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Charadriiformes
Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella)
Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Huxley, 1867
Families

Scolopacidae
Rostratulidae
Jacanidae
Thinocoridae
Pedionomidae
Laridae
Rhynchopidae
Sternidae
Alcidae
Stercorariidae
Glareolidae
Dromadidae
Turnicidae
Burhinidae
Chionididae
Pluvianellidae
Ibidorhynchidae
Recurvirostridae
Haematopodidae
Charadriidae

Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. The Crested Auklet is a small seabird of the family Alcidae which nests in hugecolonies (>1 million individuals in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting "Sandpiper" redirects here For the 1965 film see The Sandpiper. Painted snipes are three distinctive Wader Species in the family Rostratulidae. For the Melbourne suburb see Jacana Victoria. The jacanas or jaçanas (sometimes referred to as Jesus birds are a group of tropical Waders The seedsnipes are a family, Thinocoridae, of small gregarious Waders which have adapted to a herbivorous diet The Plains Wanderer, Pedionomus torquatus, is a unique Bird and is put in a family of its own Gulls (often informally Seagulls) are birds in the family Laridae The Skimmers, Rhynchopidae, are a small family of Tern -like Birds in the order Charadriiformes which also includes the Waders Gulls Terns are Seabirds in the family Sternidae, previously considered a subfamily (Sterninae of the gull family Laridae (van Tuinen et al This article is about a family of birds For the American ornithological journal see The Auk. Skuas are Seabirds in the family Stercorariidae. The three smaller skuas are called jaegers in North America Glareolidae is a family of Birds in the Wader suborder Charadri The Crab Plover ( Dromas ardeola is a Bird related to the Waders but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family Dromadidae. The buttonquails or hemipodes are a small family of Birds which resemble but are unrelated to the true Quails They inhabit warm grasslands in Asia The Stone-curlews or Thick-knees are a group of largely tropical birdsin the family Burhinidae. The sheathbills are a family of Birds Chionididae. The family contains one genus Chionis, with only two species The Magellanic Plover, Pluvianellus socialis, is a rare and unique Wader found only in southernmost South America. The Ibisbill ( Ibidorhyncha struthersii) is a Bird related to the Waders but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family Ibidorhynchidae Recurvirostridae is a family of Birds in the Wader suborder Charadrii "Oystercatchers" is also a novel by Susan Fletcher. The oystercatchers are a group of Waders they form the family The bird family Charadriidae includes the Plovers Dotterels and Lapwings about 64 to 66 Species in all Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. It includes about 350 species and has members in all parts of the world. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Most Charadriiformes live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals; however, some are pelagic (sea birds), some occupy deserts and a few are found in thick forest. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate Any water in the sea that is not close to the bottom is in the pelagic zone.

Contents

Systematics

The order was formerly divided into three suborders:

The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, which has been widely accepted in America, lumps all the Charadriiformes together with the seabirds and birds of prey into a greatly enlarged order Ciconiiformes. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy is a radical bird Taxonomy proposed by Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist. Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision Traditionally the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large long-legged wading birds with large bills Storks Herons Egrets However, the resolution of the DNA-DNA hybridization technique used by Sibley & Ahlquist was not sufficient to properly resolve the relationships in this group, and indeed it appears as if the Charadriiformes consititute a single large and very distinctive lineage of modern birds of their own[1]. DNA-DNA hybridization generally refers to a Molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences

The auks, usually considered distinct because of their peculiar morphology, are more likely related to gulls, the "distinctness" being a result of adaptation for diving. Following recent research[2], a better arrangement may be as follows:

Families in taxonomic order

More conservatively, the Thinocori could be included in the Scolopaci, and the Chionidi in the Charadrii, or the Glareolidae could be placed in a tribe of their own. "Sandpiper" redirects here For the 1965 film see The Sandpiper. Waders, called shorebirds in North America (where "wader" is used to refer to long-legged wading Birds such as Storks and Painted snipes are three distinctive Wader Species in the family Rostratulidae. For the Melbourne suburb see Jacana Victoria. The jacanas or jaçanas (sometimes referred to as Jesus birds are a group of tropical Waders The seedsnipes are a family, Thinocoridae, of small gregarious Waders which have adapted to a herbivorous diet The Plains Wanderer, Pedionomus torquatus, is a unique Bird and is put in a family of its own For the Currency, see Georgian lari. For the Italian city see Lari Italy. Gulls (often informally Seagulls) are birds in the family Laridae The Skimmers, Rhynchopidae, are a small family of Tern -like Birds in the order Charadriiformes which also includes the Waders Gulls Terns are Seabirds in the family Sternidae, previously considered a subfamily (Sterninae of the gull family Laridae (van Tuinen et al This article is about a family of birds For the American ornithological journal see The Auk. Skuas are Seabirds in the family Stercorariidae. The three smaller skuas are called jaegers in North America Glareolidae is a family of Birds in the Wader suborder Charadri The Crab Plover ( Dromas ardeola is a Bird related to the Waders but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family Dromadidae. The buttonquails or hemipodes are a small family of Birds which resemble but are unrelated to the true Quails They inhabit warm grasslands in Asia Waders, called shorebirds in North America (where "wader" is used to refer to long-legged wading Birds such as Storks and The Stone-curlews or Thick-knees are a group of largely tropical birdsin the family Burhinidae. The sheathbills are a family of Birds Chionididae. The family contains one genus Chionis, with only two species The Magellanic Plover, Pluvianellus socialis, is a rare and unique Wader found only in southernmost South America. Waders, called shorebirds in North America (where "wader" is used to refer to long-legged wading Birds such as Storks and The Ibisbill ( Ibidorhyncha struthersii) is a Bird related to the Waders but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family Ibidorhynchidae Recurvirostridae is a family of Birds in the Wader suborder Charadrii "Oystercatchers" is also a novel by Susan Fletcher. The oystercatchers are a group of Waders they form the family The bird family Charadriidae includes the Plovers Dotterels and Lapwings about 64 to 66 Species in all The buttonquails are of indeterminate, quite basal position in the Lari-Scolopaci sensu lato group. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram The arrangement as presented here is a consensus of the recent studies. [3]

Evolution

That the Charadriiformes are an ancient group is also borne out by the fossil record. Much of the Neornithes' fossil record around the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event is made up of bits and pieces of birds which resemble this order. Modern birds (subclass Neornithes) are the members of class Aves that have survived into recent times and have coexisted with Humans Modern birds are The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately ( Ma) was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically In many, this is probably due to convergent evolution brought about by semi-aquatic habits. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages Specimen VI 9901 (López de Bertodano Formation, Late Cretaceous of Vega Island, Antarctica) is probably a basal charadriiform somewhat reminiscent of a thick-knee. Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England Vega Island is a small island to the northwest of James Ross Island, on the Antarctic Peninsula In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram The Stone-curlews or Thick-knees are a group of largely tropical birdsin the family Burhinidae. However, more complete remains of undisputed charadriiforms are known only from the mid-Paleogene onwards. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 Present-day orders emerged around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, roughly 35-30 mya. The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene period and extends from about 33 In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". Basal or unresolved charadriiforms are:

The "transitional shorebirds" ("Graculavidae") are a generally Mesozoic form taxon formerly believed to constitute the common ancestors of charadriiforms, waterfowl and flamingos. The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. See also UK Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust USA Ducks Unlimited Flamingos or flamingoes ( are gregarious Wading birds in the Genus Phoenicopterus and family They are now assumed to be mostly basal taxa of the charadriiforms and/or "higher waterbirds", which probably were two distinct lineages 65 mya already, and few if any are still believed to be related to the well-distinct weaterfowl. In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". Taxa formerly considered graculavids are:

Other wader- or gull-like birds incertae sedis, which may or may not be Charadriiformes, are:

Footnotes

  1. ^ Fain & Houde (2004)
  2. ^ Ericson et al. Ceramornis is a prehistoric Bird Genus from the Late Cretaceous. "Cimolopteryx" is a controversial prehistoric Bird Genus from the Late Cretaceous. Palintropus is a prehistoric Bird Genus from the Late Cretaceous. Torotix is a Late Cretaceous Genus of Aquatic Bird. It lived along the shores of the Western Interior Seaway, but (2003), Paton et al. (2003, Thomas et al. (2004a,b), van Tuinen et al. (2004), Paton & Baker (2006)
  3. ^ van Tuinen et al. (2004), Paton & Baker (2006)
  4. ^ Proximal right humerus (MNZ S42416) and proximal left carpometacarpi (MNZ S42415, S42435) of a bird the size of a Red-necked Stint: Worthy et al. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species The humerus is a Long bone in the Arm or Forelimb that runs from the Shoulder to the Elbow. The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is the national Museum of New Zealand. The Red-necked Stint, Calidris or Erolia ruficollis, is a small migratory Wader. (2007)
  5. ^ Several wing and thorax bones of a bird the size of a Double-banded Plover: Worthy et al. The Double-banded Plover ( Charadrius bicinctus) known as the Banded Dotterel in New Zealand, is a small (18 cm Wader in the Plover (2007)
  6. ^ Premaxillae (MNZ S42681, S42736) and proximal right scapula (MNZ S41058) of a bird apparently similar to the Black-billed Gull but almost the size of a Kelp Gull: Worthy et al. The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is the national Museum of New Zealand. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species In Anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the Bone that connects the Humerus (arm bone with the Clavicle (collar UserPolbot. --> The Black-billed Gull ( Chroicocephalus bulleri) is a species of Gull in the (2007)
  7. ^ Gál et al. (1998-99)

References

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