?Chandigarh India
Nickname: City Beautiful
The Open Hand Monument
Chandigarh
Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E / 30.75, 76.78
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	114 km² (44 sq mi) • 350 m (1,148 ft)
Capital	Chandigarh
Largest city	Chandigarh
District(s)	1
Population • Density	900,635[1] (29) • 7,900 /km² (20,461 /sq mi)
Language(s)	Punjabi, Hindi, English
Established	1966
Codes • Telephone	• +172
ISO abbreviation	IN-CH
The city of Chandigarh comprises all of the union territory's area. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Indian state A district is an administrative division of a state in India India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven Union territories (UT In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the States of India in order of population The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories. For the past decade or so telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO ISO 3166-2IN is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to India.
Seal of Chandigarh

Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E / 30.75, 76.78

Chandigarh,Chandigarh.ogg (help·info) (Punjabi: ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, Hindi: चंडीगढ़) also called City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana, and is a union territory of India. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. The name translates from Hindi to English as "the fort of Chandi", Chandi being a Hindu Goddess. Chandi ( Sanskrit: sa चण्डी Caṇḍī or Chandika (Caṇḍīka is the supreme Goddess of Devi Mahatmya (Sanskrit Devīmāhātmyam देवीमाहात्म्यम्

Known internationally for its architecture and urban planning, Chandigarh is home to numerous architectural projects of Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Matthew Nowicki, and Albert Mayer. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss Pierre Jeanneret ( March 2, 1896 - December 4, 1967) was a Swiss Architect who collaborated with his more famous cousin The city boasts a high standard of living with the highest per capita income in the country and tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with a Human Development Index of 0. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 674. ^[2]

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Architecture and urban planning 4 Chandigarh UT Administration 5 Demographics 6 Economy 6.1 Special Economic Zone 7 Education 8 Transport 9 Sporting venues 10 Gardens 11 Main Tourist Attractions 12 Other Nearby Tourist Attractions 13 Media 13.1 Newspapers 14 Notable residents 15 References 16 External links

History

After the partition of British India into the two nations of India and Pakistan in 1947, the region of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be infeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. The city derives its name from Chandi Mandir, a temple of goddess Chandi, located in nearby Panchkula District of Haryana. Chandi Mandir is a Hindu temple near Chandigarh, Punjab, India, dedicated to Chandi, the goddess of power Chandi ( Sanskrit: sa चण्डी Caṇḍī or Chandika (Caṇḍīka is the supreme Goddess of Devi Mahatmya (Sanskrit Devīmāhātmyam देवीमाहात्म्यम् Panchkula (पंचकुला़ is the newly formed 17th district of Haryana state in India. The word Chandigarh literally means "the fort of Chandi".

Of all the new town schemes in independent India, the Chandigarh project quickly assumed prime significance, because of the city's strategic location as well as Jawaharlal Nehru's (the first Prime Minister of independent India) personal interest in it. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Commissioned by Nehru to reflect the new nation's modern, progressive outlook, Nehru famously proclaimed Chandigarh to be "unfettered by the traditions of the past, a symbol of the nation's faith in the future. " Several buildings and layouts in Chandigarh were designed by the Swiss-born French architect and planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1950s. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss Le Corbusier was in fact the second architect of the city, after the initial master plan was prepared by the American architect-planner Albert Mayer who was working with the Polish-born architect Matthew Nowicki. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland It was only after Nowicki's untimely death in 1950 that Le Corbusier was pulled into the project.

On 1 November 1966, the newly-formed Indian state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of the Punjab, in order to create Haryana as a majority Hindi speaking state, while the western portion of Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi-speaking majority and remained as the current day Punjab. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. However, the city of Chandigarh was on the border, and was thus created into a union territory to serve as capital of both these states. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Chandigarh was due to be transferred to Punjab in 1986, in accordance with an agreement signed in August 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India at that time, with Sant Harchand Singh Longowal of the Akali Dal. Rajiv Gandhi राजीव गांधी (raːdʒiːv gaːnd̪ʰiː born in Bombay, (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 the elder son of Indira and Feroze Akali Dal, also called Shiromani Akali Dal ( Akali Religious Party) is a collection of Sikh Political parties mainly based in Punjab This was to be accompanied by the creation of a new capital for Haryana, but the transfer has been delayed pending an agreement on which some villages in southern districts of Punjab, should be transferred to Haryana in exchange and punjabi speaking parts of Haryana such as Jind, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Ambala etc. and Ganganagar of Rajasthan should be transferred to Punjab.

On 15 July 2007, Chandigarh became the first Indian city to go smoke-free. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Smoking at public places has been strictly prohibited and considered as a punishable act by Chandigarh Administration.

The other planned cities in India: Lutyen's New Delhi, Bhubaneshwar in Orissa, Gandhinagar in Gujrat and Navi Mumbai in Maharashtra, were built close to existing old cities (Delhi, Cuttack, Ahmedabad and Mumbai respectively). Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA, LLD ( 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944 New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Bhubaneswar ( Oriya: BUbEnSvr Hindi: भुवनेश्वर in Sanskrit and Oriya/oDiA "The Lord of the Universe" is the capital and Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Gandhinagar ( Gujarati: ગાંધીનગર Hindi: गाँधीनगर is the capital of Gujarat State India. Gujrat ( Urdu / Punjabi:) is a city in Pakistan and is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in Navi Mumbai ( Marathi: नवी मुंबई IAST: New Muṃbaī formerly known as New Bombay, is a city on the west coast of the state of Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuttack ( Oriya: କଟକ)(कटक (derived from the Sanskrit word 'Kataka' which signifies Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial

Geography

Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas in Northwest India. The Sivalik Hills also known as the Sivalik mountains (also spelled Shiwalik, Shivalik, or Siwalik) and sometimes called Churia or It covers an area of approximately 114 km². and shares its borders with the states of Haryana in the south and Punjab in the north. The exact cartographic co-ordinates of Chandigarh are 30.74° N 76.79° E. ^[3] It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 feet). The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit

The surrounding districts are of Mohali and Ropar in Punjab and Panchkula in Haryana. The boundary of the state of Himachal Pradesh are not too far from its north. Chandigarh has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm: hot summers, slightly cold winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (-1 °C to 46. 5 °C). In winter, frost sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

Average temperature

• Summer: The temperature in summer may rise to a maximum of 46. 5°C. Temperatures generally remain between 35°C to 42°C.
• Autumn: In autumn, the temperature may rise to a maximum of 36°C. Temperatures usually remain between 16° to 27° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 13°C.
• Winter: Winters are quite cool and it can sometimes get quite chilly in Chandigarh. Average temperatures in winter (November to February) remain at (max) 7°C to 20 °C and (min) -2°C to 5°C.
• Spring: The climate remains quite pleasant during the spring season. Temperatures vary between (max) 16°C to 25°C and (min) 9°C to 18°C.

Architecture and urban planning

Taking over from Albert Mayer, Le Corbusier produced a plan for Chandigarh that conformed to the modernist city planning principles of CIAM, in terms of division of urban functions, an anthropomorphic plan form, and a hierarchy of road and pedestrian networks. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne ( CIAM) (or International Congress of Modern Architecture) founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959 was Anthropomorphism is the attribution of uniquely Human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings natural and supernatural phenomena material states and objects

This vision of Chandigarh, contained in the innumerable conceptual maps on the drawing board together with notes and sketches had to be translated into brick and mortar. Le Corbusier retained many of the seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki, like the basic framework of the master plan and its components: the Capitol, City Center, besides the University, Industrial area, and linear parkland. Even the neighborhood unit was retained as the basic module of planning. However, the curving outline of Mayer and Nowicki was reorganized into a mesh of rectangles, and the buildings were characterized by an "honesty of materials". Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architectural form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks.

The initial plan had two phases: the first for a population of 150,000 and the second taking the total population to 500,000. Le Corbusier divided the city into units called "sectors", each representing a theoretically self-sufficient entity with space for living, working and leisure. The sectors were linked to each other by a road and path network developed along the line of the 7 Vs, or a hierarchy of seven types of circulation patterns. At the highest point in this network was the V1, the highways connecting the city to others, and at the lowest were the V7s, the streets leading to individual houses. Later a V8 was added: cycle and pedestrian paths.

The city plan is laid down in a grid pattern. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of City plan in which Streets run at right angles to each other forming a grid. The whole city has been divided into rectangular patterns, forming identical looking sectors, each sector measures 800 m x 1200 m. The sectors were to act as self-sufficient neighbourhoods, each with its own market, places of worship, schools and colleges - all within 10 minutes walking distance from within the sector. The original two phases of the plan delineated sectors from 1 to 47, with the exception of 13 (Number 13 is considered unlucky). The Assembly, the secretariat and the high court, all located in Sector - 1 are the three monumental buildings designed by Le Corbusier in which he showcased his architectural genius to the maximum. The city was to be surrounded by a 16 kilometer wide greenbelt that was to ensure that no development could take place in the immediate vicinity of the town, thus checking suburbs and urban sprawl. A green belt or greenbelt is a policy or land use designation used in Land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped wild or agricultural land

While leaving the bulk of the city's architecture to other members of his team, Le Corbusier took responsibility for the overall master plan of the city, and the design of some of the major public buildings including the High Court, Assembly, Secretariat, the Museum and Art Gallery, School of Art and the Lake Club. Le Corbusier's most prominent building, the Court House, consists of the High court, which is literally higher than the other, eight lower courts. Most of the other housing was done by Le Corbusier's cousin Pierre Jeanneret, the English husband and wife team of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, along with a team of nine Indian architects -- M. Pierre Jeanneret ( March 2, 1896 - December 4, 1967) was a Swiss Architect who collaborated with his more famous cousin Edwin Maxwell Fry, CBE RA FRIBA FRTPI usually known as Maxwell Fry (2 August 1899 &ndash 3 September 1987 was an English modernist Architect Dame Jane Drew DBE, FRIBA ( 24 March 1911 &ndash 27 July 1996) was an English Modernist Architect N. Sharma, A. Ar. Prabhawalkar, B. P. Mathur, Piloo Moody, U. E. Chowdhury, N. S. Lamba, J. L. Malhotra, J. S. Dethe and Aditya Prakash.

The city in its final form, while not resembling his previous city projects like the Ville Contemporaine or the Ville Radieuse, was an important and iconic landmark in the history of town planning. The Ville Contemporaine or Contemporary City was an unrealised project to house three million inhabitants designed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1922 It continues to be an object of interest for architects, planners, historians and social scientists. Chandigarh has two satellite cities: Panchkula and Mohali. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Panchkula (पंचकुला़ ਪੰਚਕੁਲਾ is a planned city in Panchkula District, Mohali (ਮੋਹਾਲੀ मोहाली mōhālī) is a city adjacent to Chandigarh, 18th District in Punjab, India. Sometimes, the triangle of these three cities is collectively called the Chandigarh Tricity. The Union Territory of Chandigarh along with its two satellite cities - Panchkula ( Haryana) and Mohali ( Punjab) and the cantonment of Chandimandir

Chandigarh UT Administration

Chandigarh Administration is under the control of the Administrator who is appointed under the provisions of Art 239 of the Constitution. The administrative control of Chandigarh is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Governor of Punjab is the Administrator of Chandigarh. The Adviser to the Administrator, a very senior officer belonging to one of the All India Services, is second in command after the Administrator. The All India Services are the three Civil services of India: the Indian Administrative Service (IAS Indian Police Service (IPS and the He generally belongs to the AGMU cadre of the Indian Administrative Service.

• The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is the in-charge of the General Administration in the Chandigarh UT. The Deputy Commissioner (DC or District Magistrate (DM or District Collector is the head of the revenue administration of an Indian district The Indian Administrative Service ( IAS) is the administrative Civil service of the Indian government.
• The Senior Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service, is responsible for maintaining Law & Order and related issues in the Chandigarh UT. A Superintendent of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police is an officer belonging to the elite Indian Police Service Indian police redirects here For other uses see Indian police (disambiguation.
• The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for the management of the Forests, Environment, Wild-Life and Pollution Control in the Chandigarh UT. A Deputy Conservator of Forests or equivalently a Divisional Forest Officer is an officer belonging to the elite Indian Forest Service. The Indian Forest Service ( IFS) is the Forestry service of India.

The above three officers are from AGMU cadre or Punjab cadre or Haryana cadre of the All India Services. The All India Services are the three Civil services of India: the Indian Administrative Service (IAS Indian Police Service (IPS and the

Demographics

As of 2001 India census,^[4] Chandigarh had a population of 900,635, making for a density of about 7900 persons per square kilometre. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. The sex ratio is 777 females for every 1,000 males – which is the lowest in the country. Chandigarh has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%; with male literacy of 76% and female literacy of 68%. About 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The main religions in Chandigarh are Hinduism (78. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. 6%), Sikhism (16. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century 1%), Islam (3. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. 9%), and Christianity (0. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 8%). ^[5] Punjabi and Hindi are the main languages spoken in Chandigarh, but English is also quite prevalent. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States People speaking Tamil form the third biggest linguistic group in Chandigarh. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. (Census of India 1991). A small number of people also speak Urdu. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised However, the most common language for informal communication, especially among the youth of the city is a combination of Hindi and English.

A significant percentage of the population of Chandigarh consists of people who had moved here from the neighboring states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh to fill up the large number of vacancies in various government departments that were established in Chandigarh.

Economy

The government is a major employer in Chandigarh with three governments having their base here. A significant percentage of Chandigarh’s population therefore consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a “Pensioner's Paradise”. There are about 15 medium to large industrial including two in the Public sector. In addition Chandigarh has over 2500 units are registered under small scale sector. The important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys and machinery. Other industries are relating to food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals and electrical appliances. Yet, with a Per Capita Income of Rs. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country 67,370, Chandigarh is the richest city in India. ^[6] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $2. 2 billion in current prices.

Chandigarh has a well developed market and banking infrastructure. Nearly all the major banks in the country have registered their presence in Chandigarh. Most banks with a pan India presence have their zonal/regional offices present in Chandigarh. The Bank Square in Sector 17 in Chandigarh has a large presence of such offices all in one section of the commercial sector.

Three major trade promotion organizations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII is a non-government not-for-profit industry-led and industry-managed organisation playing a proactive role in India’s development process

This is a list of top NSE-indexed conglomerates with corporate offices in Chandigarh. Figures are given in millions of Indian Rupees for year ending March 2007. ^[7]

Rank	Conglomerate	Gross Income	Net Profit
1	Swaraj Mazda	6,034	160
2	Nectar Lifesciences	4,612	460
3	Ind-Swift Laboratories	3,579	209

The defence forces have a significant presence in Chandigarh, apart from the Indian Airforce base in sector 31 and the nearby Cantonment in Chandimandir, the city is the base for sourcing supplies for the Leh Ladhak and Siachen region of defence operations. Nectar Lifesciences Limited is an integrated Pharmaceutical company in India that manufactures generic products The Indian Air Force (Devanāgarī भारतीय वायु सेना IAST Bhartiya Vāyu Senā is the air arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the Chandimandir Cantonment is a Cantonment of the Indian Army located in Panchkula districtat the foothills of the Shivaliks adjoining Panchkula city

Chandigarh IT Park (also Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the IT world. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations including Second Foundation (India) Pvt Ltd. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers (Now Fidelity Information Services),FCS Software Solutions Ltd. , Quark, Infosys, Dell, IDS Infotech Limited,Miracle Studios, Webart Softech, and Netsoft Informatics have offices in the city and it's suburbs. Quark Inc (founded 1981 in Denver Colorado) is a privately owned software company best known for QuarkXPress. Infosys Technologies Limited () is a multinational Information technology services company headquartered in Bengaluru, India. The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products According to a recent Global Services Survey conducted by Cyber Media, Chandigarh is ranked 9th in the top 50 cities identified globally as ‘emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations. ’^[8]

Special Economic Zone

Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park (RGCTP), was conceived in 2001 by Chandigarh administration this was to promote and provide planned facilities to the IT companies and young entrepreneurs. Located in the foothills of Shivaliks, close to Sukhna lake. ^[9] the Technology park now hosts companies like

• Second Foundation (India) Pvt Ltd. (Now Fidelity Information Services)
• Infosys Technologies Ltd.
• IDS Infotech Limited (Largest employee base 1300+)
• beboTechnologies pvt limited
• QASource India Inc.
• IBM Daksh
• Miracle Studios
• Net Solutions
• Outerbay (Now HP India)
• Virsa Systems (now SAP Labs)
• ICICI Prudential (for Software Development)
• FCS Software Solutions Ltd.

The Department of Information Technology Chandigarh is this official department under Chandigarh administration dealing with IT policies and promotion of IT park. ^[10]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Chandigarh

Chandigarh is known for its quality school education. Chandigarh is known for its quality education The educational institutions are affiliated to different types of school curricula and universities Pierre Jeanneret ( March 2, 1896 - December 4, 1967) was a Swiss Architect who collaborated with his more famous cousin The schools are affiliated to different types of school curricula. Schools Curriculum International Curriculum Schools The schools having IGCSE / IB Programme from Pre-primary to Grade 10 and The colleges in Chandigarh include, DAV College (Sector 10), MCM DAV College (Sector 36), Government College for Girls (Sector 11 and 42), Government College for Men (Sector 11), Home Science College for Girls (Sector 10) , Guru Gobind Singh College (Sector 26), SD College (Sector 32), Government Teacher Training College (Chandigarh, India) and Government Teacher Training College. There are model schools set up by the government in various sectors, originally aimed to cater the needs of each sector. It is a major study hub for students all over Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K and Uttaranchal, and also for the students from South-East Asia.

Chandigarh also houses many prominent institutes of higher learning, such as:

• Punjab Engineering College
• Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research
• Panjab University
• GMCH Chandigarh
• Government College of Fine Arts, Sector 10
• Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology (CCET)
• University Institute of Engineering and Technology (Panjab University)
• Chandigarh College of Architecture
• Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology (Panjab University)
• University Business School (UBS)
• Centre for Defence and National Strategic Studies(CDNSS)(Panjab University)

Some other notable institutes include:

• National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR)
• Canadian Institute for International Studies
• Indo Swiss Training Centre (CSIO), Sector 30

Also located in neighboring Mohali, Chandigarh College of Education for Women (CCEW),SASIITR, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy (CCP) and Chandigarh College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology (CCHM). Panjab University is one of the oldest Universities in India. Government Medical College and Hospital is a teaching hospital located in Sector 32 Chandigarh India About The College Chandigarh College of Engineering & Technology, is a premier institute located in the city beautiful Chandigarh The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) located in nearby Mohali is the first national level institute in pharmaceutical sciences with a proclaimed objective of becoming a center of excellence for advanced studies and research in pharmaceutical sciences. Chandigarh's satellite town of Mohali is home for Center for Development of Advanced Computing's northmost branch C-DAC Mohali that is engaged in research on state of the art topics including Telemedicine. Also, the Canadian Institute for International Studies (CIIS) offers Canadian and New Zealand post-secondary degrees and diplomas for Indian students. ^[11]

Transport

Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. ^[12] Wide, well maintained roads and ample parking space all over the city, make it convenient to use private vehicles for local transport.

Public buses run by the Chandigarh Transport Undertaking (CTU), an undertaking of the Chandigarh Administration, provide local transport as well as inter-state transport services. ^[13]

The Chandigarh Traffic Police oversees the implementation of the traffic rules, and is widely credited for a fairly orderly traffic system. The Traffic Park in Sector 23 introduces children, rickshaw-pullers and new drivers to traffic safety. ^[14]

Rickshaws are common for traveling short distances, especially by school-going children, housewives and the elderly. Auto-rickshaws are limited, and most often ply to and from the ISBT. Most heavy traffic roads now have rickshaw lanes, which the rickshaw-pullers must adhere to compulsorily.

Chandigarh is well connected by road. The two main National Highways (NH) connecting Chandigarh with the rest of the country are: NH 22 (Ambala - Kalka - Shimla - Kinnaur) and NH 21 (Chandigarh - Leh). Chandigarh has two Inter-State Bus Terminus (ISBT), one for the North, East and South located in Sector 17, which has regular bus services to most major cites in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, as well as the national capital Delhi, which is about 240 km away. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population And a second in Sector 43 for the Western section, mainly Punjab, some parts of Himachal and Jammu and Kashmir.

Chandigarh has a small railway station located about 10 km. away from the ISBT. Regular train connections are available to the national capital New Delhi and to some other junctions like Kalka, Ambala, Amritsar, Bhiwani, Howrah, Mumbai, Chennai, Trivandrum and Sri Ganganagar. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kalka ( Hindi: कालका is a city and a Municipal committee in Panchkula district WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ambala ( Hindi: अम्बाला Punjabi ਅੰਬਾਲਾ) is a city and a Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhiwani is a city and a Municipal council in Bhiwani district in the state of Haryana Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം Tiruvanantapuraṁ) also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Chandigarh also has a domestic airport located nearly 12 kilometers from the ISBT. Its name is Chandigarh Airport. Chandigarh Airport soon to be Chandigarh International Airport is located in the Union Territory of Chandigarh, India. Jet Airways, JetLite,Air India, and Kingfisher Airlines operate regular flights from Chandigarh to New Delhi and Mumbai. Jet Airways is an Airline based in Mumbai, India. It is the country's second-largest international airline after Air India and the largest Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services Kingfisher Airlines is an Airline based in Bangalore, India. It operates 218 flights a day and has a network of 38 destinations with regional and The airport is also negotiating with several airlines including SilkAir and Kingfisher for interntaional flights to Singapore and Bangkok, among other South East Asian countries ^[15]

In the near future, the city will also see a Metro Rail^[16], and an international airport. SilkAir (Singapore Private Limited is an Airline based in Singapore. They are both approved by the governments, and are now at the design step to finalize the project design.

Sporting venues

• P. C. A (Punjab Cricket Accociation) Cricket Stadium, Mohali
• Chandigarh Cricket Stadium, (Sector- 16)
• Chandigarh Golf Club, Sector 6
• Panchkula Golf Club, Sector 3
• Hockey Stadium, Sector 42
• Carrom Stadium (Chandigarh Carrom Association), St. Mohali (ਮੋਹਾਲੀ मोहाली mōhālī) is a city adjacent to Chandigarh, 18th District in Punjab, India. Chandigarh Golf Club is an exclusive private members only golf club in Chandigarh, India. Stephens School, Sec - 46
• Roller Skating Rink, Sector 10
• Badminton Hall, Sector 7
• Swimming Pool Sector 23
• Shooting Range, Patiali Rao
• Athletic Club, Sector 7

Gardens

• Rose Garden, Sector 16
• Bougenvilla Garden, Sector 3
• Japanese Garden, Sector 16
• Topiary Garden, Sector 35
• Fragrance Garden, Sector 36
• Leisure Valley, Sector 10
• Musical Fountain Park, Sector 33
• Sukhna Lake Park, Sector 6
• Cactus Garden, Panchkula
• Rock Garden, Sector 1
• Rajendra Park, Sector 1
• Botanical Garden, Lahora Khuda
• Bamboo Valley, Sector 23

Main Tourist Attractions

• Sukhna Lake
• Rock Garden
• Rose Garden- Asia's Biggest Rose Garden
• Art Gallery & Museum

Other Nearby Tourist Attractions

• Chattbir Zoo
• Pinjore Gardens
• Mata Mansa Devi Mandir
• Saketri Shiv Mandir
• Kasauli Hill Station
• Morni Hill Station

Media

Newspapers

English

1. The Tribune - Punjab's oldest newspaper [Circulated in the Chandigarh,Panchkula,Mohali,Ludhiana,Bathinda,Jalandhar,Amritsar, Delhi,Himachal regions]
2. The Indian Express - National daily published from Chandigarh. Nek Chand Saini (नेक चंद सैणीis an Indian Self-taught artist famous for building the Rock Garden of Chandigarh, a forty-acre (160000 m² Sukhna Lake (सु्खना in Chandigarh, India is an Artificial lake at the foothills of the Shivalik hills. Nek Chand Saini (नेक चंद सैणीis an Indian Self-taught artist famous for building the Rock Garden of Chandigarh, a forty-acre (160000 m² Pinjore Gardens (also known as Pinjor Gardens or Yadavindra Gardens is an example of the Mughal Gardens style Mata Mansa Devi is a temple in Panchkula district of Haryana state in India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kasauli is a small Cantonment town in Solan district in the Indian state Morni is a tourist place in Morni Hills in Panchkula district of Haryana in India. The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Tribune, now published from Chandigarh, New Delhi, Jalandhar and Bathinda started publication on February 2 1881 in Lahore For bi-furicated southern edition see The New Indian Express The Indian Express is an Indian newspaper owned by Ramnath Goenka
3. Hindustan Times - National daily published from Chandigarh. Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement
4. The Times of India - National Daily. The Times of India ( TOI) is a leading English-language Broadsheet Daily newspaper in India. (Sub-Circulatories - The Times Of Chandigarh), The Economic Times , The Business Times]
5. The Pioneer- National daily published from Chandigarh. The Economic Times, launched in 1961 is India's largest financial daily and the world's second largest financial daily after The Wall Street Journal, The Pioneer is a medium-sized English language newspaper in India
6. Business Line- Business daily newspaper. Business Line or The Hindu Business Line is an Indian business Newspaper published by Kasturi and Sons the publishers of the newspaper
7. The Hindu- National daily. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper
8. The Economic Times - Business daily newspaper. The Economic Times, launched in 1961 is India's largest financial daily and the world's second largest financial daily after The Wall Street Journal,

Punjabi

1. Punjabi Tribune - Punjabi edition of The Tribune.
2. Desh Sewak - Punjab newspaper associated with political party CPI(M).
3. Rozana Spokesman - Punjabi newspaper. New entrant.
4. Jagbani - Punjabi edition of Punjab Kesari
5. Apna Punjab - a popular Punjabi newspaper also published in the USA (first started from New York)

Hindi

1. Dainik Bhaskar - National Hindi daily published from Chandigarh. Dainik Bhaskar is a Hindi -language daily Newspaper of India.
2. Amar Ujala - National Hindi daily published from Chandigarh. Amar Ujala is a Hindi daily newspaper distributed in India, launched on April 18, 1948 as a 4-page newspaper with a circulation of 2576
3. Dainik Tribune - Hindi edition of The Tribune.
4. Punjab Kesari - National Hindi Daily
5. Hindustan - National Hindi daily published from Chandigarh. Punjab Kesari is a Hindi -language newspaper published from many centres in Punjab and Haryana in India. Hindustan (हिन्दुस्तान, ہندوستان,) is one of the popular Names of India.

Notable residents

• Neerja Bhanot, a senior flight purser on Pan Am Flight 73. Neerja Bhanot ( September 7, 1964 - September 5, 1986) born in Chandigarh, India was the daughter of Harish & Rama Bhanot Pan American World Airways ' Pan Am Flight 73 was hijacked on September 5, 1986, by four armed men of the Abu Nidal Organization.
• Jeev Milkha Singh, The first Indian golfer to become a member of the European Tour
• Kapil Dev, Indian cricketer
• Milkha Singh, athlete
• Nek Chand, creator of Rock Garden
• Yograj Singh, former indian crickter, legendary Punjabi movie actor
• Yuvraj Singh, son of Yograj Singh, Indian cricketer
• Jaspal Bhatti, entertainer
• Babbu Mann, Punjabi singer
• Ramesh Kumar Nibhoria, Greem Oscar award ( Ashden Awards) winner

References

External links

• Chandigarh travel guide from Wikitravel
• Chandigarh Administration
• Chandigarh Administration Official Site

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