In diplomacy, chargé d’affaires (French for “charged with (in charge of) matters”), is the title of two classes of diplomatic agents who head a diplomatic mission on a temporary basis:

1. Chargés d’affaires (ministres chargés d'affaires), who were placed by the règlement of the Congress of Vienna in the fourth class of diplomatic agents, are heads of permanent missions accredited to countries to which, for some reason, it is not possible or not desirable to send agents of a higher rank (although the countries maintain diplomatic relations); in this sense, the "temporary" nature of the position may in fact be indefinite. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The system of diplomatic rank has over time been formalised on an international basis A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in They are distinguished from Chargés d’affaires ad interim by the fact that their credentials are addressed by the minister for foreign affairs of the state which they are to represent to the minister for foreign affairs of the receiving state. A credential is an attestation of qualification competence or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant de jure or de facto authority or A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the Foreign policy of a sovereign nation They have precedence over the other class of chargés d’affaires.
2. Chargés d’affaires ad interim are those who temporarily head a diplomatic mission in the absence of the accredited head of that mission. They are presented as such, either verbally or in writing, by heads of missions of the first, second or third rank to the minister for foreign affairs of the state to which they are accredited, when they leave their post temporarily, or pending the arrival of their successor. The system of diplomatic rank has over time been formalised on an international basis It is usual to appoint a counsellor or secretary of legation chargé d’affaires. Some governments are accustomed to give the title of minister to such chargés d’affaires, which ranks them with the other heads of legation.

Essentially, chargés d’affaires do not differ from ambassadors, envoys or ministers resident. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country They represent their nation, and enjoy the same privileges and immunities as other diplomatic agents.

However, there have been rare historical circumstances in which a diplomatic post, formally ranking as chargé d’affaires, was in fact employed in a more significant colonial role, as commonly held by a Resident. A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative -diplomatic and/or colonial- types required to take up permanent residency abroad officially Thus, in Annam-Tonkin (most of present Vietnam), the first French chargé d’affaires at Huế, the local ruler’s capital, since 1875; one of them (three terms) was appointed the first Resident-general on 11 June 1884, as they stopped being tributary to the Chinese empire, less than a year after the 25 August 1883 French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin (central and northern regions). Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially ( 化 in Chữ Nôm) is the capital city of Thừa Thiên - Huế province, Vietnam. A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative -diplomatic and/or colonial- types required to take up permanent residency abroad officially Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In French usage, chargé d’affaires may be used outside diplomacy either as a specific position, or in general terms to indicate an individual with some more or less temporary responsibility for a specific area of activity.

Usage: spelling and grammar

Chargé d’affaires generally follows French usage: chargé d’affaires is singular, chargés d’affaires for plural. The “d’affaires” is always in the plural form (with the plural “s” at the end), and uncapitalized throughout. Although non-standard and unusual, chargée d’affaires (with the feminine ending) may be seen where the chargé is female.

For temporary chargés, ad interim may or may not be added depending on the context, but is always lower case; it may be italicized or shortened to simply a. i.

Sources and external links

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• eDiplomat.com: Glossary of Diplomatic Terms
• WorldStatesmen-Italian states to 1860

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