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Charles Gavan Duffy
Charles Gavan Duffy
In office
19 June 1871 – 10 June 1872
Preceded by James McCulloch
Succeeded by James Francis
Born 12 April 1816
Monaghan, Ireland
Died 9 February 1903 (aged 86)
Nice, France
Nationality Australian
Spouse Emily McLaughlin and Susan Hughes
Religion Catholic

Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG (12 April 1816 – 9 February 1903) Irish nationalist and Australian colonial politician, was the 8th Premier of Victoria and one of the most colourful figures in Victorian political history. See Premiers of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Premier Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year James McCulloch is also the name of the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Second National Bank of the United States James Goodall Francis ( 9 January 1819 &ndash 25 January 1884) Australian colonial politician was the 9th Premier Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Events The Year Without a Summer - Famine and typhoid kills 65000 people Belfast Savings Bank founded (see First Trust Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. See Premiers of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Premier Duffy was born in Dublin Street, Monaghan Town, County Monaghan, Ireland, the son of a Catholic shopkeeper. County Monaghan ('mɔnəhən Irish: Contae Mhuineacháin) is a county in Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete".

Contents

Background

He was educated at St Malachy's College in Belfast and admitted to the Irish bar in 1845. St Malachy's College is the oldest Catholic Grammar school in Ulster, and one of the oldest in Ireland. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. In 1842 he married Emily McLaughlin, Emily died in 1845. He married Susan Hughes in 1846, with whom he had six children.

Duffy became a leading figure in Irish literary circles. He edited Ballad Poetry of Ireland (1843) and other works on Irish literature.

Birth of the Nation
Birth of the Nation

Charles Gavan Duffy was one of the founders of The Nation and became its first editor; the two others were Thomas Osborne Davis, and John Blake Dillon. The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century Thomas Osborne Davis ( October 14, 1814 - September 16, 1845) was a revolutionary Irish writer who was the chief organizer John Blake Dillon ( 5 May 1814 &ndash 15 September 1866) was an Irish writer and Politician who was one of the founding members [1] All three were members of Daniel O’Connell’s Repeal Association, and would later become to be known as Young Ireland. Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between Young Ireland ( Irish: Éire Óg) was a political cultural and social movement which was to revolutionise the way that Irish nationalism was perceived This paper, under Duffy, transformed from a literary voice into a 'rebellious organization'. [2] As a result of The Nation's support of Repeal Duffy as Proprietor was arrested and convicted of seditious conspiracy in relation to the Monster Meeting planned for Clontarf, just outside Dublin, but was released after an appeal to the House of Lords. The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" [3] In August 1850 Duffy formed the Tenant Right League to bring about reforms in the Irish land system and protects tenants' rights. The Tenant Right League, established in 1850 was an organisation which aimed to secure reforms in the Irish land system

In 1852 Duffy was elected to the House of Commons for New Ross. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords New Ross was a former United Kingdom Parliament constituency in Ireland returning one Member of Parliament (MP In 1856, despairing of the prospects for Irish independence, he resigned from the House of Commons and emigrated with his family to Australia.

Main article: Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848
Main article: Young Ireland
Main article: The Nation

Emigrates to Australia

After being feted in Sydney and Melbourne Duffy settled in Victoria. The Young Irelander Rebellion (sometimes called "Famine Rebellion" of 1848 as it took place during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849) was a failed Young Ireland ( Irish: Éire Óg) was a political cultural and social movement which was to revolutionise the way that Irish nationalism was perceived The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 In early colonial Victoria, Duffy, with his political and literary reputation, was an exotic and romantic figure, particularly for the colony's large Irish community. For this reason he was feared and hated by many in the English and Scottish Protestant establishment, especially when he indicated his intention of entering Victorian politics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

A public appeal was held to enable him to buy the freehold property necessary to stand for the colonial parliament. He was immediately elected to the Legislative Assembly for Villiers and Heytesbury in the Western District in 1856. The Legislative Assembly, or lower house is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Victoria in Australia A Melbourne Punch cartoon depicted Duffy entering parliament as a bog Irishman carrying a shillelagh atop the parliamentary benches. (Punch, 4 December 1856, p. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year 141. Also see O'Brien, Shenangians, p. xi. )He later sat for Dalhousie and for North Gippsland.

With the collapse of the Victorian Government's, Haines Ministry, during 1857 unexpectedly another Irish Catholic John O'Shanassy became Premier and Duffy his 2IC. Sir John O'Shanassy, KCMG (1818&ndash 5 May 1883) Australian colonial politician was the 2nd Premier of Victoria. Duffy was Commissioner for Public Works and was President of the Board of Land and Works and Commissioner for Crown Lands and Survey. Nothing like this had occurred anywhere in the British Empire, with Irish catholics serving as Cabinet Ministers and the Melbourne based Protestants 'were not prepared to counternance so startling a novelty. '(McCaughey, Victoria's Colonial Governors,p. 75; also O'Brien) Melbourne Punch cartoons linked Duffy and O'Shanassy with images of the French Revolution in an attempt to undermine their Ministry, during 1858-59. One famous Punch image 'Citizens John and Charles' showed the pair as French revolutionaries holding the skull and cross bone flag of the Victorian Republic. (Punch, 7 January 1859, p. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 5; also see O'Brien)The O'Shanassy Ministry was defeated at the 1859 election and a new government formed. (O'Brien)

Like other radicals, he regarded unlocking the colony's lands from the grip of the squatter class as his main priority, but his 1862 lands bill was amended into ineffectiveness by the Legislative Council. Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use The Legislative Council, or upper house is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia. The historian Don Garden writes: "Unfortunately Duffy's dreams were on a higher plane than his practical skills as a legislator and the morals of those opposed to him. "

Premier of Victoria

In 1871 Duffy led the opposition to Premier James McCulloch's plan to introduce a land tax, on the grounds that it unfairly penalised small farmers. James McCulloch is also the name of the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Second National Bank of the United States Land value taxation (LVT (or site value taxation) is an Ad valorem tax where only the value of land itself is taxed When McCulloch's government was defeated on this issue, Duffy became Premier and Chief Secretary (June 1871 to June 1872). Victoria's finances were in a poor state and he was forced to introduce a tariff bill to provide government revenue, despite his adherence to British free trade principles. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions

An Irish Catholic Premier was very unpopular with the Protestant majority in the colony, and Duffy was accused of favouring Catholics in government appointments. in June 1872 his government was defeated in the Assembly on a confidence motion allegedly motivated by sectarianism. He resigned the leadership of the liberal party to Graham Berry. Sir Graham Berry, KCMG ( 28 August 1822 - 25 January 1904) Australian colonial politician was the 11th

Later political career

When Berry became Premier in 1877 he made Duffy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, a post he held without much enthusiasm until 1880, when he quit politics and retired to the south of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Duffy remained interested in both the politics of his adoptive country and of Ireland. From his exile in France, Duffy was an enthusiastic supporter of the Melbourne Celtic Club, which aimed to promote Irish Home Rule and Irish culture. The Melbourne Celtic Club is a social organisation for Melburnians of Celtic ( Scots, Welsh, but primarily Irish) ancestry or Home rule refers to a demand that constituent parts of a state be given greater self-government within the greater administrative purview of the central government [4] His sons also became members of the club.

He was knighted in 1873 and made KCMG in 1877. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George He married for a third time in Paris in 1881, to Louise Hall, and had four more children in his 70s. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city One of his sons, John Gavan Duffy, was a Victorian politician between 1874 and 1904. Another, Frank Gavan Duffy, was Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia 1931 - 1935. Sir Frank Gavan Duffy KCMG PC ( 29 February 1852 &ndash 29 July 1936) Australian Judge, was The High Court of Australia is the final court of appeal in Australia the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.

Yet another son, George Gavan Duffy (born 1882) was an Irish politician and later (from 1936) a judge of the Irish High Court, becoming its President from 1946 until his death in 1951. George Gavan Duffy (Seórsa Ghabháin Uí Dhubhthaigh 21 October 1882 &ndash 10 June 1951 was an Irish politician The High Court (An Ard-Chúirt of Ireland is a Court which deals at first instance with the most serious and important civil and criminal cases and also

His grandson, Charles Leonard Gavan Duffy, was a judge on the Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia. The Supreme Court of Victoria is the superior court for the State of Victoria, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Sir Charles Gavan Duffy died in Nice in 1903, aged 86. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek

(Note: Both Charles and Frank Gavan Duffy are sometimes referred to as though their surname was Gavan Duffy. There is no doubt that the family surname was Duffy, but the family tradition of giving all males the middle name Gavan has led to some confusion about this. )

Books by Young Irelanders (Irish Confederation)

Further reading

References

Notes

  1. ^ Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945 pg 6
  2. ^ McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, Vol. 1, p. 331.
  3. ^ Young Ireland and 1848, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1949,Pg15-16
  4. ^ D. J. O'Hearn, Erin go bragh - Advance Australia Fair: a hundred years of growing, Melbourne: Celtic Club, 1990, p. 67.

External links

Preceded by
James McCulloch		 Premier of Victoria
1871 – 1872		 Succeeded by
James Francis
James McCulloch is also the name of the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Second National Bank of the United States See Premiers of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Premier James Goodall Francis ( 9 January 1819 &ndash 25 January 1884) Australian colonial politician was the 9th Premier
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