Chabad-Lubavitch[1] is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City Borough of Brooklyn. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Chabad (חב"ד ) is a Hebrew acronym for Chochmah, Binah, Da'at meaning Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name Chokhmah ("Wisdom" חכמה (or chochmah or hokhmah) in the Kabbalah of Judaism, is the uppermost of the Sephirot Binah, (meaning "Understanding" בינה in the Kabbalah of Judaism, is the second intellectual Sephirah on the tree of life For the band see DÅÅTH. Daat or Daas ("Knowledge" Hebrew: דעת 'daʕaθ in Jewish mysticism [2] Lubavitch is the only extant branch of a family of Hasidic sects once known collectively as the Chabad movement; the names are now used interchangeably.
The movement took its name from Lyubavichi, the Russian town which served as the movement's headquarters for over a century. Lyubavichi (Люба́вичи לובאוויטש Lyubavitsh) is a village in Rudnyansky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia It has over 200,000 adherents,[3][4][5][6] and up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year. [7][8][9] Its adherents follow Chabad traditions and prayer services based on Lurianic kabbalah. Minhag ( Hebrew: מנהג "custom" pl minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. Nusach Ari means in a general sense any prayer rite following the usages of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the AriZal, in the 16th century, and more particularly Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534 – July 25 1572) was a Jewish mystic in Safed. As "Hasidim", they follow the Chassidus of Israel ben Eliezer. Hasidic Philosophy or Hasidus (Hebrew חסידות alternatively transliterated as Hassidism, Chassidut etc Rabbi Yisroel (Israel ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul &ndash May 22, 1760) often called
Founded in the late 18th century by Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Chabad-Lubavitch has had seven leaders or rebbes. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O Rebbe (רבי (pronounced in English which means master teacher or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson succeeded his father-in-law, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn in 1950, becoming the seventh leader of the movement, a position he held until his death in 1994. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (יוסף יצחק שניאורסאהן 9 June, 1880 OS - 28 January 1950 NS
Today the movement runs thousands of centers around the world, Jewish community centers, synagogues and schools, providing outreach and educational activities for Jews. Orthodox Jewish outreach commonly referred to as Kiruv or Keruv (קירוב - close in Hebrew) is the collective work or movement of Orthodox
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Philosophy of Chabad
The founder of the Chabad thought system, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, developed an intellectual system and approach to Judaism intended to answer criticisms of Hasidism as anti-intellectual. Through a philosophy based partly on Kabbalah, Chabad thought methodised an understanding of God. [10]
Chabad thought formulates the teachings of Kabbalah as a means to deal with one's daily life and psyche. It teaches that every aspect of the world exists only through the intervention of God. Through an intellectual approach and meditations, Chabad teaches that one can attain complete control over one's deeds. [10]
In a break with early Hasidism, Chabad thought emphasises mind over emotions. [11]
"Chabad"
According to Tanya the intellect consists of three interconnected processes: Chochma (wisdom), Bina (understanding), and Da'at (knowledge). While other branches of Hasidism focused primarily on the idea that "God desires the heart," Rabbi Shneur Zalman argued that He also desires the mind, and that without the mind the heart was useless. With the Chabad philosophy he elevated the mind above the heart, arguing that ". . . understanding is the mother of. . . fear and love of God. These are born of knowledge and profound contemplation of the greatness of God. "[12]
According to Jonathan Sacks, in Rabbi Shneur Zalman's system Chochma represents "the creation in its earliest potentiality; the idea of a finite world as was first born in the divine mind. Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks (born 8 March[[ 948]] London) is the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom. Binah is the idea conceived in its details, the result of contemplation. Da'at is, as it were, the commitment to creation, the stage at which the idea becomes an active intention. " [13] While in Kabbala there are clearly delineated levels of holiness, in Chabad philosophy these are grounded in the mundanities of peoples inner lives. So in reality - according to the Chabad analogy - Chochma is the birth of an idea in the mind, Binah is the contemplation, and Da'at is the beginning of the actualisation of an idea. Sacks argues that this provided a psychological formulation that enabled the hasid to substantiate his mystical thoughts. "This was an important advance because bridging the gap between spiritual insight and daily behaviour had always been a problem for Jewish mysticism. "[13]
Chabad philosophy argues that man is neither static nor passive nor dependent on others to connect to God. [13] Shneur Zalman rejected all ideas of aristocratic birth and elitism - he argued for meritocracy where all were capable of growth, every Jew - in his view - was capable of becoming a Tzaddik. [14]
Chabad can be contrasted with the Chagat (Chesed, Gevurah, Tiferet) school of Hasidism. While all Hasidim have a certain focus on the emotions, Chagat saw emotions as a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing singing or beauty. Shneur Zalman, on the other hand, taught that the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought was to be Torah study and prayer rather than esotericism and song. [13] As a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In his seminal work, Tanya, he defines his approach as "מוח שליט על הלב" ("the brain ruling the heart"). [15]
Tanya
Tanya, Shneur Zalman's moral magnum opus, is the first schematic treatment of Hasidic moral philosophy and its metaphysical foundations. Note Tanya Rabbati, a 16th century Italian code of Jewish law, is an unrelated work with a similar name [13] The original name of the first book is Sefer Shel Beinonim, the "Book of the Intermediates. " It is also known as Likutei Amarim--"Collected Sayings. " Sefer Shel Beinonim analyzes the inner struggle of the individual and the path to resolution. The philosophy is based on the notion that man himself is not evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized with two different inclinations, the good and the bad. [16]
Some have argued that Shneur Zalman's moderation and synthesis saved Hasidism from becoming a Jewish breakaway movement, keeping it within the fold. Avrum Erlich writes: "Shneur Zalman was instrumental in the preservation of Hasidism within mainstream Judaism. It allowed for some of the mystically inclined Hasidim to reacquaint themselves with traditional scholarship and the significance of strict halakhic observance and behavior, concerning which other Hasidic schools were sometimes less exacting. Shneur Zalman also provided the opportunity for traditionalists and scholars to access the Hasidic mood and its spiritual integrity without betraying their traditional scholarly allegiances. "[17]
Torah study
Shneur Zalman fought against the perception that was prevalent in the early years of Hasidism that the movement neglected Talmudic study by focusing too heavily on mysticism and obscurantism. He emphasized that mysticism without Talmudic study was worthless - even dangerous. [14] Without Talmudic study, he argued, the mind could never be elevated - and if the mind is not elevated, the soul will starve. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living On the other hand, he argued that while Torah was to be the focus of all study, it was also important to integrate the Torah's teachings into one's life. In a letter to Rabbi Joshua Zeitin of Shklow, Shneur Zalman wrote: "The Hasidim, too, set aside time for study. The difference between them and the Misnagdim is this: the latter set time for study and they are limited by time, whereas the former make the Torah their path of life. Misnagdim or mitnagdim is a Hebrew word ( מתנגדים) meaning "opponents" "[14]
Shneur Zalman taught that Torah must be studied joyously - studying without joy is frowned upon. He provided a metaphor: when a mitzvah is fulfilled an angel is created. This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה But if the mitzvah was joyless then the angel too will be dispirited. Thus, while Shneur Zalman emphasized that Hasidism focus on traditional Jewish scholarship rather than on mysticism, he was emphatic that this must be done with the zeal and joy. [14]
Role of a Rebbe
In its earlier formulations, Hasidic thought elevated the Rebbe (Hasidic leader, in this context) to a level above that of typical person. Rebbe (רבי (pronounced in English which means master teacher or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word Rabbi A rebbe was closer to God, his prayers were more amenable to Him, and a Hasid should satisfy himself with attachment to the rebbe and hence indirectly to God. A rebbe was to be a living example of perfection and would concern himself with intellectualism on behalf of the followers. [13] According to Sacks, Chabad stressed the individual responsibilities of every Jew: "The rebbe. . . became more of a teacher and adviser, recognising the vocation of each of his followers, guiding them towards it, uncovering their strengths, and rejoicing in their achievements. "[13] Shneur Zalman focused on training his followers to become spiritually self-sufficient and to turn to their respective rebbes for instructions rather than intercession with God, miracles or blessings,[14] though he did not teach that a rebbe does not possess the same powers as taught in other groups.
Role of a Hasid
Hasidism traditionally demanded that every Hasid personally participate in the dissemination of Torah and Judaism to one's surroundings and seek out the benefit of one's fellow Jew. Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn said: A Hasid is he who surrenders himself for the benefit of another. Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (שלום דובער שניאורסאהן 1860-10-24 OS - 1920-03-21 NS was an Orthodox Rabbi and the [18] Beyond this, Chabad demands pnimiyut (inwardness): one should not act superficially, as a mere act of faith, but rather with inner conviction. [19]
M. M. Schneerson's philosophy
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson strove, in his writings and lectures, to attain unity between opposites. He aimed to unite the mundane aspects of the world with the aspect of "godliness" in the world. Schneerson emphasized the concept of creating an abode for God on this world. Consequently, he sought to unite the modern world with the teachings of Judaism. He felt that the world was not a contradiction to the word of God, and it was to be embraced rather than shunned. [11]
Schneerson taught that modern technology is not a contradiction to spirituality. For that reason, Chabad has consistently utilized modern technology to spread Judaism and Jewish thought. Since their inception, Chabad has used the radio, and later television, satellite feeds, and the internet to spread their message. [20]
Role of the rebbe
Schneerson emphasised Chabad's view of a rebbe as a "collective soul", connecting his disciples with God. In a letter written several months after the passing of his father-in-law and predecessor, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, Schneerson writes that the role of a Rebbe is to develop the minds and hearts and to stimulating the faith of his followers. [21]
Politics
Schneerson took a very hawkish view of the Israeli-Arab conflict. Arab citizens of Israel refers to Arabs or Arabic -speaking people who are Citizens of Israel who are not Jewish. He maintained that as a matter of Jewish law,[22] any territorial concession on Israel's part would endanger the lives of all the Jews in the Land of Israel and is therefore forbidden. He also insisted that even discussing the possibility of such concessions showed weakness and would encourage Arab attacks, and thus endanger Jewish lives.
In USA domestic politics Schneerson supported government involvement in education, welcomed the establishment of the United States Department of Education in 1980, but insisted that part of school's educational mission was to inculcate in children the religious values inherent in the Seven Laws of Noah. The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States The Seven Laws of Noah ( Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח Sheva mitzvot B'nei Noach) often referred to as the Noahide Laws, are a set of seven moral He called for the introduction of a Moment of silence at the beginning of the school day, and for students to be encouraged to use this time for such improving thoughts or prayers as their parents might suggest. "One minute silence" redirects here For the band see One Minute Silence.
Bringing the Messiah
Schneerson became infused with a drive to "accelerate the coming of the Messiah". With increasing frequency over four decades, he repeated that the Messiah's arrival was imminent. He instructed his followers to become active in kiruv - with the aim of educating non-orthodox Jews about orthodox Jewish practices. Orthodox Jewish outreach commonly referred to as Kiruv or Keruv (קירוב - close in Hebrew) is the collective work or movement of Orthodox This approach to outreach became known as Ufaratzta (from Genesis 28:14), a Hebrew word meaning "you shall spread out" to implore his followers to bring the messianic times closer by spreading Jewish observance.
History of Lubavitch
The Rebbes of Lubavitch
The movement originated in Belarus in Eastern Europe, then part of Imperial Russia under the Tsars. Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (שלום דובער שניאורסאהן 1860-10-24 OS - 1920-03-21 NS was an Orthodox Rabbi and the Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Chabad traces its roots back to the beginnings of Hasidic Judaism. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew
- Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812), was the youngest student of Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch and founded the Chabad dynasty (he is known as the Alter Rebbe). Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O He defined the direction of his movement and influenced Hasidic Judaism through his two most famous works the Tanya and the Shulchan Aruch HaRav. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Note Tanya Rabbati, a 16th century Italian code of Jewish law, is an unrelated work with a similar name Shulchan Aruch HaRav ( Hebrew: "Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi " also Shulkhan Arukh HaRav) is a codification of Halakha Tanya is primarily mystical and expounds upon the Zohar. Note Tanya Rabbati, a 16th century Italian code of Jewish law, is an unrelated work with a similar name For the village in southern Israel see Tzohar The Zohar (זהר lit Splendor or Radiance) is widely considered the most important The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is an authoritative work on Jewish law amongst hasidim. Shulchan Aruch HaRav ( Hebrew: "Code of Jewish Law by the Rabbi " also Shulkhan Arukh HaRav) is a codification of Halakha Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law The names "Schneersohn" and "Schneerson" began as patronymics by Rabbi Shneur Zalman's descendants. A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father The first form of this name was "Shneuri" (Hebrew for "of Shneur"). This was later changed to "Schneersohn".
- Rabbi Dovber Schneuri (1773–1827), son of Rabbi Shneur Zalman. Dovber Schneuri ( 1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic Known as the Mitteler Rebbe. He authored many famous works, which aimed to categorize and render accessible mystical pursuits, particularly the various states of meditation in prayer. His magnum opus Sha'ar HaYichud aims to systematically explain the concept of God's unity with the universe.
- Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866), grandson of Rabbi Shneur Zalman and son-in-law of Dovber, known for his responsa named Tzemach Tzedek. Menachem Mendel Schneersohn ( 1789-09-09 - 1866-03-17 OS) also known as the Tzemach Tzedek was an Orthodox Rabbi Responsa ( Latin: plural of responsum, "answers" comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by Legal scholars in response to questions Menachem Mendel Schneersohn ( 1789-09-09 - 1866-03-17 OS) also known as the Tzemach Tzedek was an Orthodox Rabbi He was a major hasidic posek of his time. Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the He also edited and annotated many of the Alter Rebbe's works, as well as authoring a vast amount of his own mystical works. He was politically active in resisting the Haskalah in Russia, and to this end forged an alliance with Rabbi Yitzchok of Volozhin, a major leader of the misnagdim. Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment Misnagdim or mitnagdim is a Hebrew word ( מתנגדים) meaning "opponents"
- Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882), youngest son of Rabbi Menachem Mendel, known as "The Rebbe Maharash". Shmuel Schneersohn (or Rabbi Shmuel of Lubavitch or The Rebbe Maharash) ( 1834-04-29 &ndash 1882-09-14 OS) was an Orthodox His most famous saying is Lechatchile ariber — don't bother trying to go around or under obstacles, go right over them. (Sefer HaToldos Admur Maharash. Retrieved on 2008-03-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. ) He was politically active in defending Jewish interests against antisemitic elements in the Tsar's government. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. [23]
- Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920), son of Shmuel, known as "the Rebbe Rashab". Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (שלום דובער שניאורסאהן 1860-10-24 OS - 1920-03-21 NS was an Orthodox Rabbi and the He is known for founding the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva network and his opposition to secular and religious political Zionism. Tomchei Temimim is the central Yeshiva ( Talmudical academy of the Chabad -Lubavitch Hasidic movement Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the His long essays on Chasidus (Ma'amorim) are classical Chassidic works, and are studied in all Chabad yeshivas as an introduction to Chasidus.
- Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn (1880–1950), only son of Sholom Dovber, known as the "Rebbe Rayatz" or the "Frierdiker Rebbe" (Previous Rebbe). Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (יוסף יצחק שניאורסאהן 9 June, 1880 OS - 28 January 1950 NS He was the first Lubavitcher Rebbe in the United States. Following the tradition of his predecessors, he wrote lengthy ma'amorim, but also dedicated much time to more basic ma'amorim suitable for beginners. He kept a diary in which he recorded Hasidic stories he had heard; many excerpts of this diary have been published, and these are a major source of knowledge about Hasidic history in general and Chabad history in particular.
- Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson[24] (1902–1994), sixth in paternal line from Menachem Mendel and son-in-law of Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi He was successful in expanding the ranks of Chabad and spreading Orthodox Judaism in general. Even after his death he is revered as the leader of the Chabad movement.
Shneur Zalman of Liadi was the founder of the Chabad school of Hasidism. Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O He became involved in the early Hasidic movement. His background as a youth had been in traditional Talmud study rather than hasidism. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history [14] He was a prominent and youngest disciple of Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch, the principle disciple of the founder of hasidism appointed the Rabbi in the town of Liadi he gradually built up a following as the Rebbe in the town of Liozna. Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch ( דוב בער ממזריטש (1704/1710(? &ndash 1772-12-04 OS) was a disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Over time Chabad branched out into a number of dynastic groups in towns such as Lubavitch, Lyady, and Kapost. Doctrinal differences between these groups were minimal. Since the early 20th century, the other dynasties have ended and Lubavitch alone remains as a cohesive group, and the terms "Habad" and "Lubavitch" are now frequently used interchangeably both within the movement and without. [25]
Shneur Zalman of Liadi
The Alter Rebbe became not only the leader of his own hasidic movement but a prominent figure in Hasidim in general through his writings. Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O He was the first to codify the philosophy of Hasidism in a comprehensive way and the first to put the customs and halacha of hasidism into book form. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law [13] He was the most prominent exponent of Hasidism throughout his life, and his influence on the movement was profound. He directed the movement away from obscurantism and towards more traditional forms of study. Chabad as a school of thought changed Hasidism, and this gave the Chabad movement prestige. [14]
He was twice arrested by the Russian authorities of suspicion of sedition or spying[26] - the exact details remain contended to this day, although the accusations against him were certainly false. [27]
He supported the Tsar against Napoleon in French invasion of Russia (1812)[28] arguing that the emancipation of the Jews would lead to laxity in observance. The French invasion of Russia in 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. [29] His death in 1812, while fleeing from Napoleon left the question of succession open. [30]
Dovber Schneuri
Schneuri moved with the followers who preferred him to the small border town of Lyubavichi. Lyubavichi (Люба́вичи לובאוויטש Lyubavitsh) is a village in Rudnyansky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia He established a Yeshiva in Lubavitch, one of the earliest Hasidic yeshivas. [30]
Like his father he was the subject of an arrest in 1828. DovBer began a campaign (in 1822, or 1823) to urge Jews to learn trades and skilled factory work. He continued in his father's philosophical path, encouraging the study of kabbalah alongside traditional halachic texts. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. He served as the Rebbe for 15 years dying in 1827.
Menachem Mendel Schneersohn
Menachem Mendel Schneersohn the grandson of the Alter Rebbe through a daughter, born in 1789, married a cousin, daughter of Dovber as became a prime candidate for succession on Dovber's death. Menachem Mendel Schneersohn ( 1789-09-09 - 1866-03-17 OS) also known as the Tzemach Tzedek was an Orthodox Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O Other candidates included Menachem-Nachum Schneuri son of Dovber, and Chaim-Avraham Boruchovitch son-in-law of Schneur Zalman. [30] He took over as Rebbe in 1831 after a 3 year succession struggle,[30] becoming known as the Tzemach Tzedek after his magnum opus. He was active in the dispute between the Haskalah (enlightenment Jews) and their opponents. Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment he served as Rebbe for 25 years before dying in 1866.
Shmuel Schneersohn
Shmuel Schneersohn, the seventh son of Menachem Mendel, he took from his father following his death and served as Rebbe of the movement until his own death in 1882. Shmuel Schneersohn (or Rabbi Shmuel of Lubavitch or The Rebbe Maharash) ( 1834-04-29 &ndash 1882-09-14 OS) was an Orthodox As a leader of a prominent Hasidic grouping he became active in fighting Anti-Semitic decrees and pogroms in Russia and beyond. He traveled widely to places such as St. Petersburg, Kiev, France and Germany to this end. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Sholom Dovber Schneersohn
Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, as the younger son of Shmuel Schneersohn, was not expected to succeed his father, his brother Zalman Aharon being the heir presumptive. Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (שלום דובער שניאורסאהן 1860-10-24 OS - 1920-03-21 NS was an Orthodox Rabbi and the [30] Sholom Dovber rose to prominence interceding on behalf of the Jews in a number of issues including the May Laws, and was selected as Rebbe in 1892. The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O In 1897 he established the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva. Tomchei Temimim is the central Yeshiva ( Talmudical academy of the Chabad -Lubavitch Hasidic movement
He was a fierce critic of secular Zionism and a proponent of Jews taking on factory work and farming. He kept the Lubavitch movement out of the World Agudath Israel when it formed in 1912. World Agudath Israel (The World Jewish Union usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism He died in 1920, after 30 years of stewardship of Lubavitch.
Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn
Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, only son of Sholom Dovber took charge of the movement on the death of his father and led it until his death in 1950. Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (יוסף יצחק שניאורסאהן 9 June, 1880 OS - 28 January 1950 NS He fought the Bolsheviks attempting to preserve Jewish life in Russia. In 1927 he was arrested and imprisoned in the Spalerno prison in Leningrad, and sentenced to death for spreading Judaism. After international protests his life was spared and he went on a world tour in the early 1930s. He returned to Warsaw in 1934, disillusioned with the secularism of the United States. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He stayed in Warsaw with his Hasidim through 1940 and the capture of the city by the Nazis. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A desperate struggle to save his life ensued. Ultimately he was granted diplomatic immunity, and arrived in New York in March 1940,[31] reputedly with the help of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Wilhelm Franz Canaris ( January 1, 1887 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Admiral and head of the Abwehr [32] Most of the Chabad Yeshiva system was destroyed by Bolshevik governments and the Nazi invasion in 1941, and many of its students were killed. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
His ten years in New York saw the seeds of Lubavitch emissary work, and its messianic drive that was later taken on by his son-in-law and successor Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi In 1948, on his instruction Kfar Chabad was established in Israel. Kfar Chabad (כפר חב"ד lit Chabad Village) is a Chabad-Lubavitch village in central Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Succession
He had three daughters, one married Mendel Hornstein, and died alongside him in the Holocaust. Another married Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary and a third Chaya Mushka married Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary, also known by his Hebrew initials as The Rashag, (1898-1989 was an Orthodox Rabbi belonging to the Chaya Mushka (Moussia Schneerson ( March 16, 1901 – February 10, 1988) referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin was Schneerson and Gurary became the candidates for succession on Yosef Yitzchak's death. After a one year Schneerson accepted leadership and turned the movement from a fairly prominent Hasidic sect into a large organization with a presence throughout the world.
Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who had been living in Berlin and Paris, France, since 1933, escaped from Paris via Nice in 1941 and joined his father-in-law in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. The City of New York The worldwide headquarters of the Chabad movement is at 770 Eastern Parkway in the neighborhood of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and is referred to as "770" by Chabad adherents. 770 Eastern Parkway, is the street address of the central headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement, located on Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City Borough of Brooklyn.
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
On Menachem Mendel Schneerson's accession to the post of Rebbe, a year after his father-in-law's death he began turning the movement into a powerful force in Jewish life. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi His policies led to the establishment of Chabad institutions in over 900 cities around the world. He inspired many of his followers to dedicate their life's work to Chabad by talking of the impending messianic redemption. Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible [30]
His regular talk of the coming of the messiah, and what some say are hints that he was to be the long promised saviour of the Jews led to the emergence of the idea that he was going to reveal himself as the messiah. This belief - first openly professed by Shalom Dov Wolpo[33] in a 1984 book became commonplace within the movement in the years leading up to his death. Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo, also Sholom Ber Wolpe, (born 1948 is a prominent religious author and political activist in Israel and a Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi [34]
Schneerson's lack of offspring or a clear primary student exacerbated the messianism and his death in 1994 has led to a fundamental split in the Chabad movement between the messianists who believe that Schneerson is the messiah and the anti-messianists who either don't believe this, or believe that this should be a private belief. [30]
The fragmentation in the movement from the top down into rival camps has not seriously impeded Chabad's activities around the world - indeed, it continues to open new institutions on a regular basis. [30] However, the lack of the Rebbe's central authority has led to controversy within the movement as the competing faction vie for power and control. As of 2007 there are 3,300 Chabad institutions around the world. [35][36][37] As of 2006 there were Chabad centers in 70 countries. [38]
Current activities
Adherents
Chabad is currently thought to be the third [39]or fourth largest[40] Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism in terms of numbers of adherents, with only the Satmar, Ger, and Belz dynasties having more followers. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum Ger, or Gur (or Gerrer when used as an adjective is a Hasidic dynasty originating from Ger the Yiddish name of Góra Kalwaria Belz is a Hasidic dynasty named for the town of Belz, a small town in Western Ukraine. There are over 200,000 adherents to the movement,[41][42][43][44] and up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year. [45][46][47]
Emissaries
-
Group photo of Chabad-Lubavitch Shluchim (emissaries)
Following the initiative of the sixth Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson spurred on the movement to what has become known as shlichus ("serving as an emissary [performing outreach]") after becoming Rebbe in 1950-1951. Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (יוסף יצחק שניאורסאהן 9 June, 1880 OS - 28 January 1950 NS As a result, Chabad shluchim ("emissaries", sing. shliach) have moved all over the world with the stated mission of persuading non-observant Jews to adopt Orthodox Jewish observance. They assist Jews with all their religious needs, as well as with physical assistance and spiritual guidance and teaching. The stated goal is to encourage Jews to learn more about their Jewish heritage and to practice Judaism. [48]
The movement, motivated by Schneerson, has trained and ordained thousands of rabbis, educators, ritual slaughterers, and ritual circumcisers, who are then accompanied by their spouses to many locations around the world. Semicha (סמיכה "leaning the hands" also semichut (סמיכות "ordination" or semicha lerabbanut (סמיכה לרבנות "rabbinical Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master A mohel ( Hebrew:מוהל plural mohelim) is a Jewish man who performs the Jewish ritual of Brit milah. Typically a young Lubavitch rabbi and his wife, in their early twenties, with one or two children, will move to a new location, and as they settle in will raise a large family who as a family unit, will aim to fulfill their mandate of bringing Jewish people closer to Orthodox Judaism and encouraging gentiles to adhere to the Seven Laws of Noah. The Seven Laws of Noah ( Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח Sheva mitzvot B'nei Noach) often referred to as the Noahide Laws, are a set of seven moral [49]
Chabad Houses
A Chabad House or Center is a form of Jewish community center under their own religious auspices, often serving as the nerve center of all the educational and outreach activities of a shliach (emissary) rabbi and his colleagues or allies in any given community. A Jewish Community Center ( JCC) is a general recreational social and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of Often until the community can support the building of its own building for a Chabad house, the "Chabad House" is located in the shliach's home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of The term "Chabad House" originated in California with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of UCLA by Rabbi Shlomo Cunin. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United Rabbi Shlomo Cunin is the director of Chabad-Lubavitch CA activities on the West Coast of the United States [50]
The centers are informal in setup. They primarily serve both educational and observance purposes. [51] Effort is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there. [52]
Numbers
As of 2007 there are 3,300 Chabad institutions around the world. [35][53][54] As of 2006 there were Chabad centers in 70 countries. [38]
Outreach activities
Mitzvah campaigns
The Rebbes of Chabad have issued the call to all Jews to attract non-observant Jews to adopt Orthodox Jewish observance, teaching that this activity is part of the process of bringing the Messiah. Mitzvah Campaigns, or Mitvtzo'im ( Heb מבצעים) is a term coined by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson issued a call to every Jew: "Even if you are not fully committed to a Torah life, do something. Begin with a mitzvah - any mitzvah - its value will not be diminished by the fact that there are others that you are not prepared to do". This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה [55]
Schneerson also suggested ten specific mitzvot that he believed were ideally suited for the emissaries to introduce to non-observant Jews. These were called "mivtzoim" - meaning "campaigns" or "endeavors. " These were: lighting candles before Shabbat and the Jewish holidays by Jewish women; putting on tefillin; affixing a mezuzah; regular Torah study; giving Tzedakah; purchasing Jewish books; keeping kosher; kindness to others; Jewish education, and keeping the family purity laws. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. Tefillin, ( תפילין) also called phylacteries, are a pair of black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with biblical verses A mezuzah (מזוזה "doorpost" (plural mezuzot (מזוזות is a piece of Parchment (usually contained in a decorative case Torah study is the study by Jewish people of the Torah, Hebrew Bible, Talmud, Responsa, Rabbinic literature and similar Tzedakah ( צדקה) is a Hebrew word commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning Justice Sefer in simple Hebrew is a word that means any kind of " Book " (plural s'farim. Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. Niddah (or nidah, nidda, nida; Hebrew:נִדָּה is a Hebrew term which literally means separation, generally considered to refer
In addition, Schneerson emphasized spreading awareness of preparing for and the coming of the Jewish messiah, in line with his philosophy. Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible He wrote on the responsibility to reach out to teach every fellow Jew with love, and implored that all Jews believe in the imminent coming of the Messiah as explained by Maimonides. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and He argued that redemption was predicated on Jews doing good deeds, and that gentiles shoud be educated about the Noahide Laws. The Seven Laws of Noah ( Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח Sheva mitzvot B'nei Noach) often referred to as the Noahide Laws, are a set of seven moral Chabad has been a prime force in disseminating awareness of these laws.
He was emphatic about the need to encourage and provide strong education for every child, Jew and non-Jew alike.
Camps
Chabad has set up an extensive network of camps around the world, most using the name Gan Israel, a name chosen by Schneerson for the first overnight camp. Gan Israel Camping Network is an umbrella term for a group of Jewish religious Summer camps affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement of Orthodox Gan Israel Camping Network is an umbrella term for a group of Jewish religious Summer camps affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement of Orthodox There are 1,200 sites serving 210,000 children—most of whom do not come from Orthodox homes. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Of these, 500 camps are in the United States. [56][57]
Campus
In recent years Chabad has greatly expanded its reach on university and college campuses. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. Chabad Student Centers are active on over 100 campuses, and Chabad offers varied activities at an additional 150 universities worldwide. [58] Professor Alan Dershowitz has said that "Chabad’s presence on college campuses today is absolutely crucial", and "We cannot rest until Chabad is on every major college campus in the world". Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American Lawyer, Jurist, and political commentator. [59]
Publishing
Distribution of Jewish religious literature. Kehot Publication Society and Merkos Publications the publishing divisions of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement were established in 1942 by the sixth Lubavitcher Kehot Publication Society (the Chabad publishing house) has promoted this by translating books into 12 languages, providing books at discounted prices, and hosting book-a-thons. Kehot Publication Society and Merkos Publications the publishing divisions of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement were established in 1942 by the sixth Lubavitcher Sefer in simple Hebrew is a word that means any kind of " Book " (plural s'farim.
Fundraising
Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For the day to day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves. The monies fundraised in the local community is invested in that local community. The emissary takes a minimum salary and seldom goes on vacation. Sue Fishcoff writes: "Emissaries in the field may sink millions of dollars into their center, synagogues and Mikvahs, but their own homes are modest, again patterned after their Rebbe's lack of personal ostentation. "[60]
Influence
Chabad pioneered the post-World War II outreach movement which spread Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of baalei teshuva ("returnees" to Judaism). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including See also Repentance in Judaism Baal teshuva ( Hebrew: he בעל תשובה; for a woman he בעלת תשובה baalat/baalas teshuva; See also Repentance in Judaism Baal teshuva ( Hebrew: he בעל תשובה; for a woman he בעלת תשובה baalat/baalas teshuva; The very first Yeshiva/Rabbinical College for such "baalei teshuva", Hadar Hatorah was established by the Lubavitcher Rebbe. Yeshiva Hadar Hatorah is one of the world's first Baal teshuva Yeshivas for men rediscovering their Jewish roots Chabad was also one of the first Jewish outreach organizations to use the World Wide Web as an outreach tool. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. [61]
Chabad followers have had a notable influence on Jewish entertainment. Composer and rabbi Shlomo Carlebach began his outreach work as a representative of Chabad (he later moved away from the movement), Avraham Fried is also an adherent. For the article on the Mashgiach ruchani of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin located in Brooklyn, New York City, see Shlomo Carlebach (rabbi Avraham Shabsi Friedman (born March 22, 1959, 12 Adar II 5719 in the Jewish calendar is a popular musical entertainer in the Orthodox Jewish
According to Steven I. Weiss, Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' practice with regard to Jewish outreach issues. [62]
Customs
Chabad has specific minhagim ("customs") that distinguish it from other Hasidic groups. Minhag ( Hebrew: מנהג "custom" pl minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. For example, they do not wear the fur hats common among other hasidim. Until the 1950s, most wore the Russian kasket; now most wear a black fedora. A kasket is a Russian cap somewhat similar to a Combination cap, but made of felt A fedora is a soft Felt Hat that is creased lengthwise down the crown and Pinched in the front on both sides Almost all American Chabad Hasidim pronounce Hebrew according to the Lithuanian dialect. Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Yeshivish as Litvish (adjective or Litvaks (noun are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in the However, many native Israeli Chabad Hasidim pronounce Hebrew according to the Modern Israeli Hebrew dialect. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Like many other Hasidic groups, Chabad attaches importance to singing Hasidic nigunim ("tunes"), usually without words, and following precise customs of their leaders. This article is about a type of Jewish religious music Nigun For the main article on religious Jewish music see Religious Jewish music. [63][64]
Controversies
Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi was twice arrested by the Russians on trumped up charges, and later opposed Napoleon's emancipation of the Jews. This article examines controversial issues involving the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O The conduct of the sixth leader, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn during the Second World War was criticised by scholars and contemporaries. Yosef Yitzchok (Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (יוסף יצחק שניאורסאהן 9 June, 1880 OS - 28 January 1950 NS World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Some interpretations of its seventh leader, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson's theology has been controversial; became active in Israeli politics and was criticised heavily by Rabbi Elazar Shach for his messianic focus. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi Elazar Menachem Man Shach (אלעזר מנחם מן שך (or Rav Leizer Shach, at times his name is written as Eliezer Schach in English publications ( January Chabad messianism, the belief that Schneerson is the messiah and will return or that he never even died has led to some friction within the Chabad community. See also Chabad Chabad messianism, or Lubavitch messianism, is a term used to describe a spectrum of beliefs within the Chabad Hasidic Since his death in 1994 the movement has fragmented into competing factions. Financial battles have been ongoing between these factions since 1995, and the contested control over the headquarters in Brooklyn has led to strife. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City.
Naming
In the seminal Hasidic work, Tanya, Shneur Zalman of Liadi defines "Chabad Hasidism" as "מוח שליט על הלב" ("mind ruling over the heart/emotions"). Note Tanya Rabbati, a 16th century Italian code of Jewish law, is an unrelated work with a similar name [65] Chabad Chasidism considers this emphasis to make it fundamentally different from other forms of Hasidism, which are referred to as "Chagas";[66] this acronym refers to the emotional attributes of Chesed ("kindness"), Gevurah ("power"), and Tifereth ("beauty"), and implies that relatively speaking other Chasidic groups place a lesser emphasis on intellectual comprehension of Chasidic philosophy than that found in Chabad teaching.
Chabad
Chabad is sometimes written as Habad in English and in all the phonetic equivalents of the name in all the countries they operate in. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Thus, as an example, Jabad is the Spanish form, particularly important to the Jews of Latin America, most notably Argentina, which has the largest concentration of Spanish-speaking Jews anywhere in the world and therefore has a large Lubavitch presence as well. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.
Lubavitch
Lubavitch is a small town now in Smolensk Oblast, Russia, (then Imperial Russia). The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The name of the town means "city of love,"[67] and Menachem Mendel Schneerson taught that this name symbolises the warm, loving approach of the movement. [68] The movement was founded in Liozna, and then moved to Liadi, but it moved to Lubavitch after the Napoleonic War, and was based there for 102 years. For the Hasidic group Liozna-Chabad see Shaul Shimon Deutsch. In Hasidic Judaism, a dynasty normally takes its name from the town in Eastern Europe where it was based. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.
Notes
- ^ Also Chabad, Habad or Lubavitch
- ^ About Chabad-Lubavitch on Chabad.org
- ^ The perfect matzo a matter of timing, Associated Press April. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio 12, 2006
- ^ Wertheimer, Jack. A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America. New York: Basic Books (A Division of Harper Collins) (1993); pg. xiv-xv
- ^ Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions. New York: Doubleday (1996), Chapter: Judaism; pg. 250.
- ^ Andryszewski, Tricia. Communities of the Faithful: American Religious Movements Outside the Mainstream. Bookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press (1997); pg. 95.
- ^ Editor's Notes: The Rebbe's army marches forward, David Horovitz, The Jerusalem Post, Nov. Other people have the similar name David Horowitz David Horovitz ( Hebrew: דוד הוֹרוֹביץ (b The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 18, 2004
- ^ Slater, Elinor and Robert, Great Jewish Men, Jonathan David Publishers 1996 (ISBN 08246 03818). Page 279.
- ^ Chabad Lubavitch centre set for River Heights area
- ^ a b Stroll, Avrum, ‘Encyclopedia Judaica’’, Second Edition, Volume 18 pages 503-505 (ISBN 00286-59287).
- ^ a b Weiner, Hebert, 9 1/2 Mystics (ISBN 00206-81607).
- ^ Tanya', Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Chapter 13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Encyclopedia of Hasidism, entry: Habad, Jonathan Sacks, pp. 161-164
- ^ a b c d e f g Hasidism: The movement and its masters, Harry M. Rabinowicz, 1988, pp. 83-92, Jason Aronson, London ISBN 0876689985
- ^ Tanya, ch. 12
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Hasidism, entry: Tanya, Jonathan Sacks, pp. 475-477 (15682-11236)
- ^ The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present, M. Avrum Ehrlich, Chapter 2
- ^ Sefer Hasichos 5700 p. 33
- ^ The Mystical Dimension vol. 3 by Jacob Emanuel Schochet. Kehot Publication Society 1995 p. Kehot Publication Society and Merkos Publications the publishing divisions of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement were established in 1942 by the sixth Lubavitcher 198. (ISBN 0826605303)
- ^ Zaleski, Jeffrey P. (June 1997). The Soul of Cyberspace: How New Technology Is Changing Our Spiritual Lives. Harpercollins. ISBN 0062514512. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ The Head
- ^ Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim, 328
- ^ Anti-Semitism and the Russian Government; excerpt from Challenge
- ^ He dropped the second 'H' from his name.
- ^ The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present, M. Avrum Ehrlich, Introduction, KTAV Publishing, ISBN 0881258369
- ^ On learning Chassidus, Brooklyn, 1959, p. 24
- ^ Kerem Habad, Kefar Habad, 1992, pp. 17-21, 29-31 (Documents from the Prosecutor Generals archive in St. Petersburg
- ^ Should Napoleon be victorious. . . ": Politics and Spirituality in Early Modern Jewish Messianism, Hillel Levine, Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought 16-17, 2001
- ^ Napoleon u-Tekufato, Mevorach, pp. 182-183
- ^ a b c d e f g h Leadership in the Chabad movement, Avrum Erlich, Jason Aronson, 2000 ISBN 076576055X
- ^ Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: "Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939-40", page 270. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002 ISBN 0826606830
- ^ Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: "Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939-40", page 160. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002 ISBN 0826606830
- ^ The Revelation of Melech HaMashiach (King Messiah), "Yechi HaMelech", Sholom Ber Wolpo, "The Committee for Fulfilling the Rebbe's Directives"
- ^ "The Lubavitch Messianic Resurgence: The Historical and Mystical Background 1939-1996", Rachel Elior in Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco ed. Peter Schäfer and Mark Cohen, 383-408. (Leiden: Brill, 1998)
- ^ a b Gelbwasser, Michael, Sun Chronicle, March 31, 2007
- ^ Religion today, By EMILY FREDRIX, Dec 6 2007 Associated Press
- ^ About Chabad-Lubavitch on the official Chabad website, Chabad.org. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Chabadorg is the flagship Website of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement
- ^ a b Drake, Carolyn, National Geographic Magazine, February 2006
- ^ Gall, Timothy L. The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 - Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998 pg. 776.
- ^ The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present, M. Avrum Ehrlich,ch. 15, note 5. KTAV Publishing, ISBN 0881258369
- ^ The perfect matzo a matter of timing, Associated Press April. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio 12, 2006
- ^ Wertheimer, Jack. A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America. New York: Basic Books (A Division of Harper Collins) (1993); pg. xiv-xv
- ^ Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions. New York: Doubleday (1996), Chapter: Judaism; pg. 250.
- ^ Andryszewski, Tricia. Communities of the Faithful: American Religious Movements Outside the Mainstream. Bookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press (1997); pg. 95.
- ^ Editor's Notes: The Rebbe's army marches forward, David Horovitz, The Jerusalem Post, Nov. Other people have the similar name David Horowitz David Horovitz ( Hebrew: דוד הוֹרוֹביץ (b The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 18, 2004
- ^ Slater, Elinor and Robert, Great Jewish Men, Jonathan David Publishers 1996 (ISBN 08246 03818). Page 279.
- ^ Chabad Lubavitch centre set for River Heights area
- ^ Fishkoff, Sue, "The Rebbe’s Army", Schoken books 2003 (ISBN 08052 11381)
- ^ Fishkoff, Sue, "The Rebbe’s Army", Schoken books 2003 (ISBN 08052 11381)
- ^ Challenge
- ^ The New York Times, December 16, 2005.
- ^ Passover Seders, Around the World, ‘‘The Associated Press’’, March 19, 2007
- ^ Religion today, By EMILY FREDRIX, Dec 6 2007 Associated Press
- ^ About Chabad-Lubavitch on the official Chabad website, Chabad.org. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Chabadorg is the flagship Website of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement
- ^ The Rebbe's 10-Point Mitzvah Campaign
- ^ Chabad camps electrify many Jews, not just Lubavitch Friday September 1, 2000 Julie Wiener Jewish Telegraphic Agency
- ^ Camp Gan Israel Directory
- ^ Directory of Chabad on Campus
- ^ Oxford Chabad website quoting Dershowitz
- ^ Fishkoff, Sue, "The Rebbe’s Army", Schoken books 2003 (ISBN 08052 11381) pages 160-161.
- ^ Zaleski, Jeffrey P. (June 1997). The Soul of Cyberspace: How New Technology Is Changing Our Spiritual Lives. Harpercollins. ISBN 0062514512. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Weiss, Steven I. "Orthodox Rethinking Campus Outreach", The Jewish Daily Forward, January 20, 2006. Accessed April 7, 2007
- ^ Pinson, D: "Kabbalistic Music - The Niggun"
- ^ Freeman, T: "Nigun"
- ^ Tanya, ch. 12.
- ^ Reference of the Rebbe Rayatz to Chassidei "Chagas". Reference of the Rebbe
- ^ Sefer Hazichronot, chapter 1
- ^ Sichos in English 11th Day of Nissan, 5744
Further reading
- Feldman, Jan L. Lubavitchers As Citizens: A Paradox of Liberal Democracy, Cornell University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-8014-4073-4)
- A Faith Grows in Brooklyn, photographs and text by Carolyn Drake. National Geographic February, 2006. For the online version click here..
- Fishkoff, Sue. The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, Schocken, 2003 (ISBN 0-8052-4189-2)
- Hoffman, Edward. Despite All Odds: The Story of Lubavitch. Simon & Schuster, 1991 (ISBN 0-671-67703-9)
- Jacobson, Simon. Toward A Meaningful Life: The Wisdom of the Rebbe, William Morrow, 2002 (ISBN 0-06-051190-7)
- Ehrlich, Avrum M. Leadership in the Habad Movement: a Critical Evaluation of Habad Leadership, History, and Succession, Jason Aronson, 2000. (ISBN 076576055X)
- Lessons in Tanya chabad. org (ISBN 0826605400)
- Challenge: an encounter with Lubavitch-Chabad, Lubavitch Foundation of Great Britain, 1973 ISBN 0-8266-0491-9
- Mindel, Nissan. The philosophy of Chabad. Chabad Research Center, 1973 (ISBN 082660417X)
- Schneerson, Menachem Mendel. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi On the Essence of Chasidus: A Chasidic Discourse by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad-Lubavitch. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2003 (ISBN 0-8266-0466-8)
- Weiss, Steven I. "Orthodox Rethinking Campus Outreach", The Forward Jan. 20, 2006.
See also
External links
- Chabad Lubavitch official website
- Chabad Lubavitch on the web
- Chabad on Campus
- The philosophy behind Chabad's outreach.
- Lubavitch Archives - Chabad history on the web
- The Chabad Library
- Chabad Website about Moshiach
- Virtual library of Chabad books in Hebrew
- Ruling by approximately 200 Rabbis that the Lubavitcher Rebbe is the Messiah.
News sites
- Lubavitch News Service
- Chabad News and Events Chabad.org
- CrownHeights.info - Chabad News - Crown Heights News
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