feliˈβridʒe in Occitan) is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Frédéric Mistral [2] He published his first article, at 17 years-old, in the Annales de philosophie chrétienne review. [1] He then collaborated to various reviews, including L’Événement, La Revue bleue, La Gazette de France or La Revue encyclopédique, where he praised Classicism and attacked Romantism. La Gazette (originally named Gazette de France) was the first weekly Magazine published in France. For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the [1]

However, some time in his youth, Maurras lost his faith and became an agnostic over time. Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the At the age of seventeen he came to Paris and started literary criticism in 1887 in the Catholic and Orleanist Observateur. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. [2] At this time, Maurras was influenced by Orleanism, as well as German philosophy reviewed by Léon Ollé-Laprune, an influence of Bergson, or by the philosopher Maurice Blondel, one of the inspirations of Christian "modernists" who would later become his most bitter opponents [2]. German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1 Philosophy in the German language or (2 Philosophy by Germans has been extremely diverse and central Léon Ollé-Laprune (b in 1839 d at Paris 19 February[[ 898]] was a French Catholic philosopher Maurice Blondel ( 2 November 1861, Dijon - 4 June 1949, Aix-en-Provence) was a French philosopher He came to know the Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral in 1888 and shared the federalist thesis of Mistral's Félibrige movement. Frédéric Mistral ( September 8, 1830 — March 25, 1914) was a French Poet who led the 19th century revival of The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world The Félibrige (more aptly Felibritge, feliˈβridʒe in Occitan) is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Frédéric Mistral [2] The same year he met the nationalist writer Maurice Barrès. Maurice Barrès ( 19 August 1862 - 4 December 1923) was a French novelist, journalist, and anti-semite [3]

In 1890, Maurras approved Cardinal Lavigerie's call for the Rallying of Catholics to the Republic, marking his opposition not to the Republic in itself but to "sectarian Republicanism. Charles Martial Allemand Lavigerie ( 31 October 1825 &ndash 26 November 1892) was a French cardinal, Archbishop of Carthage "[2]

Beside this Orleanist affiliation, Maurras shared some traits with Bonapartism. In French political history Bonapartism has two meanings In a strict sense this term refers to people who In December 1887, he demonstrated to the cry of "Down with the robbers!" during the decorations scandal which had involved Daniel Wilson, the son-in-law of the President Jules Grévy. Sir Daniel Wilson ( 5 January, 1816 &ndash 6 August, 1892) was a British-born Canadian Archaeologist, Ethnologist François Paul Jules Grévy (15 August 1807 - 9 September 1891 was a President of the French Third Republic and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republicans [2] Despite this, he opposed at first the Boulangist movement. [2] But in 1889, after a visit to Maurice Barrès, Barrès voted for the Boulangist candidate ; despite his "anti-semitism of the heart" ("anti-sémitisme de coeur"), he decided to vote for a Jew. Maurice Barrès ( 19 August 1862 - 4 December 1923) was a French novelist, journalist, and anti-semite [2]

In 1894-95 he briefly worked in Barrès' La Cocarde (The Cockade)'s newspaper, although he sometimes opposed Barrès on his views on the French Revolution. [2] La Cocarde supported General Boulanger who almost toppled the Republic in the late 1880s.

During a trip to Athens for the First Olympic Games in 1896, he came to criticize the Greek democratic system of the polis, which he considered doomed because of its internal divisions and its openness towards métèques (foreigners). Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, were an International Athenian democracy developed in the Greek City-state of Athens A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a In Ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek City-state ( Polis) of residence [2]

He became involved in politics at the time of the Dreyfus affair, appearing at the forefront of the Anti-Dreyfusard side. The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s He supported Colonel Henry's forgery blaming Dreyfus, as he considered that defending Dreyfus weakened the Army and the Justice system. Hubert-Joseph Henry (1846-1898 Lieutenant-Colonel in 1897 Arrested for having forged evidence against Alfred Dreyfus, he was found dead in his prison cell Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 &ndash 12 July 1935 was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason According to Maurras, Dreyfus was to be sacrificed on the altar of national interest. This article is about the generic foreign affairs term See The National Interest for the political journal [2] But when the Republican nationalist thinker Barrès accused Dreyfus of being guilty because of his Jewishness, Maurras went a step further, vilifying the "Jewish Republic". [2] While Barrès' anti-Semitism found its roots both in the pseudo-scientific racist contemporary theories and on Biblical exegesis, Maurras decried "scientific racism" in favor of a more radical "state anti-Semitism. Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews Exegesis (from the Greek 'to lead out' involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a Holy "[2]

In 1899 he founded the Action Française (AF) review, an offshoot of the newspaper created by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois the preceding year. The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Maurice Pujo ( 26 January 1872 – 6 September 1955) was a French journalist and co-founder with Henri Vaugeois in 1898 of the Henri Vaugeois ( April 25 1864 - April 11 1916) was a French Far right politician and one of the founders of Action Française [1] Maurras quickly became influential in the movement, and converted Pujo and Vaugeois to monarchism, which became the movement's principal cause. With Léon Daudet he edited the movement's review La Revue de l'Action française, which in 1908 became a daily newspaper under the shorter title L'Action française. Léon Daudet ( 16 November 1867 – 30 June 1942) was a French journalist writer an active Orléanist, and a member The AF mixed integral nationalism with reactionary themes, shifting the nationalist ideology, beforehand supported by left-wing Republicans, to the right-side of the political field. Integral Nationalism is one of five types of Nationalism defined by Carlton Hayes in his 1928 book The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism [4] It found a wide readership during the implementation of the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State. The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State ( French: Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Églises et de l'État) was passed by In 1899 he wrote a short notice in favour of monarchy, Dictateur et roi ("Dictator and King"), and then in 1900 his Enquête sur la monarchie ("Investigations on Monarchy), published in the Legitimist mouthpiece La Gazette de France, which made him famous. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Maurras also published thirteen articles in Le Figaro between 1901 and 1902, as well as six articles between November 1902 and January 1903 in Edouard Drumont's anti-Semitic newspaper, La Libre Parole. Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of Édouard Adolphe Drumont ( 3 May 1844 – 5 February 1917) was a French Journalist and Writer. [3]

Between 1905 and 1908, when the Camelots du Roy monarchist league was founded, Maurras introduced the concept of political activism through extra-parliamentary leagues, theorizing the possibility of a coup d'état. The Camelots du Roy (alternate spelling Camelots du Roi) were the youth organization of the Royalist Action française Far right leagues ( Ligues d'extrême droite) gathered several French far right movements opposed to Parliamentarism, which mainly dedicated themselves [2] Maurras also founded the Ligue d'Action française in 1905, whose mission was to recruit members for the Action française, with the aim of establishing the duc de Guise on the throne. Jean Pierre Clément Marie d'Orléans Duc de Guise ( September 4, 1874 - August 25, 1940) was the son of

From World War I to the end of the 1930s

Maurras then supported France's entry into the First World War (even to the extent of supporting the thoroughly republican Georges Clemenceau) against the German Empire. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification During the war, the Jewish businessman Emile Ullman was forced to resign from the board of directors of the Comptoir d'Escompte after Maurras accused him of being a German agent. He then criticized the Treaty of Versailles for not being harsh enough on the Germans and condemned Aristide Briand's policy of cooperation with Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize [1]

In 1925 he called for the murder of Abraham Schrameck, the Interior Minister of Paul Painlevé's Cartel des Gauches's (Left-Wing Cartel) government, who had ordered the disarming of the Far right leagues. The Minister of the Interior (full title Ministre de l’Intérieur et de l’Aménagement du Territoire) in France is one of the most important governmental Paul Painlevé (5 December 1863 &ndash 29 October 1933 was a French Mathematician and politician The Cartel des gauches ( French for Left-wing Coalition) designed the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist Far right leagues ( Ligues d'extrême droite) gathered several French far right movements opposed to Parliamentarism, which mainly dedicated themselves [3] For this death threat, he was sentenced to a year on parole. [3] He also threatened to death the President of the Council Léon Blum, leader of the Popular Front, in the Action française of 15 May 1936, underscoring his Jewish origins (he once called him an "old semitic camel". André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist [3]) This other death threat owed him eight months of prison, from 29 October 1936 to 6 July 1937. [3] Fearing Communism, he joined the pacifists' camp and praised the Munich Agreement in 1938, which the President of the Council Edouard Daladier had signed without any illusions. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World He also wrote in Action française:

"There are certain conservatives in France who fill us with disgust. Why? Because of their stupidity. What kind of stupidity? Hitlerism. These French "conservatives" crawl on their bellies before Hitler. These former nationalists cringe before him. A few zealots wallow in dirt, in their own dirt, with endless Heils. The wealthier they are, the more they own, the more important it is to make them understand that if Hitler invaded us he would skin them much more thoroughly than Blum, Thorez and Stalin combined. Maurice Thorez ( April 28, 1900 – July 11, 1964) was a French politician and longtime leader of the French Communist Party Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party This "conservative" error is suicidal. We must appeal to our friends not to let themselves be befogged. We must tell them: Be on your guard! What is now at stake is not anti-democracy or anti-Semitism. France above all!"[5]

During 1930s — especially after the 6 February 1934 crisis[6]—many of Action française members turned to fascism, such as Robert Brasillach, Lucien Rebatet, Abel Bonnard, Paul Chack, Claude Jeantet, etc. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 6 February 1934 crisis refers to an Anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by Far-right leagues (antiparliamentarian Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Robert Brasillach ( 31 March 1909 &ndash 6 February 1945) was a French author and journalist who was executed for advocating Lucien Rebatet ( November 15 1903, Moras-en-Valloire, Drôme – 1972 Moras-en-Valloire was a French author journalist and intellectual Abel Bonnard ( December 19, 1883 &ndash May 31, 1968) was a French poet novelist and politician Most of them belonged to the staff of the fascist newspaper Je suis partout. Je suis partout ( I Am Everywhere) was a French Newspaper founded by Jean Fayard, first published on 29 November 1930

Influencing António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo regime in Portugal, Maurras also supported Francisco Franco and, until spring 1939, Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Opposing Adolf Hitler because of his germanophobia, Maurras himself criticized the racist policies of Nazism in 1936, and requested an integral translation of Mein Kampf — some of its passages had been censored in the French edition. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler.

After his failure against Charles Jonnart in 1924 to be elected to the French Academy, he succeeded in entering the ranks of the "Immortals" on 9 June 1938, replacing Henri-Robert, winning by 20 votes against 12 to Fernand Gregh. Charles Célestin Auguste Jonnart (1857-1927 was a French politician L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. He was received in the Academy on 8 June 1939 by Henry Bordeaux. Henri Bordeaux ( January 25 1870 in Thonon-les-Bains - March 29 1963) was a French writer and lawyer

Vichy regime, arrest and death

Maurras acclaimed the fall of the Third Republic in 1940, replaced by Marshall Philippe Pétain's "French state", as a "divine surprise". The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 [7] Vichy's reactionary program of a Révolution nationale (National Revolution) was fully approved of by the leader of the Action française, who inspired large parts of it. The Révolution nationale ( National Revolution) was the official ideological name under which the Vichy regime ("the French state" [1] The monarchist newspaper was forbidden in Occupied Zone and under Vichy censorship in the Southern Zone from November 1942. [8] While criticizing in La France Seule (1941) the 1940 Statute on Jews for being too moderate,[2] he hosted anti-German conferences[9] and opposed both the "dissidents" in London and the collaborators in Paris (such as Lucien Rebatet,[10] Robert Brasillach, Pierre Laval, or Marcel Déat. The Statute on Jews (Statut des juifs was discriminatory legislation against French Jews passed on October 3, 1940 by the Vichy Regime, grouping them as The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Lucien Rebatet ( November 15 1903, Moras-en-Valloire, Drôme – 1972 Moras-en-Valloire was a French author journalist and intellectual Robert Brasillach ( 31 March 1909 &ndash 6 February 1945) was a French author and journalist who was executed for advocating Pierre Laval (28 June 1883 15 October 1945 was a French Politician and statesman who led the Vichy government during World War II, and Marcel Déat ( March 7 1894, Guérigny &mdash January 5 1955, near Turin, Italy) was a French [11]). In 1943, Germans planned to arrest Charles Maurras. [12]

An admirer (before the war) of Charles de Gaulle, who himself had been influenced by Maurras' integralism, he then harshly criticized the General in exile. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Integralism is a perspective according to which Society is an Organic unity. He later claimed he believed that Pétain was playing a "double game", working for an Allied victory in secret. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War.

Maurras was arrested in September 1944 with Maurice Pujo, and indicted by High Court of Lyon for "complicity with the enemy" on the basis of articles published by Maurras since the war. Maurice Pujo ( 26 January 1872 – 6 September 1955) was a French journalist and co-founder with Henri Vaugeois in 1898 of the At the issue of the trial, during which there were many irregularities in the proceedings (such as false dating or truncated quotations. [13] Maurras was sentenced to life imprisonment, deprivation of civil liberties. He was automatically expelled from the Académie française (a measure included in the 26 December 1944 ordinance. [1]). His response to his conviction was to exclaim "C'est la revanche de Dreyfus!" (It's Dreyfus's revenge!)[2] Meanwhile, the Académie française declared his seat vacant instead of expelling him, as it had done for Pétain, sparing him the fate of Abel Hermant and Abel Bonnard. Abel Bonnard ( December 19, 1883 &ndash May 31, 1968) was a French poet novelist and politician [1] They waited until his death to elect his successor, Antoine de Lévis-Mirepoix, who was himself close to the Action française and collaborated with Pierre Boutang's La Nation française monarchist review. La Nation française ("The French Nation" was a French Monarchist weekly influenced by Charles Maurras, the founder of the Action française

Imprisoned in Riom and then Clairvaux, Maurras was released in March 1952 to enter a hospital, assisted by the writer Henry Bordeaux, who repeatedly asked the President of the Council Vincent Auriol to pardon Maurras. Riom ( Occitan: Riam) is a historic city in the Auvergne région of France Clairvaux Abbey ( Clara Vallis in Latin a Cistercian Monastery, was founded in 1115 by St For other meanings see also the disambiguation page Auriol Jules-Vincent Auriol ( 27 August, 1884 1 January, 1966 was a He was transferred to a clinic in Tours, where he soon died. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river Although weakened, he collaborated with Aspects de la France, which had replaced in 1947 the outlawed Action française review. In his last days, he returned to the Catholic faith of his childhood.

Maurras' work

Maurras and Félibrige

See the main article : Félibrige. The Félibrige (more aptly Felibritge, feliˈβridʒe in Occitan) is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Frédéric Mistral

Maurras' political thought

Central to Maurras' political ideas were an intense nationalism (what he described as "integral nationalism") and a belief in an ordered society based on a strong leadership. Integralism is a perspective according to which Society is an Organic unity. These were the bases of his support for both a French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. Yet he had no personal loyalty to the house of Bourbon-Orléans, and was a convinced agnostic for nearly all of his adult life. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the His work particularly marked the French right, including its far-right component, as he succeeded in theorizing for all of the various right-wing families an offensive political strategy, which contrasted with the Legitimists' apathy for political action. The far-right tradition in France founds its origins as the distinction of left and right in politics itself to the 1789 French Revolution. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the [2] He managed to brought together the paradox of a reactionary thought which would actively change history, a form of Counter-revolution opposed to simple conservatism. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined [2] According to the historian Alain-Gérard Slama, Maurras' efficiency was to bring together the various right-wing families of France (Legitimism, Orleanism and Bonapartism) and to give them a theory of political action as well as a positive ideology, Integralism, whereas the right-wings were usually characterized by their sole opposition to the left-wings. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution In French political history Bonapartism has two meanings In a strict sense this term refers to people who [2] His "integral nationalism" rejected all democratic principles which he judged contrary to "natural inequality," criticizing all evolution since the 1789 French Revolution and advocated the return to a hereditary monarchy. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an [1]

Like many people in Europe at the time, he was haunted by the idea of "decadence," partly inspired by his reading of Taine and Renan, and admired classicism. Decadence can refer to a personal trait or to the state of a society (or segment of it Hippolyte Adolphe Taine ( April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French Critic and Historian. Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to He felt that France had lost its grandeur during the Revolution of 1789, a grandeur inherited from its origins as a province of the Roman Empire and forged by, as he put it, "forty kings who in a thousand years made France. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial " The French Revolution, he wrote in the Observateur français, was negative and destructive.

He traced this decline further back, to the Enlightenment and the Reformation; he described the source of the evil as "Swiss ideas," a reference to the adopted nation of Calvin and the birth nation of Rousseau. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Maurras further blamed France's decline on "Anti-France", which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the xenophobic term of métèques). Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In Ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek City-state ( Polis) of residence Indeed, to him the first three were all "internal foreigners. "

Antisemitism and anti-Protestantism were common themes in his writings. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Anti-Protestantism is an institutional ideological or emotional Bias against Protestantism and its followers He believed that the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the eventual outcome of the French Revolution had all contributed to individuals putting themselves before the nation, with consequent negative effects on the latter, and that democracy and liberalism were only making matters worse. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal

Although Maurras advocated the return of monarchy, in many ways Maurras did not fit into the French monarchist tradition at all. His support for the monarchy and for Catholicism was explicitly pragmatic, as he felt that a state religion was the only way of maintaining public order. By contrast with Maurice Barrès, theorist of a kind of Romantic nationalism based on the Ego, Maurras claimed to base his views on Reason rather than on sentiment, loyalty and faith. Maurice Barrès ( 19 August 1862 - 4 December 1923) was a French novelist, journalist, and anti-semite Romantic nationalism (also National Romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Nationalism in which the state derives Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of

Paradoxically, he admired the positivist philosopher Auguste Comte, like many of the Third Republic leaders he detested, in which he found a counter-balance to German idealism. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Auguste Comte (full name Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; 17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857 was a French thinker who is generally credited for having The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe German idealism was a philosophical movement in Germany in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Whereas the Legitimists monarchists declined to engage in political action, retreating into an intransigently conservative Catholicism and an indifference to a modern world they saw as irredeemably wicked and apostate, Maurras was prepared to engage in political action, both orthodox and unorthodox (the Action Française's Camelots du Roi league frequently engaged in street violence with left-wing opponents, as well as Marc Sangnier's Sillon). Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the The Camelots du Roy (alternate spelling Camelots du Roi) were the youth organization of the Royalist Action française His slogan was the phrase La politique d'abord! ("Politics first!"). Others influences included Frédéric Le Play, English empiricists, whom allowed him to reconcile Cartesian rationalism with empiricism,[2] and La Tour du Pin. Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play ( April 11, 1806 - April 5, 1882 in Paris) was a French engineer sociologist and economist born In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 La Tour-du-Pin is a commune of the Isère département, in France.

Maurras' religious views were likewise less than orthodox. He supported the political Catholic Church both because it was intimately bound up with French history and because its hierarchical structure and clerical elite mirrored his image of an ideal society. He considered the Church to be the mortar which held France together, and the chain linking all Frenchmen together. However, he distrusted the Gospels, written, as he put it, "by four obscure Jews",[14] but admired the Catholic Church for having allegedly concealed much of the Bible's "dangerous teachings. " Maurras' interpretation of the Gospels, as well as his integralist teachings, were fiercely criticised by many Catholic clergy.

Notwithstanding his religious unorthodoxy, Maurras gained a large following among French monarchists and Catholics, including the Assumptionists and the Orleanist pretender to the French throne, the count of Paris. The Augustinians of the Assumption (AA constitute a congregation of Catholic religious (priests and brothers founded in Nîmes, southern France by Fr The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution Louis-Philippe Albert of Orléans Count of Paris ( 24 August, 1838 – 8 September, 1894) was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, Nonetheless, his agnosticism worried parts of the Catholic hierarchy and in 1926, Pope Pius XI placed some of Maurras's writings on the Index of Forbidden Books and condemned the Action Française movement as a whole. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born The Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books" was a list of publications prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church. This papal condemnation was a great shock to many of his followers, who included a not inconsiderable number of French clergy, and caused great damage to the Action française. It was lifted however in 1939, a year after that Maurras was elected to the Académie française.

Maurras was evidently a leading exponent of what Allan Bloom called (in his The Closing of the American Mind) the "conservatism of Throne and Altar," and an intellectual descendant of Joseph de Maistre, one of the prime thinkers of the Counter-Revolution. Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher, Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part

The legacy of Maurras

Maurras is the main intellectual influence of National Catholicism, Latin Conservatism, and integral nationalism [15]. National Catholicism ( nacionalcatolicismo) was part of the ideological identity of Francoism, the dictatorial regime with which Francisco Franco Latin Conservatism is a political Ideology in southern Europe that was founded by noted French thinker Joseph de Maistre and which reached its peak in Integral Nationalism is one of five types of Nationalism defined by Carlton Hayes in his 1928 book The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism He and the Action française have influenced, in Mexico, Jesús Guiza y Acevedo,[15] nicknamed "the little Maurras," as well as the historian Carlos Pereyra or the Venezuelan author Vanenilla Lanz, who wrote a book titled Cesarismo democratico (Democratic Cesarism). [15] Others influenced figures count the Brazilian Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira. Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira ( São Paulo, December 13, 1908 &mdash October 3, 1995) was a Brazilian Historian, Maurras' thought has also influenced Catholic fundamentalist supports of the Brazilian dictatorship[15] (1964-85) as well as the Cursillos de la Cristiandad (Christian Courses), similar to the Cité catholique group, which were found in 1950 by the bishop of Ciudad Real, Mgr. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical NPOV La Cité Catholique is a Traditionalist Catholic organisation created in 1946 by Jean Ousset, private secretary of Charles Maurras Ciudad Real ( Spanish for Royal City) is a city in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Hervé. [15] The Argentine militaries Juan Carlos Onganía, who toppled in a military putsch Arturo Illia in 1969, as well as Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, who succeeded Onganía after another coup, had participated to the Cursillos de la Cristiandad,[15] as did also the Dominican militaries Antonio Imbert Barrera and Elías Wessin y Wessin, chief of staff of the military and opposed to the restoration of the 1963 Constitution after Rafael Trujillo's overthrow. Juan Carlos Onganía Carballo (1914-1995 was a military President of Argentina from 29 June 1966 to 8 June 1970. Arturo Umberto Illia ( Pergamino Buenos Aires, August 4, 1900 - Córdoba, January 18 1983) was President of Argentina Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Gelly ( August 28 1918, Buenos Aires Argentina - August 26 1996, Buenos Aires was the military Antonio Imbert Barrera (b December 3, 1920, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic) was president of the Dominican Republic from This article is about Rafael L Trujillo former dictator of the Dominican Republic [15] Furthermore, Maurrassism also influenced many writings from members of the Organisation de l'armée secrète who theorized "counter-revolutionary warfare". The Organisation de l'armée secrète ( OAS &mdash or Organisation armée secrète, lit See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat [15]

The Christian Democrat Jacques Maritain was also close to Maurras before the papal condemnation of the AF in 1927,[15] and criticized democracy in one of his early writing, Une opinion sur Charles Maurras ou le devoir des catholiques. Jacques Maritain ( November 18, 1882 &ndash April 28, 1973) was a French Catholic Philosopher. [15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Biographical notice on Maurras on the Académie française's website (French)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Alain-Gérard Slama, "Maurras (1858 (sic)-1952): ou le mythe d'une droite révolutionnaire", article first published in L'Histoire in 2002 (French)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Biographical notice on Maurras on the Action française's website (French)
  4. ^ Winock, Michel (dir. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French Magazine dedicated to historical studies recognized by peers as the most important historical popular The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Michel Winock ( 1937) is a French Historian, whom studied among others things on Anti-Semitism and Far right movements ), Histoire de l'extrême droite en France (1993)
  5. ^ Action française, 25 March, 1938. Quoted in Leopold Schwarzschild, World in Trance (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1943), p. 268.
  6. ^ Bruno Goyet, Charles Maurras, Presses de Sciences Po, 1999, p. 73
  7. ^ Le Petit Marseillais, February 9th, 1941. Quoted by Bruno Goyet, op. cit. , p. 84
  8. ^ Jean Sévillia, Historiquement correct, Tempus, 2006, p. 365
  9. ^ Jean Madiran, Maurras toujours là, Consep, 2004, p. 71-72
  10. ^ In 1942, Rebatet published Les Décombres (The Ruins), a virulent pamphlet in which he strongly opposed the « en-jewed » Action française.
  11. ^ See for example Henri Amouroux, La Vie des Français sous l'Occupation. Henri Amouroux ( July 1, 1920 Perigueux France – August 5, 2007 Le Mesnil-Mauger) was a French Historian T2: Les Années noires, Livre de Poche, 1961, p. 342 ;
    Bruno Goyet, op. cit. , p. 82 ;
    Jean Sévillia, op. cit. , p. 365
  12. ^ Robert Paxton, La France de Vichy, Seuil, 1973, p. Robert Paxton (b 1932) is an American Historian specializing in Vichy France and Europe during the World War II era 246
  13. ^ Robert Aron, Histoire de l'épuration (second volume), Fayard, 1969, p. Robert Aron ( May 25, 1898 - April 19, 1975) was a French Writer who authored a number of works on politics and history 365, 366, 367.
    Listing these irregularities, Robert Aron describes Maurras' trial as "one of the most pathetic and most characteristic of the épuration" (page 362). The Épuration légale ( French "legal purge" was the wave of official trials that followed the Liberation of France and the fall of the
  14. ^ Le Chemin du Paradis, 1894
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Miguel Rojas-Mix, "Maurras en Amérique latine", Le Monde diplomatique, November 1980 (republished in Manières de voir n°95, "Les droites au pouvoir", October-November 2007)

Works

  • 1889 : Théodore Aubanel
  • 1891 : Jean Moréas
  • 1894 : Le Chemin du Paradis, mythes et fabliaux
  • 1896-1899 : Le voyage d'Athènes
  • 1898 : L'idée de décentralisation
  • 1899 : Trois idées politiques : Chateaubriand, Michelet, Sainte-Beuve
  • 1900 : Enquête sur la monarchie
  • 1901 : Anthinéa : d'Athènes à Florence
  • 1902 : Les Amants de Venise, George Sand et Musset
  • 1905 : L'Avenir de l'intelligence
  • 1906 : Le Dilemme de Marc Sangnier
  • 1910 : Kiel et Tanger
  • 1912 : La Politique religieuse
  • 1914 : L'Action française et la religion catholique
  • 1915 : L'Étang de Berre
  • 1916 : Quand les Français ne s'aimaient pas
  • 1916-1918 : Les Conditions de la victoire, 4 volumes
  • 1921 : Tombeaux
  • 1922 : Inscriptions
  • 1923 : Poètes
  • 1924 : L'Allée des philosophes
  • 1925 : La Musique intérieure
  • 1925 : Barbarie et poésie
  • 1927 : Lorsque Hugo eut les cent ans
  • 1928 : Le prince des nuées
  • 1928 : Un débat sur le romantisme
  • 1928 : Vers un art intellectuel
  • 1928 : L'Anglais qui a connu la France
  • 1929 : Corps glorieux ou Vertu de la perfection
  • 1929 : Promenade italienne
  • 1929 : Napoléon pour ou contre la France
  • 1930 : De Démos à César
  • 1930 : Corse et Provence
  • 1930 : Quatre nuits de Provence
  • 1931 : Triptyque de Paul Bourget
  • 1931 : Le Quadrilatère
  • 1931 : Au signe de Flore
  • 1932 : Heures immortelles
  • 1932-1933 : Dictionnaire politique et critique, 5 volumes
  • 1935 : Prologue d'un essai sur la critique
  • 1937 : Quatre poèmes d'Eurydice
  • 1937 : L'amitié de Platon
  • 1937 : Jacques Bainville et Paul Bourget
  • 1937 : Les vergers sur la mer
  • 1937 : Jeanne d'Arc, Louis XIV, Napoléon
  • 1937 : Devant l'Allemagne éternelle
  • 1937 : Mes idées politiques
  • 1937 : La Dentelle du Rempart
  • 1940 : Pages africaines
  • 1941 : Sous la muraille des cyprès
  • 1941 : Mistral
  • 1941 : La seule France
  • 1942 : De la colère à la justice
  • 1943 : Pour un réveil français
  • 1944 : Poésie et vérité
  • 1944 : Paysages mistraliens
  • 1944 : Le Pain et le Vin
  • 1945 : Au-devant de la nuit
  • 1945 : L'Allemagne et nous
  • 1947 : Les Deux Justices ou Notre J'accuse
  • 1948 : L'Ordre et le Désordre
  • 1948 : Maurice Barrès
  • 1948 : Une promotion de Judas
  • 1948 : Réponse à André Gide
  • 1949 : Au Grand Juge de France
  • 1949 : Le Cintre de Riom
  • 1950 : Mon jardin qui s'est souvenu
  • 1951 : Tragi-comédie de ma surdité
  • 1951 : Vérité, justice, patrie (with Maurice Pujo)
  • 1952 : À mes vieux oliviers
  • 1952 : La Balance intérieure
  • 1952 : Le Beau Jeu des reviviscences
  • 1952 : Le Bienheureux Pie X, sauveur de la France
  • 1953 : Pascal puni (published posthumously)
  • 1958: Lettres de prison (1944–1952) (published posthumously)
  • 1966: Lettres passe-murailles, correspondance échangée avec Xavier Vallat (1950–1952) (published posthumously)

External links

Preceded by
Henri Robert		 Seat 16
Académie française
1938–1945		 Succeeded by
Antoine de Lévis Mirepoix
This is a list of members of the Académie française (French Academy by seat number L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language.
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