| Saint Charles Borromeo | |
|---|---|
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| Bishop and Confessor | |
| Born | October 2, 1538 , Aron |
| Died | November 3, 1584 (aged 46), Milan |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 1602 |
| Canonized | 1 November 1610 by Paul V |
| Major shrine | Milan |
| Feast | 4 November |
| Attributes | cord, red cardinal robes |
| Patronage | against ulcers; apple orchards; bishops; catechists; catechumens; colic; intestinal disorders; Lombardy, Italy; Monterey California; seminarians; spiritual directors; spiritual leaders; starch makers; stomach diseases; São Carlos city in Brazil (as the name indicates) |
 Saints Portal |
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Saint Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo; Latinized as Carolus Borromeus) (October 2, 1538 – November 3, 1584) is an Italian saint and was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historical Library in Milan, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana art gallery Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese. A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament In Ecclesiology, a catechumen (ˌkætəˈkjuːmən from Latin catechumenus, Greek κατηχουμενος, instructed is one receiving instruction São Carlos ( pron sɐ̃w̃ 'karlus Portuguese for Saint Charles Borromeo) is a city of 220000 inhabitants in the state of São Paulo Johann Michael Rottmayr ( December 11 1656 in Laufen an der Salzach, Austria; † October 25 1730) was an Austrian The Karlskirche ( German for St Charles's Church) is a church situated on the south side of Karlsplatz, Vienna. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church.
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Early life
The son of Giberto II Borromeo, conte (count) of Arona, and Margherita de' Medici, Carlo Borromeo was born at the castle of Arona on Lago Maggiore. A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin Arona, Italy is a town of about 14500 inhabitants on Lake Maggiore, in the Province of Novara (northern Italy) Lake Maggiore (in Italian: Lago Maggiore or Verbano) is the most westerly of the three large prealpine lakes of Italy and the second The aristocratic Borromeo family's coat of arms included the Borromean rings, sometimes taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity. The Aristocratic Borromeo family said to date from before the twelfth century were counts of Arona from the mid-fifteenth century and played important roles A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people In Mathematics, the Borromean rings consist of three topological Circles which are linked and form a Brunnian link, i SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных
When he was about twelve years old, Carlo's uncle, Giulio Cesare Borromeo, resigned to him an abbacy (the office and dignity of an abbot), the revenue of which he applied wholly in charity to the poor. The word abbot, meaning Father, is a title given to the head of a Monastery in various traditions including Christianity. He studied the civil and canon law at Pavia. Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south In 1554 his father died, and although he had an elder brother, Count Federigo, he was requested by the family to take the management of their domestic affairs. After a time, he resumed his studies, and in 1559 he took his doctoral degree. In 1560 his uncle, Cardinal Angelo de' Medici, was raised to the pontificate as Pope Pius IV. Pope Pius IV ( March 31, 1499 &ndash December 9, 1565) born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565 Pope Pius IV ( March 31, 1499 &ndash December 9, 1565) born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565
Borromeo was made protonotary apostolic, entrusted with both the public and the privy seal of the ecclesiastical state, and created cardinal with the administration of Romagna and the March of Ancona, and the supervision of the Franciscans, the Carmelites and the Knights of Malta. In the Roman Catholic Church, protonotary apostolic ( Latin protonotarii apostolicii) is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary" The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St
Archbishop of Milan
He was thus at the age of twenty-two, practically the leading statesman of the papal court. Soon afterwards he was raised to the archbishopric of Milan. In compliance with the pope's desire, he lived in great splendor. He established an academy of learned persons (Academy of the Vatican Nights) and published their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae.
About the same time he also founded and endowed a college at Pavia, today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo, which he dedicated to Saint Justina of Padua, virgin and martyr. Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south The Almo Collegio Borromeo, founded in 1561 by Charles Borromeo, is one of the oldest two Colleges at the University of Pavia in northern Italy On the death of his elder brother Federigo, he was advised to quit the church and marry, that his family might not become extinct.
He declined the proposal, however, and became henceforward still more fervent in his exercise of piety and zeal for the welfare of the church. Owing to his influence over Pius IV, he facilitated the final deliberations of the Council of Trent, and he took a large share in the drawing up of the Tridentine Catechism (Catechismus Romanus). The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. During the Catholic Reformation, the Council of Trent commissioned the Roman Catechism (or Catechism of the Council of Trent published 1566) to expound
After the death of his uncle, Pius IV
On the death of Pius IV (1566), the skill and diligence of Borromeo contributed materially to suppressing the cabals of the conclave. A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor Subsequently he devoted himself wholly to the reformation of his diocese, which had fallen into an unsatisfactory condition owing to the prolonged absences of its previous archbishops. He made a series of pastoral visits, and restored decency and dignity to divine service.
In conformity with the decrees of the Council of Trent, he cleared the cathedral of its ornate tombs, rich ornaments, banners, arms, sparing not even the monuments of his own relatives. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. He divided the nave of the church into two compartments for the separation of the sexes.
He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches (even to the fraternities of penitents and particularly that of St. John the Baptist), and to the monasteries. Confraternities of Penitents are Roman Catholic religious congregations with statutes prescribing various penitential works Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram.
The great abuses which had overrun the church at this time arose principally from the ignorance of the clergy. Borromeo, therefore, established seminaries, colleges and communities for the education of candidates for holy orders. The most remarkable, perhaps, of his foundations was the fraternity of the Oblates, a society whose members were pledged to give aid to the church when and where it might be required. An oblate in Christian Monasticism (especially Roman Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican) is a person who is specifically dedicated
He further paved the way for the Golden (or Borromean) League formed in 1586 by the Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland to expel heretics if necessary by armed force. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation
In 1576, when Milan was visited by the plague, he went about giving directions for accommodating the sick and burying the dead, avoiding no danger and sparing no expense. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as He visited all the neighboring parishes where the contagion raged, distributing money, providing accommodation for the sick, and punishing those, especially the clergy, who were remiss in discharging their duties.
Controversy and last days
He met with much opposition to his reforms. The governor of the province, and many of the senators, apprehensive that the cardinals' ordinances and proceedings would encroach upon the civil jurisdiction, addressed remonstrances and complaints to the courts of Rome and Madrid. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain.
But Borromeo had more formidable difficulties to struggle with, in the staunch opposition of several religious orders, particularly that of the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility). The Humiliati were an Italian religious order created probably in the 12th century. Some members of that society formed a conspiracy against his life, and a shot was fired at him in the archiepiscopal chapel under circumstances which led to the belief that his escape was miraculous.
The number of his enemies was increased by his successful attack on his Jesuit confessor, Ribera, who with other members of the college of Milan was found to be guilty of unnatural offenses. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The title confessor is used in the Christian Church in several ways Borromeo's manifold labors and austerities appear to have shortened his life. He was seized with an intermittent fever, and died at Milan on 4 November 1584. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani He was canonized in 1610, and his feast is celebrated on 4 November. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
Legacy
Besides the Noctes Vaticanae, to which he appears to have contributed, the only literary relics of this intrepid and zealous reformer are some homilies, discourses and sermons, with a collection of letters.
His sermons have been translated into many languages. Contrary to his last wishes, a memorial was erected to him in Duomo di Milano, as well as a statue 20 m high on the hill above Arona, by his admirers who regarded him as the leader of a Counter-Reformation. Milan Cathedral (Italian Duomo di Milano; Milanese: Domm de Milan) is the Cathedral The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the The famous church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome is dedicated in his honour. San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (also called San Carlino) is a church in Rome, commissioned in 1634 designed by architect Francesco Borromini (1599-1667
His nephew, Federico Borromeo (1564-1631), was archbishop of Milan from 1595, and in 1609 founded the Ambrosian Library in that city. Federico Borromeo ( August 18, 1564 – September 22, 1631) was an Italian Ecclesiastic, cardinal and archbishop of Milan The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historical Library in Milan, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana art gallery
His emblem is the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion of the Borromeo shield. He is usually represented in art in his dearth's robes, barefoot, carrying the cross as archbishop; a rope round his neck, one hand raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during the plague.
Veneration
Devotion to him as a saint was at once shown and gradually grew. The Milanese kept his anniversary as though he were already canonized. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Then materials were collected for his canonization, and processes were begun at Milan, Pavia, Bologna and other places. In 1602 he was beatified, and in 1604 the cause was sent to the Congregation of Rites. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church The Sacred Congregation of Rites was a congregation of the Roman Curia, erected on January 22, 1588 by Pope Sixtus V and dissolved On 1 November 1610, Pope Paul V canonized Charles Borromeo. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese. Three years later, he added his feast to the Roman Catholic calendar of saints for celebration on 4 November, which is still his feast. For earlier forms of the General Roman Calendar see the Tridentine Calendar, the General Roman Calendar as in 1954, General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
The position which Charles held in Europe was indeed a very remarkable one. The mass of correspondence both to and by him testifies to the way in which his opinion was sought. The popes under whom he lived sought his advice. The Catholic sovereigns of Europe, Henry III of France, Philip II of Spain, Mary Queen of Scots and others showed how they valued his influence. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 His brother cardinals have written in praise of his virtues. Cardinal Valerio of Verona said of him that he was to the well-born a pattern of virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility. Cardinal Baronius styled him "a second Ambrose, whose early death, lamented by all good men, inflicted great loss on the Church". Venerable Cesare Baronio (also known as Caesar Baronius; August 30, 1538 &ndash June 30, 1607) was an Italian
Catholics in England late in the sixteenth or at the beginning of the seventeenth century circulated some life of St. Charles in England. Doubtless some knowledge of him had been brought to England by Saint Edmund Campion, a Jesuit who visited him at Milan in 1580 on his way to England, stopped with him some eight days, and conversed with him every day after dinner. Saint Edmund Campion SJ ( January 24 1540 &ndash December 1 1581) was an English Jesuit priest Charles had much to do with England in the days of his assistance to Pius IV, and he had a great veneration for the portrait of Bishop Fisher. John Cardinal Fisher (c1469 &ndash 22 June, 1535) from 1935 Saint John Fisher, was an English Catholic bishop cardinal and
Charles also had much to do with Francis Borgia, General of the Jesuits, and with Andrew Avellino of the Theatines, who gave great help to his work in Milan. Saint Francis Borgia (San Francisco de Borja ( October 28 1510, Gandia, Valencia, Kingdom of Spain - September 30 The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Saint Andrew (Andrea Avellino ( 1521 - November 10, 1608) is an Italian Saint. The Theatines or the Congregation of Clerks Regular of the Divine Providence are a male Religious order of the Catholic Church, with the post-nominal initials
Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California was named for Charles, as was the city of Saint Charles, Missouri. Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, also known as the Carmel Mission, is a historic Roman Catholic mission church in Carmel-by-the-Sea California Carmel-by-the-Sea, usually called simply Carmel, is a small town endowed with a rich artistic history situated on the Monterey Peninsula in Monterey St Charles ( French: "Saint-Charles" Spanish: "San Carlos" is a city in and the county seat of St There are Roman Catholic schools and parishes named for him in Paisley, Scotland; Staten Island, New York; Peoria, Arizona; Port Charlotte, Florida; San Francisco, California;Columbus, Ohio; Lima, Ohio; Pikesville, Maryland, Arlington, Virginia, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Ryde, New South Wales Australia and in Cebu City, Philippines. Paisley (Pàislig is a town and former Burgh in the west- Central Lowlands of Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Peoria is a city located in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, with a small portion in Yavapai County. Port Charlotte is a Census-designated place (CDP in Charlotte County, Florida, United States. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. Lima (ˈlaɪmə is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Allen County. Pikesville is an Unincorporated community and a Census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the US state of Oklahoma. The City of Cebu ( Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Filipino: Lungsod ng Cebu) is the capital of The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The University of San Carlos in Cebu City, Philippines and the seminary of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are both named after him. For the similarly named university in Guatemala see Universidad de San Carlos The City of Cebu ( Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Filipino: Lungsod ng Cebu) is the capital of The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
See also
Sources, references and external links
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. The Incorruptibles A Study of the Incorruption of the Bodies of Various Catholic Saints and Beati is a book by Joan Carroll Cruz, OCDS, published in The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- GP Giussano, Vita di S. Carlo Borromeo (1610, Eng. ed. by HE Manning, London, 1884)
- A Sala, Documenti circa la vita e la gesta di Borromeo (4 vols. Henry Edward Manning ( July 15, 1808 - January 14, 1892) was an English Roman Catholic Archbishop and Cardinal , Milan, 1857-1859)
- Chanoine Silvain, Histoire de St Charles Borromeo (Milan, 1884)
- A Cantono, Un grande riformatore del secolo XVI (Florence, 1904); article Borromus in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (Leipzig, 1897).
- University of San Carlos Official Site
- Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary - (Archdiocese of Philadelphia)
- Short biography from Catholic Online
- Biography by Pietro Canetta
- St. Charles Borromeo - Catholic Encyclopedia article
| Preceded by vacant |
Archbishop of Milan 8 February 1560-3 November 1584 |
Succeeded by Gaspare Visconti |
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