Charles I (21 March 1226 – 7 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest from 1266, though he had received it as a papal grant in 1262 and was expelled from the island in the aftermath of the Sicilian Vespers of 1282. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental The following is a list of monarchs of Sicily. Counts of Sicily Sicily was granted pending its Christian reconquest to Robert Guiscard as "duke" History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control Thereafter, he continued to claim the island, though his power was restricted to the peninsular possessions of the kingdom, with his capital at Naples (and for this he is usually titled King of Naples after 1282, as are his successors). Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Charles was the youngest son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile, and hence younger brother of Louis IX of France and Alfonso II of Toulouse. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile. Alfonso or Alphonse ( 11 November 1220 &ndash 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse He conquered the Kingdom of Sicily from the Hohenstaufen and began to acquire lands in the eastern Mediterranean. However, the War of the Sicilian Vespers forced him to abandon his plans to reassemble the Latin Empire. The War of the ( Sicilian) Vespers started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and finally ended with The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the
By marriage to Beatrice, heiress of Raymond Berengar IV of Provence, he was Count of Provence and Forcalquier from 1246. Beatrice of Provence (1234&ndash 23 September 1267, Nocera Inferiore) was the first wife and Queen of Charles I of Sicily. Ramon Berenguer IV (1195 &ndash 19 August 1245) Count of Provence and Forcalquier, was the son of Alfonso The land of Provence has a history quite separate from that of any of the larger nations of Europe. In 1247, his brother Louis IX made him Count of Anjou and Maine, as appanages of the French crown. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father This is a list of counts and dukes of Maine, with their capital at Le Mans. By conquest and self-proclamation, he became King of Albania in 1272 and by purchase King of Jerusalem in 1277. The Kingdom of Albania may refer to the state on territory of Albania in two different periods of history This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian By the testament of William II of Villehardouin, he inherited the Principality of Achaea in 1278. William II of Villehardouin, (Guillaume II de Villehardouin (died May 1, 1278) was the last Villehardouin prince of Achaea and ruled the principality The Principality of Achaea or of the Morea was one of the three Vassal states of the Latin Empire which replaced the Byzantine Empire
Early life
Charles was born in 1226, shortly before the death of his father, King Louis VIII. Louis VIII may refer to Louis VIII of France "the Lion" (1187–1226 Like his immediate older brother, Philippe Dagobert (who died in 1232 aged 10) he didn't receive a county as appanage, as had his older brothers. An apanage or appanage is the grant of an estate titles offices or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign who under the system of Shortly after the death of Philippe Dagobert, his other brother, John Tristan, Count of Anjou and Maine, also died. Charles became the next in line to received the Counties, but only was formally invested in 1247. The affection of his mother Blanche seems largely to have been bestowed upon his brother Louis; and Louis tended to favour his other younger brothers, Robert of Artois and Alphonse of Toulouse. Robert I "the Good" (1216 &ndash February 8 1250) was Count of Artois. Alfonso or Alphonse ( 11 November 1220 &ndash 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse The self-reliance this engendered in Charles may account for the drive and ambition he showed in his later life.
Marriage and children
Charles was wedded to Beatrice of Provence on January 31, 1246, in Aix-en-Provence. For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Hugh Capet (c 940 &ndash 24 October, 996) was the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty from his election to succeed the Robert II ( 27 March 972 &ndash 20 July 1031) called the Pious or the Wise, was King of France from 996 Robert II ( 27 March 972 &ndash 20 July 1031) called the Pious or the Wise, was King of France from 996 Henry I ( 4 May 1008 &ndash 4 August 1060) was King of France from 1031 to his death Robert I Capet (1011 &ndash March 21 1076) was Duke of Burgundy between 1032 to his death Henry I ( 4 May 1008 &ndash 4 August 1060) was King of France from 1031 to his death Philip I ( 23 May 1052 &ndash 29 July 1108) called the Amorous or the Fat, was King of France from 1060 Philip I ( 23 May 1052 &ndash 29 July 1108) called the Amorous or the Fat, was King of France from 1060 Louis VI ( 1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137) called the Fat (le Gros was King of France from 1108 until his death (1137 Louis VI ( 1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137) called the Fat (le Gros was King of France from 1108 until his death (1137 Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Robert I of Dreux, (Robert I Capet nicknamed the Great (c 1123 &ndash October 11, 1188) was the fifth son of Louis VI of France and Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Marie of France, or Marie Capet, Countess of Champagne (1145 &ndash March 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France Alix of France (summer 1151 &ndash 1197/1198 was the second daughter born to Louis VII of France by his first wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. Marguerite of France (November 1157 – August/September 1197 was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile. Alys Countess of the Vexin ( 4 October 1160 &ndash c 1220 was the daughter of King Louis VII of France and his second wife Constance of Castile Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Agnes of France (1171 &ndash after 1204 was a daughter of Louis VII of France by his third wife Adèle of Champagne. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Robert I "the Good" (1216 &ndash February 8 1250) was Count of Artois. Alfonso or Alphonse ( 11 November 1220 &ndash 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse Saint Isabel of France (March 1225– 23 February 1270) was the daughter of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Robert of France (1256 &ndash February 7 1317) was made Count of Clermont in 1268 Agnes of France (c 1260 - December 19, 1327) was the youngest daughter of Louis IX of France and Marguerite Berenger of Provence Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Charles of Valois ( March 12, 1270 &ndash December 16, 1325) was the fourth son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon Louis of France Count d'Évreux (May 3 1276 &ndash May 19, 1319, Paris) was the third son of King Philip III the Bold with his second wife For other people with the same name see Marguerite of France. Louis X (October 1289 – 5 June 1316) called the Quarreller, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (le Hutin el Obstinado was the Philip V (1292/93 &ndash 3 January 1322) called the Tall (le Long was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II) and Isabella of France (c 1295 &ndash August 22, 1358) known as the She-Wolf of France, was the Queen consort of Edward II of Charles IV (18/ 19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328) was the King of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) and Joan II of Navarre ( January 28, 1312 &ndash October 6, 1349) was Queen of Navarre 1328&ndash1349 John I ( 15 November 1316 &ndash 20 November 1316) called the Posthumous, was King of France and Navarre Joan of Burgundy ( 2 May[[ 308]] &ndash 1349 also known as Jeanne de Bourgogne or Jeanne de France was the eldest daughter of King Philip V of France and Marguerite de France (1310 &ndash 9 May 1382) was a medieval noblewoman reigning Countess Palatine of Burgundy ( Franche-Comté) and Countess Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Louis X (October 1289 – 5 June 1316) called the Quarreller, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (le Hutin el Obstinado was the Joan II of Navarre ( January 28, 1312 &ndash October 6, 1349) was Queen of Navarre 1328&ndash1349 John I ( 15 November 1316 &ndash 20 November 1316) called the Posthumous, was King of France and Navarre John I ( 15 November 1316 &ndash 20 November 1316) called the Posthumous, was King of France and Navarre Philip V (1292/93 &ndash 3 January 1322) called the Tall (le Long was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II) and Charles IV (18/ 19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328) was the King of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) and Beatrice of Provence (1234&ndash 23 September 1267, Nocera Inferiore) was the first wife and Queen of Charles I of Sicily. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Aix (ɛks or Aix-en-Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm to distinguish Beatrice was the youngest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, who had died on August 19, 1245 by his wife Beatrice of Savoy. Ramon Berenguer IV (1195 &ndash 19 August 1245) Count of Provence and Forcalquier, was the son of Alfonso Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Beatrice of Savoy (1198 &ndash 1266 was the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and Marguerite of Geneva. As his elder three daughters had all married kings and received substantial dowries, Raymond settled his entire inheritance upon Beatrice, making Charles Count of Provence and Forcalquier. They had the following children:
- Louis (1248, Nicosia)
- Blanche (1250 – July 1269), married 1265 Count Robert III of Flanders
- Beatrice of Sicily (1252–1275), married October 15, 1273 at Foggia to Philip of Courtenay, titular Emperor of Constantinople
- Charles II of Naples (1254 – 1309)
- Philip of Sicily (1256 – January 1, 1277), titular King of Thessalonica from 1274, married May 28, 1271 to Isabella of Villehardouin
- Robert (1258–1265)
- Elizabeth or Isabel (1261 – c. Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. Robert III of Flanders (1249 &ndash September 17, 1322) also called Robert of Bethune and nicknamed The Lion of Flanders was Count Beatrice of Sicily (1252 - 1275 was the Empress consort of Philip of Courtenay, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Foggia is a city of Puglia, Italy, capital of the Province of Foggia. Philip I of Courtenay ( 1243, Constantinople &ndash 1283, Viterbo) was titular Emperor of Constantinople 1273 &ndash1283 The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the Charles II, known as "the Lame" ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 &ndash 5 May 1309) was New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The Kingdom of Thessalonica was a short-lived Crusader State founded after the Fourth Crusade over the conquered Byzantine lands Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Isabella of Villehardouin (born 1260/1263 died 23 January 1312) was the elder daughter of William II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, and 1300), married bef. September 1272 to Ladislas IV of Hungary
After the death of Beatrice, he married Margaret of Burgundy in 1268. Ladislaus IV the Cuman (IV (Kun László Ladislav III Ladislav IV (August 1262 &ndash July 10 1290 Kőrösszeg, Hungary) also known as László IV Margaret of Burgundy (Marguerite de Bourgogne (1250 &ndash 4 September 1308) was the second wife of Charles I of Sicily, and by marriage Queen consort Their only daughter, Margaret, died in infancy.
Accession in Provence
Upon his accession as Count of Provence and Forcalquier in 1246, Charles rapidly found himself in difficulties. His sisters-in-law felt cheated by their father's will, and his mother-in-law the Dowager Countess Beatrice of Savoy claimed the entire County of Forcalquier and the usufruct of Provence as her jointure. Jointure is in Law, a provision for a wife after the death of her husband Furthermore, while Provence was technically a part of the Kingdom of Burgundy and hence of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it was free of central authority. The following is a list of the Kings of Burgundy. Kings of the Burgundians The Burgundians had left Bornholm c The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The recent counts had governed with a light hand, and the nobilities and cities (three of which, Marseille, Arles, and Avignon were Imperial cities technically separate from the county) had enjoyed great liberties. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Arles (aʁl̥ Provençal Occitan: Arles in both classical and Mistralian norms is a City in the south of France, Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune Charles, in contrast, was disposed towards a rigid administration; he ordered inquests in 1252 and again in 1278 to ascertain his rights[1] Charles broke the traditional powers of the great towns (Nice, Grasse, Marseille, Arles, Avignon) and aroused considerable hostility by his punctilious insistence on enjoying his full rights and fees. In 1247, while Charles had gone to France to receive the Counties of Anjou and Maine, the local nobility (represented by Barral of Baux and Boniface of Castellane) joined with Beatrice and the three Imperial cities to form a defensive league against him. Barral of Baux (died 1268 vas Viscount of Marseilles and Lord of Baux. Bonifaci VI de Castellana or Castelhana (Boniface de Castellane fl Unfortunately for Charles, he had promised to join his brother on the Seventh Crusade. The Seventh Crusade was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. For the time being, Charles' only recourse was to compromise with Beatrice, allowing her to have Forcalquier and a third of the Provençal usufruct.
Rich Provence provided the funds that supported his wider career. His rights as landlord were on the whole of recent establishment, but his rights as sovereign entitled him to revenues on the gabelles (mainly salt), from alberga (commutation of gîte) and cavalcata (commutation of the duties of military service) and quista ("aids") (Baratier 1969). The following article is about a Tax. If you are looking for information about a literary character see A Tale of Two Cities. A gîte, (masculine gender, pronounced /ʒɪt/ is a French holiday home that is available for rent From the Church, unlike his brothers in the north, he received virtually nothing. Charles' agents were efficient, the towns were prosperous, the peasants were buying up the duties of corvée and establishing self-governing consulats in the villages: Provence flourished. Corvée is labour often but not always unpaid that persons in power have authority to compel their subjects to perform unless commuted in some way such as by a cash payment sometimes this was
Seventh Crusade and return
Charles sailed with the rest of the Crusaders from Aigues-Mortes in 1248, and fought gallantly at Damietta and during the fighting around Mansourah. Aigues-Mortes is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat (دمياط is a port and the capital of the governorate of Domyat, Egypt. El Mansurah (also spelled as Mansoura; Arabic: المنصورة) is a city in Egypt, with a population of 420000 However, his piety does not seem to have matched that of his brother (Jean de Joinville relates a tale of Louis catching him gambling on the voyage from Egypt to Acre) and he returned with his brother Alphonse in May 1250. Jean de Joinville (c 1224 &ndash December 24, 1317) was one of the great Chroniclers of medieval France. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. During his absence, open rebellion had broken out in Provence. Charles moved with his characteristic energy to suppress it, and Arles, Avignon, and Barral of Baux had surrendered to him by June 1251. Marseille held out until July 1252, but then sued for peace. Charles imposed a lenient peace, but insisted on the recognition of his full panoply of comital rights, and acknowledgement of his suzerainity by Marseille.
Wider ambitions
In November 1252, the death of his mother Blanche of Castile caused him to go north to Paris and assume the joint regency of the kingdom with his brother Alphonse. For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city While in Paris, he was approached by envoys from Pope Innocent IV. Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi was Pope from June 28, 1243 to December 7, 1254. Innocent was then seeking to detach the Kingdom of Sicily from the Holy Roman Empire (in the person of Conrad IV of Germany), and offered it to Charles, after his brother-in-law Richard, Earl of Cornwall had declined it. Conrad IV ( 25 April 1228 &ndash 21 May 1254) was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) (1228&ndash1254 of Germany Richard of Cornwall ( 5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (from 1225 to 1243 Earl of Cornwall (from Alphonse, however, was cool to the idea; and King Louis forbade it outright. Balked, Charles took up the cause of Margaret II of Flanders against her son, John I, Count of Hainaut in the War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault. Margaret, called of Constantinople ( 2 June, 1202 &ndash 10 February, 1280) was countess of Flanders from 1244 to 1278 John I of Avesnes ( May 1 1218 &ndash December 24 1257) was the Count of Hainaut from 1246 to his death The War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault was a series of Feudal conflicts in the mid- Thirteenth century between the children of Margaret II Countess She granted him the County of Hainaut for his service. This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut for other meanings see Hainaut. King Louis again disapproved, and on his return from Outremer in 1254 he returned Hainaut to John. Outremer, French ( outre-mer) for " Overseas " was the general name given to the Crusader states established after the The disappointed Charles returned to Provence, which had become restive again. The mediation of King Louis led to a settlement with Beatrice of Savoy, who returned Forcalquier and relinquished her claims for a cash payment and a pension. Marseille had attempted to involve Pisa and Alfonso X of Castile in the quarrel, but they proved unreliable as allies, and a coup by the supporters of Charles resulted in the surrender of the city's political powers. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, Charles spent the next several years quietly increasing his power over various lordships on the borders of Provence. A final rebellion occurred in 1262, when he was absent in France; Boniface of Castellane rebelled yet again, as did Marseille and Hugh of Baux. However, Barral of Baux now remained loyal to Charles, and Charles quickly returned to scatter the rebels. The mediation of James I of Aragon brought about a settlement; while Marseille was forced to dismantle its fortifications and surrender its arms, it otherwise went unpunished. James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador Surprisingly, this lenity worked to good effect; hereafter, the Provençals proved staunch supporters of Charles, providing money and troops for his further conquests. Many of them were to be rewarded with high posts in his new dominions.
With the usurpation of the Sicilian throne from Conradin by Manfred of Sicily in 1258, the relationship between the Papacy and the Hohenstaufen had changed again. Conradin is also a character in the short story Sredni Vashtar. Manfred ( Venosa, 1232 &ndash Benevento February 26, 1266) was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266 Instead of the boy Conradin, safely sequestered across the Alps, the Papacy now faced an able military leader in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Accordingly, when negotiations broke down with Manfred in 1262, Pope Urban IV again took up the scheme of disseising the Hohenstaufen from the Kingdom, and offered the crown to Charles again. Manfred's own usurpation from Conradin told upon King Louis' scruples; this time, he was persuaded to admit the offer, and Charles ratified a treaty with the Pope in July 1263. The terms were heavily in favor of the Pope; the Kingdom must never be re-united with the Empire, and the King was never to hold Imperial or Papal office, or interfere with ecclesiastical matters in the Kingdom. Nevertheless, Charles accepted eagerly. For money, he called for help from the then-omnipotent Sienese banker, Orlando Bonsignori. Orlando Bonsignori (died 1273 was an Italian banker from Siena.
Conquest of Sicily
Having endorsed the treaty, Charles could now play for time. With Manfred's troops advancing on the Papal States, Charles obtained an extensive renegotiation of the treaty on more favorable lines. As instructions went out to the clergy to submit contributions for the war, Urban IV died in October 1264 at Perugia, fleeing Manfred. Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia This raised the possibility of a reversal of Papal policy. To underscore his resolve, he broke sharply with his previous policy of lenity and ordered the execution of Hugh of Baux and several other Provençal rebels, who had been in his hands for a year. Fortunately for Charles, the new Pope Clement IV was the former adviser of his brother Alphonse and strongly supported the accession of Charles. Pope Clement IV ( Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, year ca 1195 &ndash November 29, 1268 in Viterbo) born Gui Faucoi Charles entered Rome on May 23, 1265 and was proclaimed King of Sicily. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
Charles was popular in Rome, where he was elected Senator, and his diplomacy had already undermined Manfred's support in northern Italy. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. While Charles' campaigns were delayed for lack of money, Manfred, curiously, idled away his time hunting in Apulia, while his support in the north of Italy dwindled. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea Charles was able to bring his main army through the Alps, and he and Beatrice were crowned on January 6, 1266. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King As Charles' army began an energetic campaign, Manfred suddenly shed his lethargy and moved to meet him. Worried that further delays might endanger the loyalty of his supporters, he attacked Charles' army, then in disarray from the crossing of the hills into Benevento, on February 26, 1266. Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed In the Battle of Benevento that followed, Manfred's army was defeated in detail and he was killed in the melee. The Battle of Benevento was fought near Benevento, in present-day Southern Italy, on February 26, 1266, between the troops of Charles Upon his death, resistance throughout the Kingdom collapsed, and Charles was master of Sicily.
While Charles' administration in his new Kingdom was generally fair and honest, it was also stringent. As in Provence, he insisted on maximizing the revenues and privileges he could obtain from his new subjects. Discontent was high; but for now, Charles could focus on extending his power in northern Italy (which alarmed the Pope, who feared a powerful king of all Italy as much as he did an Emperor). But the Pope was willing to allow this; for in September 1267 Conradin marched south to reclaim the rights of the Hohenstaufen, and one of his agents instigated a revolt in Sicily. Conradin is also a character in the short story Sredni Vashtar. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. He entered Rome on July 24, 1268, where his arrival was wildly celebrated. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. At the Battle of Tagliacozzo, on August 23, 1268, it appeared he might win the day; but a sudden charge of Charles' reserve discomfited his army and he was forced to flee to Rome. The Battle of Tagliacozzo was fought on August 23, 1268 between French forces of Charles of Anjou and the Hohenstaufen forces a polyglot Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Told it was no longer safe, he attempted to escape to Genoa, but was arrested and imprisoned in the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Castel dell'Ovo ( Italian: "Egg Castle" is a castle in the Italian city of Naples. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the In a trial carefully managed by Charles, Conradin was condemned for treason, and he was beheaded on October 29, 1268. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II By the end of 1270, he had captured Lucera[2] and put down the revolt in Sicily, executing many of the captured. Lucera is a town and Comune in the Province of Foggia, in the Apulia region of Italy. With the whole kingdom powed beneath his strict, if fair, rule, he was ready to consider greater conquests.
Ambitions in the Latin Empire
After the defeat of Manfred at Benevento, Charles immediately began to plan his expansion into the Mediterranean. Historically, the Kingdom of Sicily had at times controlled parts of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, and Manfred had been possessed of the island of Corfu and the towns of Butrinto, Avlona and Suboto, which had formed the dowry of his wife Helena. Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea Butrint ( Albanian: Butrint or Butrinti) is an Ancient Greek city and an archeological site in Sarandë, Albania Vlorë or Vlora ( Ancient Greek: Αυλών Aulón, meaning "Valley" or possibly from a Greek Charles seized these at the end of 1266. From thence, he passed on to intrigue with the remaining nobility of the Latin Empire. In May 1267, he concluded the Treaty of Viterbo with the exiled Baldwin II of Constantinople and William II Villehardouin (through his chancellor Leonardo of Veruli). The Treaty of Viterbo (or the Treaties of Viterbo) was a pair of agreements made by Charles I of Sicily with Baldwin II of Constantinople and William Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople William II of Villehardouin, (Guillaume II de Villehardouin (died May 1, 1278) was the last Villehardouin prince of Achaea and ruled the principality Leonardo of Veruli (d 1281 ( Italian Leonardo da Veroli) was the Chancellor to and close adviser of William II Villehardouin, Prince of Taking advantage of the precarious situation of the remains of the Empire in the face of rising Greek power, he obtained confirmation of his possession of Corfu, the suzerain rights over Achaea, and sovereignty over most of the Aegean islands. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Furthermore, the heirs of both the Latin princes were to marry children of Charles, and Charles was to have the reversion of the Empire and Principality should the couples have no heirs. With few options to check the Byzantine tide, he was well placed to dictate terms.
Charles' wife Beatrice died on September 23, 1267, and he immediately sought a new marriage to Margaret, daughter of Bela IV of Hungary. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Béla IV (IV Béla (1206 &ndash 3 May 1270 King of Hungary and Croatia (1214-1270 Duke of Styria (1254-1258 However, Margaret wished to be a nun (and was later canonized); Charles instead married (on November 18, 1268), Margaret, Countess of Tonnerre (1250 – September 4, 1308, Tonnerre), the daughter of Eudes of Burgundy. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Margaret of Burgundy (Marguerite de Bourgogne (1250 &ndash 4 September 1308) was the second wife of Charles I of Sicily, and by marriage Queen consort Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Tonnerre is a town and commune of the Yonne département in France. Eudes of Burgundy (1230-1266 was Count of Nevers and Auxerre and the heir of Hugh IV Duke of Burgundy. However, he was able to make a marital alliance with the Hungarians: his son Charles, Prince of Salerno married Maria, daughter of crown prince Stephen, while Charles' daughter Elizabeth married Stephen's son Ladislas. Charles II, known as "the Lame" ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 &ndash 5 May 1309) was Stephen V (V István Stjepan VI Štefan V (before October 18 1239 Buda, Hungary &ndash August 6 1272 Csepel Island, Hungary) King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (IV (Kun László Ladislav III Ladislav IV (August 1262 &ndash July 10 1290 Kőrösszeg, Hungary) also known as László IV
Eighth Crusade
Having thus made secure his position in the East, he began to prepare a crusade to recover the Latin Empire. Michael VIII Palaeologus was greatly alarmed at the prospect: he wrote to King Louis, suggesting that he was open to a voluntary union of the Roman and Latin churches, and pointing out the interference a descent on Constantinople would pose to Louis' own crusading plans. Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11 Louis took a dim view of his sincerity; but he was eager to take up the cross again, and he notified Charles of his intentions. Charles continued with his preparations against Constantinople, hoping the crusade might be postponed, but he also prepared to turn his brother's crusade to his own advantage. The Caliph of Tunis, Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance with the fall of Manfred. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Muhammad I al-Mustansir ( &ndash 1277 was the second ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya and the first to claim the title of Khalif. However, there were rumors he might be sympathetic to Christianity. Accordingly, Charles suggested to his brother that the arrival of a crusade in his support might bring about Mustansir's conversion. Thus it was that Louis directed the Eighth Crusade against Tunis. The Eighth Crusade was a Crusade launched by Louis IX, King of France, in Charles did not arrive until late in the day on August 25, 1270, only to find that his brother had died of dysentery that morning. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Charles took command, and after a few skirmishes, Mustansir concluded a peace treaty and agreed to pay tribute to Charles. Illness continued to plague the army, however, and a storm devastated the fleet of 18 men-of-war and innumerable smaller vessels as it returned to Sicily. Charles was forced to postpone his designs against Constantinople again.
Conquest of Albania and Genoese War
In February 1271, Charles began to expand his Adriatic possessions by capturing Durazzo, and he soon controlled much of the Albanian interior. In February 1272, he proclaimed himself King of Albania and appointed Gazzo Chinardo as his Vicar-General. The Kingdom of Albania may refer to the state on territory of Albania in two different periods of history He hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again, but was delayed by the rise of Pope Gregory X, consecrated on March 27, 1272. Pope Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Gregory had high hopes of reconciling Europe, unifying the Greek and Latin churches, and launching a new crusade: to that end, he announced the Council of Lyon, to be held in 1274, and worked to arrange the election of an Emperor. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
In November 1272, the strained relations between Charles and Ghibelline-ruled Genoa finally broke into war. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century Ghibelline revolts broke out across the north of Italy, and increasingly occupied the attention of Charles, even as Michael Palaeologus was negotiating a union of churches with the Pope. At the same time, he had made contact with Genoa and was sending money to encourage the revolts in the north. At the apparently successful conclusion of the Council of Lyon, a Union of Churches was declared, and Charles and Philip of Courtenay were compelled to extend a truce with Michael. Philip I of Courtenay ( 1243, Constantinople &ndash 1283, Viterbo) was titular Emperor of Constantinople 1273 &ndash1283 This was a blessing in disguise for Charles, for the Ghibellines now controlled most of the north, and he was forced to retreat from Piedmont in late 1275. Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. In truth, Pope Gregory was not entirely displeased; he regarded north Italy as best dealt with by its new Emperor, Rudolph of Habsburg, and preferred that Charles be confined to the south. Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash If he wished to make war, let him look to Outremer; and to this end, Gregory endorsed the sale to Charles of the claims of Maria of Antioch on the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been rejected by the Haute Cour there. Outremer, French ( outre-mer) for " Overseas " was the general name given to the Crusader states established after the Maria of Antioch (d after 10 December 1307 daughter of Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch and his second wife Melisende of Cyprus, was the pretender to the throne of This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian Haute Cour (High Court was the Feudal council of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On March 18, 1277, he bought her claim and assumed the title of King of Jerusalem, sending Roger of Sanseverino as his bailli to Acre. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Roger of San Severino was the Bailiff of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1277 to 1282 There Roger ousted Balian of Ibelin, the bailli of Hugh I and compelled the nobles to swear fealty. Balian of Ibelin (early 1140s—1193 was an important noble in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century Hugh III of Cyprus (1235 &ndash 24 March 1284 born Hughues de Poitiers, later Hughues de Lusignan (he adopted his mother's surname de Lusignan in 1267 In the meantime, Gregory had been succeeded by Pope Innocent V, who arranged a peace between Charles and the Genoese.
Breakdown of the Union
Meanwhile, in Constantinople, the Union of the Churches was proving difficult to arrange, and the Emperor Michael had great difficulty in imposing it on his people. Nevertheless, he persuaded Innocent of his sincerity in working towards it, and Charles was again forbidden to attack Constantinople. Knowing this, Michael began a campaign in Albania in late 1274, where he captured Berat and Butrinto. Berat (also known in Albanian as Berati, Greek Bulcheriòpolis - Πουλχεριοπολις Butrint ( Albanian: Butrint or Butrinti) is an Ancient Greek city and an archeological site in Sarandë, Albania He also enjoyed some success in his campaigns in Euboea and the Peloponnese. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula
Affairs dragged on for several years, until the accession of Pope Martin IV on March 23, 1280. Pope Martin IV (between 1210 and 1220 &ndash March 28, 1285) born Simon de Brion, held the Papacy from February 21, 1281 Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Pope Martin was a Frenchman, and lacked the evenhandedness of some of his recent precursors. He brought the full power of the Papacy into line behind Charles' plans. The Union, which had proved impossible to impose upon Constantinople, was called off, and Charles given authorization for the restoration of the Latin Empire.
He opened his campaign in Albania, where his general Hugh of Sully with 8,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) captured Butrinto from the Despotate of Epirus in 1280 and besieging Berat. The Principality of Epirus can also refer to the pashalik of Ali Pasha The Despotate or Principality of Epirus (Δεσποτάτο της A Byzantine army of relief under Michael Tarchaniotes arrived in March, 1281: Hugh of Sully was ambushed and captured, and his army put to flight. The Byzantines took possession of the interior of Albania. Nor was Charles particularly successful in Achaea, where he had become (by the Treaty of Viterbo) Prince of Achaea on the death of William II Villehardouin in 1278. The Treaty of Viterbo (or the Treaties of Viterbo) was a pair of agreements made by Charles I of Sicily with Baldwin II of Constantinople and William His bailli Galeran of Ivry was defeated at Skorta in his one attempt to engage the Byzantines, and was recalled in 1280 and replaced by Philip of Lagonesse. Galeran of Ivry was an official of Charles I of Sicily. Galeran was appointed Seneschal of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1272 where he was unpopular due For the Gortyna in Crete see Gortyn Karytaina ( Greek: Καρύταινα also written as Karitena) is a town located in the western part Philip of Lagonesse was an official of Charles I of Sicily. He was a Frenchman from Gonesse or La Gonesse a village near Paris. Nonetheless, Charles was to launch the body of his crusade (400 ships carrying 27,000 mounted knights) against Constantinople in the spring of 1282.
Sicilian Vespers
But Michael had not been working upon the military front alone. Many Ghibelline officials had fled the Kingdom of Sicily to the court of Peter III of Aragon, who had married Constance, the daughter and heir of Manfred. Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon Manfred's former chancellor, John of Procida, had arranged contact between Michael, Peter and the refugees at his court, and conspirators on the island of Sicily itself. John of Procida ( Italian: Giovanni da Procida; 1210 &ndash 1298 was an Italian medieval physician and diplomat Peter began to assemble a fleet at Barcelona, ostensibly for another Crusade to Tunis. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia In fact, the master-plan of John of Procida was to place Peter on the throne of Sicily, his Hohenstaufen inheritance. The result was the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers, which was initiated in Palermo on March 29, 1282. The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King It rapidly grew into a general massacre of the French in Sicily. A few officials notable for their good conduct were spared; and the city of Messina still held for Charles. But through the diplomatic errors of Charles' Vicar, Herbert of Orleans, Messina, too, revolted on April 28, 1282. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Herbert retreated to the castle of Mategriffon, but was forced to abandon the Crusading fleet, which was burnt.
The news surprised Peter of Aragon, who had expected to intervene only after Charles had left for Constantinople. But the conspirators, aided by the Emperor Michael (who wished to see Charles balked in his expedition), had set the revolt in motion early. Peter did not immediately intervene; he sailed with the fleet to Tunis, where he discovered that the would-be convert on whose behalf the crusade had ostensibly been undertaken had been caught and executed. While he bided his time, the Sicilians made an appeal to Pope Martin to take the Communes of their cities under his protection. But Martin was far too deeply committed to Charles and French interests to heed them; instead, he excommunicated the rebels, the Emperor Michael, and the Ghibellines in north Italy. Charles gathered his forces in Calabria and made a landing near Messina and began a siege. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Several attempts to assault the city were unsuccessful. Rejected by the Pope, the Sicilians now appealed to King Peter and Queen Constance; he duly accepted, and landed at Trapani on August 30, 1282. Trapani ( Tràpani in Sicilian) is a city on the west coast of Sicily in Italy. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and He was proclaimed King in Palermo on September 4; as the Archibishopric of Palermo was vacant, he could not immediately be crowned. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself In the face of the Aragonese landing, Charles was compelled to withdraw across the Straits of Messina into Calabria in September; but the Aragonese moved swiftly enough to destroy part of his army and most of his baggage. The Angevin house was forever ousted from Sicily. Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied
War with Aragon
Despite his retreat into Calabria, Charles remained in a strong position. His nephew, Philip III of France, was devoted to him; and Pope Martin regarded the rebellion as an affront both to French interests and his own rights as suzerain of the Kingdom. Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Both sides temporized; the expense of a long war might be disastrous for both, and Peter and Charles arranged for a judicial duel, with a hundred knights apiece, on June 1, 1283 at Bordeaux. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Skirmishes and raids continued to occur: in January 1283, Aragonese guerillas attacked Catona and killed Count Peter I of Alençon in his hostel. In February, the Aragonese crossed into Calabria to face off with Charles of Salerno. Charles II, known as "the Lame" ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 &ndash 5 May 1309) was However, tensions between the Aragonese and the Sicilians had begun to rise. Both men now hoped to turn the war to their advantage, and the judicial duel turned into a farce, the two kings arriving at different times, declaring a victory over their absent opponent, and departing. Now the war was to escalate: Pope Martin had excommunicated Peter and proclaimed the war against the Sicilians a Crusade in January, and in March, declared Peter to be deprived of his dominions. On February 2, 1284, Aragon and Valencia were officially conferred upon Charles of Valois. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Charles of Valois ( March 12, 1270 &ndash December 16, 1325) was the fourth son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon The war continued in Italy: while little progress had been made in Calabria, a detachment of the Aragonese fleet was blockading Malta. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Charles of Salerno sent a newly raised Provençal fleet to the relief of Malta; but it was caught by the main Aragonese fleet under Roger of Lauria and destroyed in the Battle of Malta. Roger of Lauria, also Ruggero or Ruggiero di Lauria or Llúria (c The naval Battle of Malta took place on 8 July 1283 in the entrance to the Grand Harbour, the principal harbor of Malta, when a Galley The Aragonese were now, however, running quite short of money, and Peter was threatened by the prospect of a French attack on Aragon. King Charles planned to raise new troops and a fleet in Provence, and instructed Charles of Salerno to maintain a strict defensive posture until his return from France. However, Roger of Lauria continued to command the sea and launch harassing raids up and down the coast of Calabria, and in May 1284 he successfully blockaded Naples, basing a small squadron on the island of Nisida to do so. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Nisida is a volcanic islet of the Flegrean Islands archipelago in southern Italy. The Neapolitans were infuriated by the blockade; and in June, Charles of Salerno armed the newly launched fleet at Naples and embarked on June 5 to destroy the blockading squadron. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Evidently believing the main Aragonese fleet was raiding down the coast, he hoped to destroy the blockading squadron and return to Naples before it returned. However, Roger of Lauria had learned of his plans, and Charles found himself engulfed by superior numbers. After a short, sharp, fight, most of his fleet was captured, and he himself was taken prisoner.
News of the reverse caused anti-French riots in Naples, and Roger of Lauria was quick to take advantage of Charles' captivity to obtain the release of Beatrice, daughter of Manfred of Sicily, then held in Naples. Manfred ( Venosa, 1232 &ndash Benevento February 26, 1266) was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266 King Charles arrived in Gaeta on June 6 and learned of the disaster. Gaeta is a city and Comune in the Province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year He was furious at his son and his disobedience; by the time he reached Naples, the riots had been quelled. He advanced on Calabria and attempted a landing in Sicily; but his main army was blocked at Reggio, and he retreated from Calabria entirely on August 3. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. He continued to make preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year; but his health failed. On January 7, 1285, he died in Foggia. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Foggia is a city of Puglia, Italy, capital of the Province of Foggia.
Death and legacy
On his death, Charles left all of his domains to his son Charles, then a prisoner in Catalonia. Charles II, known as "the Lame" ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 &ndash 5 May 1309) was Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. For the time being, they were held by a joint regency between a papal legate and Robert II of Artois. Robert II of Artois (September 1250 &ndash July 11, 1302) was the posthumous son and heir of Robert I of Artois and Matilda of Brabant Charles had spent his life striving to assemble a Mediterranean empire out of whatever land he could get through law or force of arms. He did so, it seems, with a clear conscience; he regarded himself as God's instrument to uphold the Papacy and punish the Hohenstaufen. He ruled justly, but with the rigidity and severity that might be expected in one of his convictions. Ultimately, his unbending austerity could not inspire the devotion needed to hold his conquests together.
Still, he was to leave a substantial legacy to his heirs. Henry II of Cyprus reclaimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem after his death, for the few short years left to it; but his possessions otherwise remained within the Angevin dynasty which he founded, or their descendants. Henry II of Jerusalem, Henry I of Cyprus or Henri I & II de Lusignan (1271 &ndash August 31, 1324) was the last ruling and first titular This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied Both the Angevins and their Aragonese rivals were to claim the title of "King of Sicily"; but the Angevins, confined to the mainland, would be known to history as "Kings of Naples". But the style of "King of Sicily" persisted; and when the two realms were reunited, it was under the style of "King of the Two Sicilies".
However, his wars resulted in an even more serious consequence that the partition of the Kingdom of Sicily. Pope Martin IV had hopelessly compromised the Papacy in his cause; and the botched secular "Crusades" against Sicily and (after Charles' death) Aragon greatly tarnished its spiritual power. Pope Martin IV (between 1210 and 1220 &ndash March 28, 1285) born Simon de Brion, held the Papacy from February 21, 1281 The collapse of its moral authority and the rise of nationalism rang the death knell for Crusading, and would ultimately lead to the Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism. In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 Charles was an able soldier and a good administrator; but his failure to understand the qualities of his diverse subjects, and his grasping, if pious, ambition, ultimately led him to failure.
In the Divine Comedy Dante sees Charles outside the gates of Purgatory "singing in accord" with his former rival Peter. The Divine Comedy
Ancestors
Notes
- ^ These enquêtes conserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale are the equivalent of Domesday for thirteenth-century Provence. Aenor of Châtellerault duchess of Aquitaine ( Châtellerault, Vienne France, c The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey They have been edited by Edouard Baratier, Enquêtes sur les droits et revenus de Charles I d'Anjou en Provence (1252 et 1278) (Paris 1969).
- ^ During the siege of Lucera, Peter of Maricourt (Petrus Peregrinus), who was serving in Charles' army, wrote his famous work on magnetism, Epistola de magnete. Peter of Maricourt ( Peter Peregrinus of Maricourt; French Pierre de Maricourt; Latin Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt) (fl In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials.
References
- Runciman, Steven (1958). Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH ( 7 July, 1903 &ndash 1 November, 2000) better known as Sir Steven Runciman, was The Sicilian Vespers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43774-1.
External links
- The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, translated by Ethel Wedgwood
- Armorial of the House Anjou-Sicily (French)
- House of Anjou-Sicily (French)
| Preceded by: Manfred |
King of Sicily 1266–1282 |
Succeeded by: Peter I |
| King of Naples 1266–1285 |
Charles II | |
| — | King of Albania 1272–1285 |
|
| William II | Prince of Achaea 1278–1285 |
|
| Ramon Berenguer IV | Count of Provence and Forcalquier 1246–1285 |
|
| John | Count of Anjou and Maine 1247–1285 |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Charles I of Sicily |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Charles of Anjou (alternate form) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of Sicily |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March of 1226 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | |
| DATE OF DEATH | 1285 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Foggia (now Italy) |
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