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Chakavian dialect (Čakavian, čakavski, proper name: čakavica) is an old dialect of the Croatian language. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring The name of the dialect stems from the interrogatory pronoun for "what", which is "ča" (or "ca") in Chakavian. Chakavian is nowadays spoken mainly at northeastern Adriatic: in Istria, Kvarner Gulf, in most Adriatic islands, and in the interior valley Gacka, more sporadically in the Dalmatian littoral and central Croatia. This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea The Kvarner Gulf ( Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev, Italian: Golfo del Quarnero/Quarnaro/Carnaro; sometimes also Kvarner Bay) is a Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Littoral refers to the coast of an ocean or sea or to the banks of a river lake or estuary Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Chakavian may be classified as a dialect of the Central South Slavic diasystem, generally referred from the Croatian language but is exclusively a Croatian dialect. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring
Probably the only valid argument for its inclusion into this wider group would be that interference of Chakavian with the shtokavian dialect had given rise to a Šćakavian mixture, a few subdialects spoken in western Bosnia and in Herzegovina by Croats and Bosniaks; this mixture is recorded in monuments of medieval (12th to 15th century) and Counter-Reformation (17th century) literacy and literature: tombstone inscriptions, legal documents and Catholic polemical and liturgical works. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" However, the Chakavian dialect sensu stricto is now spoken by Croats only.

The language used by the Croats of Northern Burgenland (in Austria and in Hungary) is also mostly Chakavian, with few small islets of Chakavian dialect speakers in Hungary (most eastern Chakavians are there). Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék The most archaic Chakavian archidiom Gan-Veyãn is still partially spoken at Baška in the island of Krk. Baška is a small town located on the island of Krk, in the Kvarner Bay, at the Adriatic seacoast of Croatia. Krk ( Italian Veglia, German: Vegl; Latin Curicta) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea

Contents

History

Chakavian is the oldest written Croatian dialect that had made visible appearance in legal documents - as early as 1275 ("Istrian land survey")[1] and 1288 ("Vinodol codex"), the predominantly vernacular Chakavian is recorded, mixed with elements of Church Slavic. Archaic Proto-Chakavian can be traced back to 1105 in Baška tablet. Baška tablet (Bašćanska ploča is one of the first monuments of Croatian language, dating from the year 1100 All these and other early Chakavian texts up to 17th century are mostly written in Glagolitic alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet.

Initially, the Čakavian dialect covered a much wider area than today including about 2/3 of medieval Croatia: the major part of central and southern Croatia southwards of Kupa and westwards of Una river, as well as western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan During and after the Ottoman intrusion and subsequent warfare (15th-18th centuries), the Chakavian area has become greatly reduced and in Croatian mainlands it is recently almost replaced by Shtokavian; so it is now spoken in a much smaller coastal area, than indicated above.

As expectable, in more than nine centuries Chakavian has undergone many phonetic, morphological and syntactical changes chiefly in turbulent mainlands, and less in isolated islands. Yet, contemporary dialectologists are particularly interested in it since it has retained the old accentuation system characterized by a proto-Slavic new rising accent and the early position of stress, and also numerous proto-Slavic and some proto-Indoeuropean archaisms in its vocabulary.

Area of use

Map of Chakavian dialect distribution
Map of Chakavian dialect distribution

Chakavian in its actual use is the rarest Croatian dialect including 12% Croats only. It is now mostly reduced in southwestern Croatia along eastern Adriatic: Adriatic islands, and sporadically in mainland coast, with rare inland enclaves up to central Croatia, and minor enclaves in Austria and Montenegro.

Characteristics

The Chakavian dialect is divided along several criteria. According to the reflex of the old Slavic phoneme yat (which is explained on Shtokavian dialect page) it is categorized as:

  1. ekavian (northeastern Istria, Rijeka and Bakar, Cres island): yat = e
  2. ikavian-ekavian (islands Lošinj, Krk, Rab, Pag, Dugi, mainland Vinodol and Pokupje): i or e
  3. ikavian (southwestern Istria, islands Brač, Hvar, Vis, Korčula, Pelješac, Dalmatian coast at Zadar and Split, inland Gacka): yat = i
  4. yekavian (Lastovo island, Janjina in Pelješac): yat = ye (je)

Other linguists have combined some phonetic and phonological criteria, resulting in 6 groups of subdialects:

  1. Buzet dialect transitive to Kaykavian (northern Istra)
  2. southwest Istrian or mixed Shtokavian-Chakavian
  3. northern Chakavian or Ekavian-Chakavian (NE Istra and Cres)
  4. middle Chakavian or Ikavian-Ekavian in Kvarner islands and Vinodol valley
  5. southern Chakavian or Ikavian-Chakavian in middle Dalmatia and Gacka valley
  6. southeastern or Ijekavian-Chakavian in Lastovo and Janjina

There is no unanimous opinion on the set of traits a dialect has to possess, to be classified as chakavian (rather than its admixture with shtokavian or kaykavian); the following traits were mostly proposed:

Non-palatal tsakavism

Besides the usual chakavian (with typical pronoun "ča"), in some Adriatic islands and in eastern Istra is spoken also another special variant lacking most palatals, with other parallel deviations called "tsakavism" (cakavizam):

The largest area of tsakavism is in eastern Istra at Labin, Rabac and nearby dozen villages; minor mainland enclaves are towns Bakar and Trogir. Tsakavism is also frequent in Adriatic islands: part of Lošinj and nearby islets, Baška in Krk, Pag town, northwest parts of Brač, Hvar town, and subentire Vis with adjacent islets, etc.

Čakavian literary language

Since Čakavian was the first Croatian dialect to extricate from the Church Slavic matrix, both literacy and literature in this dialect abound with numerous texts - from legal and liturgical to literary: lyric and epic poetry, drama, novel in verses, as well as philological works that contain Čakavian word-stock. Chakavian was the main public and official language in medieval Croatia from 13th to 16th century.

Monuments of literacy began to appear in the 11th and 12th centuries, and artistic literature in the 15th. While there were two zones of Chakavian, northern and southern (both mainly along the Adriatic coast and islands, with centres like Senj, Zadar, Split, Hvar, Korčula), there is enough unity in the idiom to allow us to speak of one Chakavian literary language with minor regional variants. This language by far surpassed the position of a simple vernacular dialect and strongly influenced other Croatian literary dialects, particularly Štokavian: the first Štokavian texts like the Vatican Croatian prayer book, dated to 1400, are transcriptions from a Chakavian original. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages The early Shtokavian literary and philological output, mainly from Dubrovnik (1500-1600) up to Džore Držić, was essentially a mixed idiom Shtokavian-Chakavian, mostly similar as now Yekavian-Chakavian of Lastovo and Janjina. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia;

The most famous early Chakavian author is Marko Marulić in 15th/16th century. Marko Marulić ( Split, August 18, 1450 - Split January 5, 1524) was a Croatian Poet and Christian humanist Also, the first Croatian dictionary, authored by Faust Vrančić, is mostly Chakavian in its form. Faust Vrančić (1551 Šibenik – January 17 1617) was a Croatian humanist Philosopher, Historian, Diplomat The tradition of Chakavian literary language had declined in the 18th century, but it has helped shape standard Croatian language in many ways (chiefly in morphology and phonetics), and Chakavian dialectal poetry is still a vital part of Croatian literature. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Medieval period (ca 800 Višeslavs baptismal font (ca11th cent Kartular of Supetar (ca

The most prominent representatives of Chakavian poetry in the 20th century are Vladimir Nazor and Drago Gervais. Vladimir Nazor (born 1876 in Postira, Brač &ndash died 1949 in Zagreb) was a Croatian writer and Translator. Drago Gervais ( April 18, 1904, Opatija – July 3, 1957, Sežana) was a Croatian Istrian poet and At the end of the 1980ies in Istria there began a special sub-genre of rock music "Ča-val" (Cha wave); artists that were part of this scene used the Chakavian dialect in their lyrics, and often fused rock music with traditional Istra-Kvarner music. The Kvarner Gulf ( Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev, Italian: Golfo del Quarnero/Quarnaro/Carnaro; sometimes also Kvarner Bay) is a

Recent studies

Due to its archaic nature, early medieval development, and impressive corpus of vernacular literacy, the typical Chakavian dialect has attracted numerous dialectologists who have meticulously documented its nuances, so that Chakavian was among the best described Slavic dialects, but its atypical tsakavism was partly neglected and less studied. The representative modern work in the field is Čakavisch-deutsches Lexikon, vol. 1. -3, Koeln-Vienna, 1979-1983, by Croatian linguists Hraste and Šimunović and German Olesch.

Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts is currently engaged to edit a multivoluminous dictionary of the Chakavian literary language, based on the wealth of literature written in chakavian. The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Academia Scientiarum et Artium Croatica Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti abbrev So far one published more than forty dictionaries of local chakavian tongues, the largest among them including more than 20,000 words are from Split town, Gacka valley, islands Brač and Vis, Baška in Krk, Beli in Cres, etc.

Chakavian media

During Yugoslavia in 20th century, the archaic Chakavian was mostly restricted in private communication, poetry and folklore. By the recent regional democratizing and cultural revival from 1990ies, Chakavians partly regained their former half-public positions chiefly in Istra peninsula and coastal towns, being now presented there in some modern public media e. g. :

Examples

Literature

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