| Charles I | |
|---|---|
| King of England, Scotland and Ireland (more...) | |
 |
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| Portrait by Antoon van Dyck, 1636 | |
| Reign | 27 March 1625 — 30 January 1649 |
| Coronation | 2 February 1626 |
| Predecessor | James VI and I |
| Successor | Charles II de jure Oliver Cromwell, de facto (as leader of the Commonwealth of England) |
| Consort | Henrietta Maria of France |
| Issue | |
| Charles II Mary, Princess Royal James II and VII Elizabeth of England Anne of England Henry, Duke of Gloucester Henrietta Anne of England |
|
| Titles and styles | |
| HM The King The Prince of Wales The Duke of York The Duke of Albany The Prince Charles |
|
| Royal house | House of Stuart |
| Father | James I of England |
| Mother | Anne of Denmark |
| Born | November 19, 1600 Dunfermline, Scotland |
| Baptised | 23 December 1601
1 date of christening =23 December 1602 |
| Died | January 30, 1649 (aged 48) Whitehall, England |
| Burial | 7 February 1649 Windsor, England |
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from March 27, 1625 until his execution. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Princess Mary Princess Royal Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau ( 4 November 1631 &ndash 24 December 1660) was the eldest daughter of James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James This is an article about the daughter of Charles I of England and Scotland. For the living British princess see Princess Anne. For the British Queen see Anne of Great Britain. Henry Stuart Duke of Gloucester ( 8 July 1639 – 18 September 1660) was the third adult (and youngest son of Charles I and his Henrietta Anne of England duchesse d'Orléans (born Henrietta 16 June (Old Style 26 June (New Style 1644 – 30 June 1670) in French A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. [1] Charles famously engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. He was an advocate of the Divine Right of Kings,[2] and many citizens of England feared that he was attempting to gain absolute power. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything Many of his actions, particularly the levying of taxes without Parliament's consent, caused widespread opposition. [3]
Religious conflicts permeated Charles's reign. He married a Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria of France, over the objections of Parliament and public opinion. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland [4][5] He further allied himself with controversial religious figures, including the ecclesiastic Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Richard Montagu (or Mountague) (1577 – April 13, 1641) an English cleric was born at Dorney Buckinghamshire and educated at Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to Roman Catholicism. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars that weakened England's government and helped precipitate his downfall. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
His last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he was opposed by the forces of Parliament, which challenged his attempts to augment his own power, and by Puritans, who were hostile to his religious policies and supposed Catholic sympathies. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Charles was defeated in the first Civil War (1642 - 1645), after which Parliament expected him to accept demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the This provoked a second Civil War (1648 - 1649) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law. In Law, a conviction is the Verdict that results when a Court of law finds a Defendant guilty of a Crime. See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland Charles's son, Charles II, became King after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored [6]
Early life
The second son of James VI, King of Scots and Anne of Denmark and Norway, Charles was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on November 19, 1600,[3][7] and, until the age of three, was unable to walk or talk. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Dunfermline Palace is a former Scottish royal Palace in Dunfermline, Fife. Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land When Elizabeth I died in March 1603 and James VI became King of England as James I, Charles was originally left in Scotland in the care of nurses and servants because it was feared that the journey would damage his fragile health. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during [8] He did make the journey in July 1604 and was subsequently placed under the charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wife of courtier Sir Robert Carey, who taught him how to walk and talk and insisted that he wear boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. Robert Carey may refer to Robert Carey 1st Earl of Monmouth (c When Charles was an adult he was 5 feet 4 inches (162 cm) tall.
Charles was not as well-regarded as his elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales; Charles himself adored Henry and tried to emulate him. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom In 1603, Charles was created Duke of Albany, with the subsidiary titles Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch, in Scotland. Duke of Albany is a Peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the younger sons in the Scottish, and later the British Royal family, particularly A subsidiary title is an Hereditary title held by a Royal or a Noble but which is not regularly used to identify that person Two years later, Charles was created Duke of York, as was then customary in the case of the Sovereign's second son. For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage
When his elder brother died at the age of 18 of typhoid in 1612, two weeks before Charles's 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent (and the eldest living son of the Sovereign, thus automatically gaining the titles Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, along with the plethora others therewith associated) and was subsequently created the Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in November 1616. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in Medieval England. His sister Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1613 and moved to Heidelberg. Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area
The new Prince of Wales was greatly influenced by his father's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In historical writings when used in reference to a person favourite ( British English and the English of Commonwealth Countries or favorite ( American George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite [9] The two of them travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match between Charles and the daughter of the Spanish King Philip III, Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Match describes the policy and diplomatic negotiations towards a proposed marriage between Prince Charles, the son of King James I of England after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Maria Anna ( 18 August, 1606 – 13 May, 1646) also known as Maria Anna of Austria Infanta of Spain Archduchess of Austria and The trip ended badly, however, as the Spanish demanded that Charles convert to Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as a sort of hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty. Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that James I declare war on Spain.
| Scottish and English Royalty |
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| House of Stuart |
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| Charles I |
| Charles II |
| James II & VII |
| Henry, Duke of Gloucester |
| Mary, Princess Royal |
| Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans |
| Elizabeth |
With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned Parliament so that he could request subsidies for a war effort. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Henry Stuart Duke of Gloucester ( 8 July 1639 – 18 September 1660) was the third adult (and youngest son of Charles I and his Princess Mary Princess Royal Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau ( 4 November 1631 &ndash 24 December 1660) was the eldest daughter of Henrietta Anne of England duchesse d'Orléans (born Henrietta 16 June (Old Style 26 June (New Style 1644 – 30 June 1670) in French This is an article about the daughter of Charles I of England and Scotland. James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and Princess Henrietta Maria of France, whom Charles met in Paris whilst en route to Spain. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Parliament agreed to the marriage, but was extremely critical of the prior attempt to arrange a marital alliance with Spain. James was growing senile and as a result was finding it extremely difficult to control Parliament—the same problem would later haunt Charles during his reign. During the last year of James' reign, actual power was held not by him but by Charles and the Duke of Buckingham.
Both Charles and James were advocates of Divine Right monarchy, but James listened to the views of his subjects and favoured compromise and consensus. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Charles I was shy and diffident, but also self-righteous, stubborn, opinionated, determined and confrontational. Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even explain his rules and that he was only answerable to God. He famously said: "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone,"[10][11] "I mean to show what I should speak in actions. " Those actions were open to misinterpretation, and there were fears as early as 1626 that he was a potential tyrant.
Early reign
On 11 May 1625 Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria of France, nine years his junior. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople A proxy marriage is a Marriage in which either the bride or the groom is not physically present for the wedding Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland In his first Parliament, which he opened in May, many members were opposed to his marriage to Henrietta Maria, a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Roman Catholics and undermine the official establishment of Protestantism. Although he stated to Parliament that he would not relax restrictions relating to recusants, he promised to do exactly that in a secret marriage treaty with Louis XIII. In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) The couple were married in person on 13 June 1625, in Canterbury. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. Charles was crowned on 2 February 1626 at Westminster Abbey, but without his wife at his side due to the controversy. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Charles and Henrietta had nine children, with three sons and three daughters surviving infancy. [12]
Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial ecclesiastic, Richard Montagu. Richard Montagu (or Mountague) (1577 – April 13, 1641) an English cleric was born at Dorney Buckinghamshire and educated at In a pamphlet, Montagu had argued against the teachings of John Calvin, thereby bringing himself into disrepute amongst the Puritans. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and After a Puritan member of the House of Commons, John Pym, attacked Montagu's pamphlet during debate, Montagu requested the king's aid in another pamphlet entitled "Appello Caesarem" (Latin "I appeal to Caesar", a reference to an appeal against Jewish persecution made by Saint Paul the Apostle). John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and [13] Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions as to where Charles would lead the Church.
Charles's primary concern during his early reign was foreign policy. The Thirty Years' War, originally confined to Bohemia, was spiralling out of control into a wider war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the In 1620, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the husband of Charles's sister Elizabeth, had lost his hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles declared war on Spain, hoping to force the Catholic Spanish King Philip IV to intercede with the Emperor on Frederick's behalf. Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and
Parliament preferred an inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping that the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets could finance the war. Charles, however, preferred more aggressive (and more expensive) action on the Continent. Parliament only voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000; an insufficient sum for Charles. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorization for royal collection of tonnage and poundage (two varieties of customs duties) to a period of one year, although previous sovereigns since 1414 had been granted the right for life. Tonnage and Poundage were certain duties and taxes first levied in Edward II 's reign on every tun (cask of imported Wine, which came mostly from Spain In this manner, Parliament could keep a check on expenditures by forcing Charles to seek the renewal of the grant each year. Charles's allies in the House of Lords, led by the Duke of Buckingham, refused to pass the bill. Although no Parliamentary authority for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties anyway.
The war with Spain went badly, largely due to Buckingham's incompetent leadership. Despite Parliament's protests, however, Charles refused to dismiss him, dismissing Parliament instead. He then provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan" -- a tax levied without Parliamentary consent. Although partially successful in collecting the tax, Charles let the money dribble away in yet another military fiasco led by Buckingham. Summoned again in 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right, calling upon the King to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. The Petition of Right 1628 was produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. Charles assented to the petition, though he continued to claim the right to collect customs duties without authorization from Parliament. Then, on 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Although the death of Buckingham effectively ended the war and eliminated his leadership as an issue, it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament over taxation and religious matters. [14]
Personal rule
In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the Parliament, which had been prorogued in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. A parliamentary session is a period of time where the Legislature in a Parliamentary government is sitting Members of the House of Commons began to voice their opposition in light of the Rolle case. Rolle was an MP whose goods were confiscated when he failed to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the confiscation as a breach of the Petition of Right,[15] arguing that the petition's freedom-from-arrest privilege extended to goods. The Petition of Right 1628 was produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment in March, members held the Speaker, John Finch, down in his chair whilst three resolutions against Charles were read aloud. Sir John Finch, Baron Finch of Fordwich ( September 17, 1584 - November 27, 1660) was an English judge and Speaker of the House The last of these resolutions declared that anyone who paid tonnage or poundage not authorised by Parliament would "be reputed a betrayer of the liberties of England, and an enemy to the same". Though the resolution was not formally passed, many members declared their approval. The fact that a number of MPs had to be detained in Parliament is relevant in understanding that there was no universal opposition towards the King. Nevertheless, the provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved parliament the same day. [16][17] Immediately, he made peace with France and Spain. The following eleven years, during which Charles ruled without a Parliament, have been known as both the Eleven Years Tyranny or simply as the Personal Rule. The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years Tyranny) was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years Tyranny) was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, (Ruling without Parliament, though an exceptional exercise of the royal prerogative, was supported by precedent. By the middle of the 17th century, opinion had shifted, and many held the Personal Rule to be an illegitimate exercise of arbitrary, absolute power. )
Economic problems
Even after making peace, Charles still had to acquire funds in order to maintain his treasury. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles first resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood," promulgated in 1279, which required anyone who earned £40 or more each year to present himself at the King's coronation to join the royal army as a knight. Relying on this outdated statute, Charles fined all individuals who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626.
Later, Charles reintroduced an obsolete feudal tax known as ship money, which proved even more unpopular. Ship money was a Tax, the levy of which by Charles I of England without the consent of Parliament was one of the causes of the English Civil War Under statutes of Edward I and Edward III, collection of ship money had been authorized only during wars. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Charles, however, sought to collect the tax during peacetime. Although the first writ levying ship money, issued in 1634, did not provoke much immediate opposition, the second and third writs, issued in 1635 and 1636, aroused strong opposition, as it was now clear that the ancient prohibition on collecting ship money during peacetime had been swept away. Many attempted to resist payment, but the royal courts declared that the tax was within the King's prerogative. The collection of ship money during peacetime was a major cause of concern among the ruling class.
Personal Rule ended after the attempted enforcement of the Anglican and increasingly Arminian styled prayer book under Laud that precipitated a rebellion in Scotland in 1640. [18]
Religious conflicts
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Charles wished to move the Church of England away from Calvinism in a more traditional and sacramental direction. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Lambeth Conferences are decennial assemblies of Bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings are regular meetings of the Anglican Primates, i The Anglican Consultative Council or ACC is one of the four "Instruments of Communion" of the Anglican Communion. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister Richard Hooker (March 1554 – 3 November 1600) was an Anglican priest and an influential theologian. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 In a Catholic sense the term "saint" refers to any person in Heaven&mdashhowever since the 10th century the title "Saint" is only given to persons who have been officially The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. " High Church " relates to Ecclesiology and Liturgy in Anglican theology and practice Low church is a term of distinction in the Church of England or other Anglican churches initially designed to be pejorative Broad Church is a term referring to Latitudinarian Churchmanship in the Church of England, in particular and Anglicanism, in general The Oxford Movement or Tractarianism was an affiliation of High Church Anglicans, most of whom were members of the University of Oxford, who sought The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the The Anglican Homilies (1547 1562 and 1571 are two books of thirty-three sermons developing the Reformed doctrines of the Anglican Communion in greater depth and detail than Anglican doctrine (also called Episcopalian doctrine in some countries is the body of Christian teachings used to guide the religious and moral practices of Anglicans See also Holy Orders The Anglican ministry is both the leadership and agency of Christian service in the Anglican Communion. In keeping with its prevailing self-identity as a Via media or "middle path" of Western Christianity, Anglican sacramental theology expresses Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the [19] This goal was shared by his main political adviser, Archbishop William Laud. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 Laud was appointed by Charles as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633,[20][21] and started a series of unpopular reforms in an attempt to impose order and authority on the church. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Laud attempted to ensure religious uniformity by dismissing non-conformist clergymen and closing Puritan organizations. This was actively hostile to the Reformist tendencies of many of his English and Scottish subjects. The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically His policy was obnoxious to Calvinist theology, and insisted that the Church of England's liturgy be celebrated using the form prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. Laud was also an advocate of Arminian theology, a view whose emphasis on the ability to reject salvation was viewed as heretical and virtually "Catholic" by strict Calvinists. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch
To punish those who refused to accept his reforms, Laud used the two most feared and most arbitrary courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber. The Court of High Commission was the supreme ecclesiastic court in England. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. The former could compel individuals to provide self-incriminating testimony, whilst the latter could inflict any punishment whatsoever (including torture), with the sole exception of death.
The lawlessness of the Court of Star Chamber under Charles far exceeded that under any of his predecessors. Under Charles's reign, defendants were regularly hauled before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or right to confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by the Court through torture.
The first years of the Personal Rule were marked by peace in England, to some extent due to tighter central control. Several individuals opposed Charles's taxes and Laud's policies. For example, in 1634, the ship Griffin left for America carrying religious dissidents, such as the Puritan minister Anne Hutchinson. Anne Hutchinson ( July 20, 1591 – August 20, 1643) was the unauthorized Puritan minister of a dissident church discussion However, the overall trend of the early Personal Rule period is one of peace. When, however, Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. The King ordered the use of a new Prayer Book modelled on the English Book of Common Prayer, which, although supported by the Scottish Bishops, was resisted by many Presbyterian Scots, who saw the new Prayer Book as a vehicle for introducing Anglicanism to Scotland. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government (that is, governance of the Church by bishops) in 1638, replacing it with Presbyterian government (that is, governance by elders and deacons), Charles sought to put down what he saw as a rebellion against his authority.
In 1639, when the First Bishops' War broke out, Charles sought to collect taxes from his subjects, who refused to yield any further. Charles's war ended in a humiliating truce in June of the same year. In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles agreed to grant his Scottish subjects civil and ecclesiastical freedoms. The Treaty of Berwick (also known as the Peace of Berwick or the Pacification of Berwick) was signed on June 18, 1639 between England
Charles's military failure in the First Bishops' War in turn caused a financial and military crisis for Charles, which caused the end of Personal Rule. Due to his financial weakness, Charles was forced to call Parliament into session by 1640 in an attempt to raise funds. While the ruling class grievances with the changes to government and finance during the Personal Rule period were a contributing factor in the Scottish Rebellion, the key issue of religion was the main reason that forced Charles to confront the ruling class in Parliament for the first time in eleven years. In essence, it was Charles's and Laud's confrontational religious modifications that ended what the Whig historians refer to as "The Eleven Years of Tyranny".
The "Short" and "Long" Parliaments
Disputes regarding the interpretation of the peace treaty between Charles and the Church of Scotland led to further conflict. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. To subdue the Scots, Charles needed more money; therefore, he took the fateful step of recalling Parliament in April 1640. Although Charles offered to repeal ship money, and the House of Commons agreed to allow Charles to raise the funds for war, an impasse was reached when Parliament demanded the discussion of various abuses of power during the Personal Rule. Ship money was a Tax, the levy of which by Charles I of England without the consent of Parliament was one of the causes of the English Civil War As both sides refused to give ground on this matter, Parliament was dissolved in May 1640, less than a month after it assembled; thus, the Parliament became known as the "Short Parliament. The Short Parliament ( 13 April - 5 May 1640) of King Charles I is so called because it lasted only three weeks "
In the meantime, Charles attempted to defeat the Scots, but failed miserably. The humiliating Treaty of Ripon, signed after the end of the Second Bishops' War in October 1640, required the King to pay the expenses of the Scottish army he had just fought. The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I King of England Scotland and Ireland, and the Scottish Covenanters on October 26 1640 Charles took the unusual step of summoning the magnum concilium, the ancient council of all the Peers of the Realm, who were considered the King's hereditary counsellors. The Magnum Concilium, or Great Council was established in the reign of the Normans (William Norman Peer of the Realm is a term for a member of the (aristocratic highest social order (not considering the ruling dynasty in a kingdom notably a member of the Peerage The magnum concilium had not been summoned for centuries. On the advice of the peers, Charles summoned another Parliament, which, in contrast with its predecessor, became known as the Long Parliament. The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars.
The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 under the leadership of John Pym, and proved just as difficult for Charles as the Short Parliament. John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of Although the members of the House of Commons thought of themselves as conservatives defending the King, Church and Parliamentary government against innovations in religion and the tyranny of Charles's advisors, Charles viewed many of them as dangerous rebels trying to undermine his rule.
To prevent the King from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the Triennial Act, to which the Royal Assent was granted in February 1641. The Triennial Act 1641 (16 Cha I c 1 (also known as the Dissolution Act) was an Act passed on 15 February 1641 by the English Long Parliament The Act required that Parliament was to be summoned at least once every three years, and that when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. In May, he assented to an even more far-reaching Act, which provided that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. Charles was forced into one concession after another. He agreed to bills of attainder authorising the executions of Thomas Wentworth and William Laud. A bill of attainder (also known as an act or writ of Attainder) is an act of Legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl of Strafford ( April 13, 1593 &ndash May 12, 1641) was an English statesman and a major figure in Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 Ship money, fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans were declared unlawful, and the hated Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission were abolished. Ship money was a Tax, the levy of which by Charles I of England without the consent of Parliament was one of the causes of the English Civil War For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment Although he made several important concessions, Charles improved his own military position by securing the favour of the Scots. He finally agreed to the official establishment of Presbyterianism; in return, he was able to enlist considerable anti-parliamentary support.
In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against actions by Charles' ministers that were asserted to be abuses of royal power Charles had committed since the beginning of his reign. The Grand Remonstrance was a list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England by the English Parliament on 1 December, 1641, during The tension was heightened when the Irish rebelled against Protestant English rule and rumours of Charles's complicity reached Parliament. The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native An army was required to put down the rebellion but many members of the House of Commons feared that Charles might later use it against Parliament itself. The Militia Bill was intended to wrest control of the army from the King, but Charles refused to agree to it. The Militia Ordinance was a piece of legislation passed by the Long Parliament of England in March 1642, which was a major step towards the However, Parliament decreed The Protestation as an attempt to lessen the conflict. The Protestation was an attempt to avert the English Civil War.
When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his Catholic Queen, Henrietta Maria, he took drastic action. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland It was possibly Henrietta who persuaded him to arrest the five members of the House of Commons who were perceived to be the most troublesome on charges of high treason, but the MPs had already slipped away by the time Charles arrived. Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed force on 4 January 1642, but found that his opponents had already escaped, with exception to Oliver Cromwell who had not fled the house of commons, but avoided arrest. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known He asked the Speaker, William Lenthall, where the MPs had fled, and Lenthall famously replied, "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here. William Lenthall (1591 – 9 November 1662) was an English Politician of the Civil War period Speaker of the House "[22] This move was politically disastrous for Charles. It caused acute embarrassment for the monarch and essentially triggered the total breakdown of government in England. Afterwards, Charles could no longer feel safe in London and he began travelling north to raise an army against Parliament; the Queen, at the same time, went abroad to raise money to pay for it.
English Civil War
The English Civil War had not yet started, but both sides began to arm. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Following futile negotiations, Charles raised the royal standard (an anachronistic medieval gesture) in Nottingham on 22 August 1642. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. He then set up his court at Oxford, when his government controlled roughly the north and west of England, Parliament remaining in control of London and the south and east. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Charles raised an army using the archaic method of the Commission of Array. A Commission of Array was a commission given by English royalty to officers or gentry in a given territory to muster and array the inhabitants or see them in a condition The Civil War started on 26 October 1642 with the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continued indecisively through 1643 and 1644, until the Battle of Naseby tipped the military balance decisively in favour of Parliament. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first Pitched battle of the First English Civil War. The Battle of Naseby was the key battle of the first English Civil War. There followed a great number of defeats for the Royalists, and then the Siege of Oxford, from which Charles escaped in April 1646. The Siege of Oxford was a Parliamentarian victory late in the First English Civil War. [23] He put himself into the hands of the Scottish Presbyterian army at Newark, and was taken to nearby Southwell while his "hosts" decided what to do with him. Newark-on-Trent (generally shortened to Newark) is a Market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands region of England. Southwell is a small Town in Nottinghamshire, England. It is best known as the site of Southwell Minster, the seat of the Church The Presbyterians finally arrived at an agreement with Parliament and delivered Charles to them in 1647. He was imprisoned at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, until cornet George Joyce took him by force to Newmarket in the name of the New Model Army. Holdenby House is a historic Country house in Northamptonshire, traditionally pronounced and sometimes spelt Holmby. Northamptonshire (or archaically the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants Cornet Josh Bowman (b1618 was an Agiatort during the English Civil War. The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. At this time, mutual suspicion had developed between the New Model Army and Parliament, and Charles was eager to exploit it.
He was then transferred first to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court, where more involved but fruitless negotiations took place. Oatlands is a village and small district near Weybridge in Surrey which has acquired its name from the Royal Tudor and Stuart Oatlands Palace, the Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. He was persuaded that it would be in his best interests to escape — perhaps abroad, perhaps to France, or perhaps to the custody of Colonel Robert Hammond, Parliamentary Governor of the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the [24] He decided on the last course, believing Hammond to be sympathetic, and fled on 11 November. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare [25] Hammond, however, was opposed to Charles, whom he confined in Carisbrooke Castle. Carisbrooke Castle is a historic Castle located in the village of Carisbrooke, near Newport, Isle of Wight. [26]
From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties, eventually coming to terms with the Scottish Presbyterians that he would allow the establishment of Presbyterianism in England as well as Scotland for a trial period. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Royalists rose in July 1648 igniting the Second Civil War, and as agreed with Charles the Scots invaded England. The Second English Civil War ( 1648 &ndash 1649) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the Most of the uprisings in England were put down by forces loyal to Parliament after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of But with the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Preston, the Royalists lost any chance of winning the war. See Battle of Preston (1715 for the battle of the Jacobite Rising.
Trial
Charles was moved to Hurst Castle at the end of 1648, and there after to Windsor Castle. Not to be confused with Hearst Castle, a resort built by wealthy newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of In January 1649, in response to Charles's defiance of Parliament even after defeat, and his encouraging the second Civil War while in captivity, the House of Commons passed an Act of Parliament creating a court for Charles's trial. After the first Civil War, the parliamentarians accepted the premise that the King, although wrong, had been able to justify his fight, and that he would still be entitled to limited powers as King under a new constitutional settlement. It was now felt that by provoking the second Civil War even while defeated and in captivity, Charles showed himself incorrigible, dishonourable, and responsible for unjustifiable bloodshed.
The idea of trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs had been deposed, but had never been brought to trial as monarchs. The High Court of Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 Commissioners but only about half of that number ever sat in judgement (all firm Parliamentarians); the prosecution was led by Solicitor General John Cooke. The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law Her Majesty's Solicitor General for England and Wales, often known as the Solicitor General, is one of the Law Officers of the Crown, and the deputy of the Attorney John Cooke (1608&thinsp&ndash&thinsp16 October 1660) (sometimes spelt John Cook) was the first
His trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" began on 20 January 1649, but Charles refused to enter a plea, claiming that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. [27] He believed that his own authority to rule had been given to him by God when he was crowned and anointed, and that the power wielded by those trying him was simply that which grew out of a barrel of gunpowder. In fact, when urged to enter a plea stated his objection to entering a plea: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority. . . ?"[27] The court, by contrast, proposed that no man is above the law. Over a period of a week, when Charles was asked to plead three times, he refused. It was then normal practice to take a refusal to plead as [pro confess]: an admission of guilt, which meant that the prosecution could not call witnesses to its case. However, the trial did hear witnesses. Fifty-nine of the Commissioners signed Charles's death warrant, possibly at the Red Lion Inn in Stathern, Leicestershire[28] on 29 January 1649. Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
When Cooke began to read the indictment, Charles I tried to stop him using the poke of his cane. In the Common law legal system an indictment (ɪnˈdaɪtmənt (in-DITE-mint is a formal accusation of having committed a criminal offense The ornate silver tip of the cane fell off and Cooke refused to pick it up. After a long pause, King Charles I stooped to retrieve it. This is considered an important moment that may symbolize the divine monarch bowed before the human law. [27]
After the ruling, he was led from St. James's Palace, where he was confined, to the Palace of Whitehall, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the Banqueting House. St James's Palace is one of London's oldest Palaces It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 The Banqueting House is the only remaining component of Whitehall Palace, and is found at the Trafalgar Square end of Whitehall, London.
Execution
Charles was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649,[29][30][31]though at the time the new year did not occur until March, so his death is often recorded as occurring in the year 1648. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain [32] At the execution it is reputed that he wore two cotton shirts as to prevent the cold weather causing any noticeable shivers that the crowd could have mistaken for fear or weakness. He put his head on the block after saying a prayer and signalled the executioner when he was ready; he was then beheaded with one clean stroke. His last words were, "We shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be. "[3]
Philip Henry records that moments after the execution, a moan was heard from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in his blood, thus starting the cult of the Martyr King. Philip Henry ( August 24, 1631 - June 24, 1696) was an English Nonconformist Clergyman born in London The Society of King Charles the Martyr is an Anglican devotional society and one of the Catholic Societies of the Church of England. However no other eyewitness source, including Samuel Pepys records this. Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for Henry's account was written during the Restoration, some 12 years after the event though Henry was 19 when the King was executed and he and his family were Royalist propaganda writers. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored [1]
The executioner was masked, and there is some debate over his identity. It is known that the Commissioners approached Richard Brandon, the common Hangman of London, but that he refused, and contemporary sources do not generally identify him as the King's headsman. Richard Brandon (? - June 20, 1649) was a 17th century English hangman Ellis's Historical Inquiries, however, names him as the executioner, contending that he stated so before dying. It is possible he relented and agreed to undertake the commission, but there are others who have been identified. An Irishman named Gunning is widely believed to have beheaded Charles, and a plaque naming him as the executioner is on show in the Kings Head pub in Galway, Ireland. Galway (Gaillimh is the only city in the province of Connacht in Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world William Hewlett was convicted of regicide after the Restoration. On 30 January, 1649, Captain William Hewlett was the officer in charge of the soldiers at the execution of Charles I The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored [33] In 1661, two people identified as "Dayborne and Bickerstaffe" were arrested but then discharged. Henry Walker, a revolutionary journalist, or his brother William, were suspected but never charged. Various local legends around England name local worthies. An examination performed in 1813 at Windsor suggests that the execution was done by an experienced headsman.
It was common practice for the head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!"; although Charles's head was exhibited, the words were not used. In an unprecedented gesture, one of the revolutionary leaders, Oliver Cromwell, allowed the King's head to be sewn back on his body so the family could pay its respects. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Charles was buried in private and at night on 7 February 1649, in the Henry VIII vault inside St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince The royal retainers Sir Thomas Herbert, Capt. Anthony Mildmay, Sir Henry Firebrace, William Levett Esq. and Abraham Dowcett (sometimes spelled Dowsett) conveyed the King's body to Windsor. [34][35] The King's son, King Charles II, later planned an elaborate royal mausoleum, but it was never built. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Ten days after Charles's execution, a memoir purporting to be from Charles's hand appeared for sale. for other uses see Memoir (disambiguation As a literary Genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire This book, the Eikon Basilike (Greek: the "Royal Portrait"), contained an apologia for royal policies, and proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda. The Eikon Basilike ( Greek: Εἰκὼν Βασιλική the "Royal Portrait" The Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings William Levett, Charles's groom of the bedchamber, who had accompanied Charles on the day of his execution, was quoted in a statement swearing he had watched the King writing the Eikon Basilike. Levett is an Anglo-Norman territorial Surname deriving from the village of Livet-en-Ouche now Jonquerets-de-Livet, in Eure, Normandy [36] John Cooke published the speech he would have delivered if Charles had entered a plea, while Parliament commissioned John Milton to write a rejoinder, the Eikonoklastes ("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book. John Cooke (1608&thinsp&ndash&thinsp16 October 1660) (sometimes spelt John Cook) was the first John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and [1]
Various prodigies were recorded in the contemporary popular press in relation to the execution - a beached whale at Dover died within an hour of the King; a falling star appeared that night over Whitehall; a man who had said that the King deserved to die had his eyes pecked out by crows. Dover is a town and major ferry port in the county of Kent, England.
Legacy
With the monarchy overthrown, power was assumed by a Council of State, which included Oliver Cromwell, then Lord General of the Parliamentary Army. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Long Parliament (known by then as the Rump Parliament) which had been called by Charles I in 1640 continued to exist until Cromwell forcibly disbanded it in 1653. The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride on December 6 1648 had purged Long Parliament of those Cromwell then became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland; a monarch in all but name: he was even "invested" on the royal coronation chair. Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history Upon his death in 1658, Cromwell was briefly succeeded by his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard Cromwell ( 4 October 1626 &ndash 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector Richard Cromwell was an ineffective ruler, and the Long Parliament was reinstated in 1659. The Long Parliament dissolved itself in 1660, and the first elections in twenty years led to the election of a Convention Parliament which restored Charles I's eldest son to the monarchy as Charles II. The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments of 1399 1660 and 1689 Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
The Colony of Carolina in North America was named for Charles I. The Province of Carolina from 1663 to 1712, was a North American British proprietary Colony, controlled by eight English noblemen Carolina later separated into North Carolina and South Carolina, which eventually declared independence from Great Britain during the formation of the United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the To the north in the Virginia Colony, Cape Charles, the Charles River, Charles River Shire, and Charles City Shire were named for him. The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was the English colony Cape Charles is a town in Northampton County, Virginia, United States. The York River is a navigable Estuary, approximately 40 mi (64 km long in eastern Virginia in the United States. Charles River Shire was one of eight Shires of Virginia created in the Virginia Colony in 1634. Charles City Shire was formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony It was named for Charles I, the then King of England, and was renamed Charles Charles personally named the Charles River after himself. [37] Charles City Shire survives almost 400 years later as Charles City County, Virginia. Charles City County is a county located in the US state &mdash officially " Commonwealth " &mdash of Virginia. The Virginia Colony is now the Commonwealth of Virginia (one of the four U.S. states that are called commonwealths), and retains its official nickname of "The Old Dominion" bestowed by Charles II because it had remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Four of the constituent states of the United States officially designate themselves Commonwealths: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania
English furniture produced during the reign of Charles I is distinctive and is commonly characterised as Charles I period. Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal
Sainthood
| Charles I | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Saint King Charles the Martyr | |
| Born | 19 November 1600, Dunfermline, Scotland |
| Died | 30 January 1649, Whitehall, England |
| Venerated in | Anglican Communion |
| Canonized | 29 May, 1660, Canterbury |
| Feast | 30 January |
| Patronage | Society of King Charles the Martyr |
 Saints Portal |
|
Upon the Restoration, Charles II added a commemoration of his father — to be observed on 30 January, the date of the execution — to the Book of Common Prayer making him the only post-reformation Saint of the Church of England. Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members The Society of King Charles the Martyr is an Anglican devotional society and one of the Catholic Societies of the Church of England. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican However, in the time of Queen Victoria, this feast was removed, due to popular discontent with the commemorating of a dead monarch with a major feast day of the Church. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Now, 30 January is only listed as a "Lesser Festival". Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
There are several Anglican and Episcopal churches dedicated to Charles I as "King and Martyr", in England, Canada, Australia and the United States. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [38] The Society of King Charles the Martyr was established in 1894 by one Mrs. The Society of King Charles the Martyr is an Anglican devotional society and one of the Catholic Societies of the Church of England. Greville-Negent, assisted by Fr. James Fish, rector of St Margaret Pattens, London. St Margaret Pattens is a Church of England church in the City of London, located on Eastcheap near the Monument. The objectives of the SKCM include prayer for the Church of England and the Anglican Communion, promoting a wider observance of 30 January in commemoration of Charles's "martyrdom", and the reinstatement of his feast day in the Book of Common Prayer. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain King Charles is regarded as a martyr by some Anglicans for his notion of "Christian Kingship", and as a "defender of the Anglican faith". The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom He is also regarded as a martyr by some due to the unfairness of "deriving guilt from a refusal to recognize the court. "[27]
Assessments
Archbishop William Laud described Charles as "A mild and gracious prince who knew not how to be, or how to be made, great. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 "[39]
Ralph Dutton says - "In spite of his intelligence and cultivation, Charles was curiously inept in his contacts with human beings. Socially, he was tactless and diffident, and his manner was not helped by his stammer and thick Scottish accent, while in public he was seldom able to make a happy impression. "[40]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 19 November 1600 – 27 March 1625: Prince (or Lord) Charles
- 23 December 1600 – 27 March 1625: The Duke of Albany
- 6 January 1605 – 27 March 1625: The Duke of York
- 6 November 1612 – 27 March 1625: The Duke of Cornwall
- 4 November 1616 – 27 March 1625: The Prince of Wales
- 27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649: His Majesty The King
During his time as heir-apparent, Charles' full titles were: Prince Charles, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of York, Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Carrick, Earl of Ross, Baron Renfrew, Lord Ardmannoch, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland
The official style of Charles I was "Charles, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The English claims to the French throne have a long and rather complex history between the 1340s and the 1800s The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. "Defender of the Faith" redirects here For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith " (The claim to France was only nominal, and was asserted by every English King from Edward III to George III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places ) The authors of his death warrant, however, did not wish to use the religious portions of his title. It only referred to him as "Charles Stuart, King of England".
Honours
- KG: Knight of the Garter, 24 April 1611 – 27 March 1625
Arms
As Duke of York, Chalres bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, each bearing three torteaux gules. Carisbrooke Castle is a historic Castle located in the village of Carisbrooke, near Newport, Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates As Prince of Wales he bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points. [41] Whilst he was King, Charles I's arms were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms.
Ancestry and descent
Ancestry
Of Charles's 16 great-great-grandparents, 5 were German, 4 Scottish, 2 English, 2 French, 2 Danish and 1 Polish, giving him a thoroughly cosmopolitan background. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland.
Marriage and Issue
Charles was father to a total of nine legitimate children, two of whom would eventually succeed him as king. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Several other children died in childhood. [42]
Charles is also believed to have had a daughter, prior to his marriage with Henrietta Maria. Her name was Joanna Brydges, born 1619-20, the daughter of a Miss Brydges ("a member of a younger branch of the ancient Kentish family of that name"), possibly from the line of Brydges of Chandos and Sudeley. Joanna Brydges who was provided for by the estate of Mandinam, Carmarthenshire, was brought up in secrecy at Glamorgan, Wales. She went on to become second wife to Bishop Jeremy Taylor, author of Holy Living and Holy Dying and chaplain to both Archbishop Laud and Charles I. Jeremy Taylor ( 1613 - 13 August, 1667) was a Clergyman in the Church of England who achieved fame as an author during The Protectorate The Bishop and his wife Joanna Brydges left for Ireland, where Jeremy Taylor became Bishop of Down, Connor and Dromore in 1660. Joanna Brydges and Jeremy Taylor had several children, including two daughters, Joanna Taylor(Harrison) and Mary Taylor (Marsh). [43][44][45]
See also Descendants of Charles I of England. Descendants in three generations See also List of regicides of Charles I Society of King Charles the Martyr
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charles James, Duke of Cornwall | 13 March 1629 | 13 March 1629 | Stillbirth. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. A stillbirth occurs when a Fetus which has died in the Uterus or during labor or delivery exits a Woman 's body |
| Charles II, King of England | 29 May 1630 | 6 February 1685 | Married Catherine of Braganza (1638 - 1705) in 1663. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Catherine Henrietta of Braganza (25 November 1638 &ndash 31 December 1705 was a Portuguese Infanta and the Queen consort of Charles II of No legitimate issue. Believed to have fathered such illegitimate children as James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, who later rose against James II. James Crofts, later James Scott 1st Duke of Monmouth and 1st Duke of Buccleuch ( April 9 1649 &ndash July 15 1685) was an English |
| Mary, Princess Royal | 4 November 1631 | 24 December 1660 | Married William II, Prince of Orange (1626 - 1650) in 1641. Princess Mary Princess Royal Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau ( 4 November 1631 &ndash 24 December 1660) was the eldest daughter of Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes William II Prince of Orange ( May 27, 1626 &ndash November 6, 1650) Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands Had issue. |
| James II, King of England | 14 October 1633 | 16 September 1701 | Married (1) Anne Hyde (1637 - 1671) in 1659. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Lady Anne Hyde (22 March 1638 &ndash 31 March 1671 was the first wife of James Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland and the mother Had issue; Married (2) Mary of Modena (1658 - 1718) in 1673. Mary of Modena (Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel born Este later Queen Mary of England Scotland and Ireland 5 October 1658 &ndash 7 Had issue. |
| Elizabeth, Princess of England | 29 December 1635 | 8 September 1650 | No issue. This is an article about the daughter of Charles I of England and Scotland. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz |
| Anne, Princess of England | 17 March 1637 | 8 December 1640 | Died young. For the living British princess see Princess Anne. For the British Queen see Anne of Great Britain. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. No issue. |
| Catherine, Princess of England | 29 January 1639 | 29 January 1639 | Stillbirth |
| Henry, Duke of Gloucester | 8 July 1640 | 18 September 1660 | No issue. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. A stillbirth occurs when a Fetus which has died in the Uterus or during labor or delivery exits a Woman 's body Henry Stuart Duke of Gloucester ( 8 July 1639 – 18 September 1660) was the third adult (and youngest son of Charles I and his Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated |
| Henrietta Anne, Princess of England | 16 June 1644 | 30 June 1670 | Married Philip I, Duke of Orléans (1640 - 1701) in 1661. Henrietta Anne of England duchesse d'Orléans (born Henrietta 16 June (Old Style 26 June (New Style 1644 – 30 June 1670) in French Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Philippe I Duke of Orléans ( September 21, 1640 &ndash June 9, 1701) was the second son of Louis XIII of France and Anne Had issue |
See also
- List of regicides of Charles I
- Society of King Charles the Martyr
- Cultural depictions of Charles I of England
- Whigg
References
- ^ a b BBC - History - Charles I (1600 - 1649). Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death The Society of King Charles the Martyr is an Anglican devotional society and one of the Catholic Societies of the Church of England. Charles I of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times The Whiggamore Raid (or "March of the whiggamores" was a march on Edinburgh by supporters of the Kirk faction of the Covenanters to take power Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Charles I (of England) - MSN Encarta. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ a b c Charles I (r.1625-49). Royal. gov. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609-69. British-civil-wars. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609-69. British-civil-wars. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ History of the Monarchy - CHARLES I (r. 1625-49). Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Memorable Christians. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Charles I Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide. Undiscovered Scotland. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ Charles I (1625-49 AD). Britannia. com. Retrieved on 17 October, 2007.
- ^ Lecture 7: The English Civil War. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Timeline - English Civil War. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Info Please: Charle I's Early Life. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ See Acts 25:10-12 (NRSV translation): "Paul said, 'I am appealing to the emperor's tribunal; this is where I should be tried. I have done no wrong to the Jews, as you very well know. 11Now if I am in the wrong and have committed something for which I deserve to die, I am not trying to escape death; but if there is nothing to their charges against me, no one can turn me over to them. I appeal to the emperor. ' 12Then Festus, after he had conferred with his council, replied, 'You have appealed to the emperor; to the emperor you will go. '"
- ^ J. P. Kenyon, Stuart England, pp. 96-97, 101-05 (Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books, 1978); Simon Schama, A History of England, Vol. II, pp. 69-74 (New York, Simon and Schuster, 2001).
- ^ Info Please: Charles I's Reign. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Kenyon, pp. [105-06 Kenyon].
- ^ Historic Figures: Charles I (1600 - 1649). British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 17 October, 2007.
- ^ Murphy, p. 211-235
- ^ Charles I of England. Spiritus-temporis. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ Archbishop William Laud, 1573-1645. British-civil-wars. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ William Laud. Nndb. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ "Some predecessors kept their nerve, others lost their heads", Daily Telegraph, October 28, 2000. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Accessed May 19, 2008. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Info Please: Charle I's Civil War. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ [List of Persons Desired by His Majesty to Attend Him the Isle of Wight, The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England, 1763].
- ^ “Message from the King; on His Escape from Hampton Court, that He will appear again if He can be heard, and will give Satisfaction.”, Journal of the House of Lords, vol. 9, London, South East, South West, East, Midlands, North, Scotland, Wales: (History of Parliament Trust), 12 November 1647, pp. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days 519-522, <http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=37160#s15>
- ^ “Letter from Colonel Hammond, that he has ordered, no Persons shall come in or go outof the Isle of Wight without his Pass;—and desiring the King's former Allowance may be continued to Him.”, Journal of the House of Lords, vol. 9, London, South East, South West, East, Midlands, North, Scotland, Wales: (History of Parliament Trust), 18 November 1647, pp. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull 531-533, <http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=37165#s16>
- ^ a b c d Robertson, Geoffrey (2002). Geoffrey Ronald Robertson QC (born 30 September 1946 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian human rights "Chapter 1 The Human Rights Story", Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice, 2nd ed. , Penguin Books, p. 5. ISBN 978-0141010144.
- ^ Red Lion Inn, a Pub and Bar in Stathern, Leicestershire. Search for Leicestershire Pub and Bars.
- ^ 1649 calendar.
- ^ Historic Royal Palaces - Charles I's Execution. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Info Please: Charles I's Execution. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Eye Witness History: Charles I. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ Selections from the Trial and Execution of Col. Daniel Axtell in October 1660".
- ^ A Narrative by John Ashburnham of His Attendance on King Charles I, 1830.
- ^ Memoirs of the two last years of the Reign of King Charles I, Thomas Herbert, 1815.
- ^ The Life of Charles the First, the Royal Martyr, Charles Wheeler Coit, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1926.
- ^ Stewart, George R. [1945] (1967). George Rippey Stewart ( May 31, 1895 – August 22, 1980) was an American Toponymist, a novelist and a professor of English Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States, Sentry edition (3rd), Houghton Mifflin, p. Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. 38.
- ^ SKCM: S.Charles: Cult-Churches, Memorials Dedicated to the Martyr.
- ^ Archbishop Laud, quoted by his chaplain Peter Heylin in Cyprianus Angelicus, 1688
- ^ Ralph Dutton, English Court Life, 1965
- ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
- ^ Britannia: Monarchs of Britain. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ "The Family of Pollock of Newry and Descendants".
- ^ "A Sketch of the Life and Times of Bishop Taylor".
- ^ "Jeremy Taylor, Bishop and Theologian (13 August 1667)".
Further reading
- Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The personal monarch. Routledge, 423. ISBN 0415121418.
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1962). The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (3rd Revised Edition. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 476.
- Kishlansky, Mark A. (2005). "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity" no. 189, Past and Presentpp. 41–80.
- Murphy, Derrick (2002). Britain 1558-1689. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 384. ISBN 0-00-713850-4. pp. 211-235
- Robertson, Geoffrey (2005). The Tyrannicide Brief: The Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold. Chatto & Windus, 429. ISBN 0-7011-7602-4.
- Williamson, D. (1998). 'The Kings and Queens of England. London: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 1-85514-228-7.
- Rushworth, J. (1959). The Trial of King Charles I, pp. 133-4.
- Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The Personal Monarch. Great Britain: Routledge, 423. ISBN 0415121418.
- Holmes, Clive (2006). Why was Charles I Executed?. Continuum International, 244. ISBN 1852852828.
- Abbott, Jacob (1901). Charles I. . Great Britain: Harper & brothers, 285.
- Cust, Richard (July 21, 2007). Charles I. Longman, 512. ISBN 978-1405859035.
- Abbott, Jacob (1900). History of King Charles the First of England. Great Britain: Henry Altemus company, 230.
- Mackintosh, James; William Wallace, Robert Bell (1835). {{{title}}}. Great Britain: Longman.
- Hill, C. (1991). The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714. Great Britain: Routledge, 296. ISBN 0415051789.
- V Wedgwood, C (1955). The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641. Colins, 510.
- V Wedgwood, C (1958). The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641-1647. . Collins, 702.
- Wedgewood, Cicely Veronica (1964). A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I. Macmillan, 307. ISBN 978-0026255004.
- Ashley, Maurice (1987). Charles I and Cromwell. Methuen, 256. ISBN 978-0413162700.
- Reeve, L. J. (1989). Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 325. ISBN 0521521335.
External links
- Chronology Charles I World History Database
- The Royal Household. (2004). "Charles I." Official Web Site of the British Monarchy
- The Parliamentary Archives holds the original of Charles I's death warrant
- The Society of King Charles the Martyr
- The Society of King Charles the Martyr (United States)
- Biography of King Charles I, 1600-1649
|
Charles I of England
Born: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by James I and VI |
King of England King of Ireland 27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Charles II |
| King of Scotland 27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 |
||
| Lord of the Isles 27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 |
||
| British royalty | ||
| Preceded by Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales |
Heir to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones as heir apparent 6 November 1612 – 27 March 1625 |
Succeeded by Elizabeth Stuart |
| Peerage of England | ||
| Preceded by Henry Frederick |
Prince of Wales 1612 – 1625 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Charles II |
| New creation | Duke of York 4th creation 1605 – 1625 |
Merged in the Crown |
| Peerage of Scotland | ||
| Preceded by Henry Frederick |
Duke of Rothesay 1612 – 1625 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Charles II |
| New creation | Duke of Albany 5th creation 1603 – 1625 |
Merged in the Crown |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Charles I of England |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of England and Ireland |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 19 November 1600 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Dunfermline, Scotland |
| DATE OF DEATH | 12 February 1554 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Whitehall, England |
The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The designation Lord of the Isles (Triath nan Eilean or Rí Innse Gall now a Scottish title of nobility, emerged from a series of hybrid Viking / Gaelic TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. This is a list of the individuals who were at any given time considered the next in line to inherit the thrones of England Great Britain or the United Kingdom should the incumbent monarch An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 The Peerage of England comprises all Peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage The Peerage of Scotland is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Duke of Albany is a Peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the younger sons in the Scottish, and later the British Royal family, particularly Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland