Photograph of Cetshwayo, c. 1875

Cetshwayo kaMpande (circa 1826 – February 8, 1884) was the king of the Zulu nation from 1872 to 1879 and their leader during the Zulu War. For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire. His name has also been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice

Cetshwayo was born a son of Zulu king Mpande, who was a half-brother of Zulu king Shaka. Mpande (1798 - 1872 was king of the Zulu nation from 1840 to 1872 making him the longest reigning Zulu king Shaka (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; ca 1787 – ca In 1856 he defeated and killed in battle his younger brother Mbuyazi, Mpande's favourite, and became the effective ruler of the Zulu people. However, he did not really ascend to the throne because his father was still alive.

His other brother Umtonga was still a potential rival and he knew it. In 1861 Umtonga fled to the Boers' side of the border and Cetshwayo had to make deals with the Boers to get him back. Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans In 1865 Umtonga did the same thing and apparently made Cetshwayo think that Umtonga could try to replace him the way his father had replaced his predecessor Dingane. Dingane kaSenzangakhona Zulu (ca 1795-1840—commonly referred to as Dingane or Dingaan —was a Zulu chief who became king in 1828 setting

Tiny souvenir badge given to visitors by King Cetshwayo during his exile

Mpande died in 1873 and Cetshwayo became king on 1 September. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. As was customary he created a new capital for the nation and called it Ulundi (the high place). Ulundi He expanded his army and readopted many methods of Shaka. He also equipped his impis with muskets. An Impi is an isiZulu word for any armed body of men However in English it is often used to refer to a Zulu Regiment, which is called an ibutho in A musket is a muzzle -loaded Smoothbore Long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder He banished European missionaries from his land. He might have incited other native African peoples to rebel against Boers in Transvaal. For the Russian theme park see Transvaal Park. The Transvaal (Afrikaans lit

In 1878 Sir Henry Bartle Frere, British Commissioner for South Africa, began to demand reparations for border infractions. Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere 1st Baronet, GCB, GCSI, ( March 29, 1815 – May 29, 1884) was a British colonial administrator The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa They mainly angered Cetshwayo who kept his calm until Frere demanded that he should effectively disband his army. His refusal led to the Zulu War in 1879. After initial defeats, such as the Battle of Isandlwana, the British eventually began to gain victories. The Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 was the opening major encounter in the Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom After Cetshwayo's capital Ulundi was captured and torched on July 4 he was deposed and exiled to London, returning only in 1883. Ulundi London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

From 1881, his cause had been taken up by Lady Florence Dixie, correspondent of the London Morning Post, who wrote articles and books in his support

By 1882 differences between two Zulu factions – pro-Cetshwayo uSuthus and three rival chiefs UZibhebhu – had erupted into a blood feuds and civil war. Lady Florence Caroline Dixie ( 24 May 1855 &ndash 7 November 1905) was a British traveller War correspondent, London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Morning Post, as the paper was named on its Masthead, was a conservative daily Newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937 when it was UZibhebhu kaMaphitha (1841 - 1904 was a Zulu chief 1883-1884 son of Cetshwayo. A feud (ˈfjuːd (referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud or vendetta) is a long-running argument or fight between parties&mdashoften through Guilt A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state In 1883, the British tried to restore Cetshwayo to rule at least part of his previous territory but the attempt failed. Chief UZibhebhu started a war contesting the succession – with the aid of Boer cavalry mercenaries – and on July 22, 1883 he attacked Cetshwayo's new kraal in Ulundi. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kraal (also spelled craal or kraul) is an Afrikaans and South African English word for an enclosure for Cattle or other livestock Cetshwayo was wounded but escaped to Nkandla forest. After pleas from the Resident Commissioner, Sir Melmoth Osborne, the king moved to Eshowe, where he died a few months later, presumably from a heart attack, though possibly poisoned. Eshowe ^[1] His body was buried within sight of the forest, to the south near Nkunzane River. The remains of the wagon which carried his corpse to the site was placed on the grave, and its remains may be seen at Ondini Museum, near Ulundi. Ulundi

He died in February 1884 as the last king of an independent Zulu nation. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Cetshwayo's son Dinizulu, as heir to the throne, was proclaimed king on 20 May 1884, supported by (other) Boer mercenaries. Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (1868-1913 was the king of the Zulu nation from 20 May 1884 until his death in 1913 Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans

References