Cesare Borgia (September 13, 1475 – March 12, 1507), Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-General of Holy Church, was a Spanish-Italian condottiero, lord and cardinal. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Duke of Valentinois ( French: Duc de Valentinois; Italian: Duca Valentino) formerly Count of Valentinois, is a title of Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Venafro ( Latin: Venafrum; Greek:) is a commune in the Province of Isernia, region of Molise, Italy. Piombino is a town and commune in the Province of Livorno ( Tuscany) Italy, on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea Camerino is small town of 7000 inhabitants in the Marches ( Marche region in the Province of Macerata, Italy. Urbino is a walled city in the Marche region in Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical The Gonfaloniere was a highly prestigious communal post in Medieval and Renaissance Italy, notably in Florence. Condottieri (singular condottiero, rarely condottiero) were Mercenary leaders employed by the Italian City-states from the Late Middle He was the son of Pope Alexander VI and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei, sibling to Lucrezia Borgia, Gioffre Borgia Prince of Squillace and Giovanni Borgia, duke of Gandia, and half-brother to Don Pedro Luis de Borja and Girolama de Borja, children of unknown mothers. Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( Vannozza dei Cattanei ( Giovanna de Candia contessa dei Cattanei) (1442 &ndash November 24 1518) was one of the many mistresses of the Pope Alexander This article is about the historical person For the biographical opera see Lucrezia Borgia (opera. Gioffre Borgia in Italian or Jofré Borja in Catalan (1482 &ndash 1522 Prince of Squillace, was the youngest son of Pope Alexander VI, and Vannozza Giovanni Borgia may refer to Giovanni Borgia (1474, born in 1474 Duke of Gandia son Pope Alexander VI Giovanni Borgia (1498, born Gandia (the official name as in Valencian) with population over 77000 is a city and Municipality in the Valencian Community, Eastern Spain
Contents |
Biography
Birth
Like nearly all aspects of Cesare Borgia's life, the date of his birth is a subject of dispute. However, it is accepted that he was born in Rome in 1475 or 1476 to Cardinal Rodrigo de Lanzol y Borja, soon to become Pope Alexander VI, and his mistress Vannozza de' Cattanei, of whom documents are sparse. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( Vannozza dei Cattanei ( Giovanna de Candia contessa dei Cattanei) (1442 &ndash November 24 1518) was one of the many mistresses of the Pope Alexander The Borgia family originally came from Spain and rose in the mid 15th century, when Cesare's great uncle Alonso Borgia (1378-1458), bishop of Valencia, was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455. Pope Calixtus III ( December 31, 1378 &ndash August 6, 1458) né Alfonso de Borja, was Pope from April [1] Cesare's father, Pope Alexander VI, was the first pope who openly recognized the children he had with his lover (Vanozza de' Cattanei). Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja (
Stefano Infessura writes that Cardinal Borgia falsely claimed Cesare to be the legitimate son of another man, the nominal husband of Vannozza de' Cattanei. Stefano Infessura (c 1435 &ndash c 1500 was an Italian humanist historian and lawyer More likely Pope Sixtus IV granted Cesare a release from the necessity of proving his birth in a papal bull. Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope.
Early life
With brown eyes and orange hair, Cesare was acknowledged a beautiful child and grew to be a fleet-footed, tall, handsome man of unlimited ambition, much like his father. Cesare was initially groomed for a career in the church. He was made Bishop of Pamplona at the age of 15. Following school in Perugia and Pisa where Cesare studied law, and his father's elevation to Pope, Cesare was made Cardinal at the age of 18. Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. [1] Alexander VI staked the hopes for the Borgia family on Cesare's brother Giovanni, who was made captain general of the military forces of the papacy. Giovanni was assassinated in 1497 in mysterious circumstances: several contemporaries suggested Cesare being his killer[2], as Giovanni's disappearing could finally open him the long-awaited military career; also jealousy over Sancha of Aragon, wife of Cesare's other brother Jofré, and mistress of both Cesare and Giovanni[3]. The Borgia Bride is a novel by Jeanne Kalogridis, portraying life in the Borgia dynasty through the eyes of Princess Sancha of Aragon Gioffre Borgia in Italian or Jofré Borja in Catalan (1482 &ndash 1522 Prince of Squillace, was the youngest son of Pope Alexander VI, and Vannozza Cesare's role in the act, however, has never been clear.
On August 17, 1498, Cesare became the first person in history to resign the cardinalate. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli On the same day the French King Louis XII named Cesare Duke of Valentinois, and this title along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia explains the nickname "Valentino". Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Duke of Valentinois ( French: Duc de Valentinois; Italian: Duca Valentino) formerly Count of Valentinois, is a title of
Military career
Cesare's career was founded upon his father's ability to distribute patronage, and through his alliance with France (reinforced by his marriage with Charlotte d'Albret, sister of John III of Navarre) in the course of the Italian Wars. John III of Navarre, also known as Jean d'Albret (1469 &ndash 14 June, 1516) was Jure uxoris King of Navarre. Louis XII invaded Italy in 1499: after Gian Giacomo Trivulzio had ousted its duke Ludovico Sforza, Cesare accompanied the king in his entrance in Milan. Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 &ndash December 5 1518) was an Italian aristocrat of the Duchy of Milan who held several military Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.
At this point Alexander decided to profit from the favourable situation and carve out for Cesare a state of his own in northern Italy. To this end, he declared deposed all his vicars in Romagna and Marche. Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. The Marche (plural originally from le marche de Ancona, referring to the March of Ancona) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Though in theory subject directly to the pope, these rulers had been practically independent or dependent on other states for generations.
Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4,000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France. His first victim was Caterina Sforza (mother of the Medici condottiero Giovanni dalle Bande Nere), ruler of Imola and Forlì. Caterina Sforza (1463 &ndash May 10, 1509) countess of Forlì, was an illegitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza and Lucrecia Landriani Giovanni de' Medici, also known as Giovanni dalle Bande Nere ( April 5, 1498 - November 30, 1526) was an Italian Condottiero Imola ( Iômla in the local dialect is a town Comune in the Province of Bologna, located on the Santerno river in the Emilia-Romagna Forlì ( Latin: Forum Livii) is a Comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forlì Deprived of his French troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned anyway to Rome to celebrate a triumph and to receive the title of Papal Gonfaloniere from his father. The Gonfaloniere was a highly prestigious communal post in Medieval and Renaissance Italy, notably in Florence. In 1500 the creation of twelve new cardinals granted Alexander enough money for Cesare to hire the condottieri Vitellozzo Vitelli, Gian Paolo Baglioni, Giulio and Paolo Orsini, and Oliverotto da Fermo, who resumed his campaign in Romagna. Vitellozzo Vitelli (c 1458 &ndash December 31, 1502) was an Italian Condottiero. Gian Paolo Baglioni (c 1470 - June 1520 was an Italian condottiero and lord of Perugia. Giulio Orsini (died 1517 was an Italian Condottiero. He was a member of the Orsini family.
Giovanni Sforza, first husband of Cesare's sister Lucrezia, was soon ousted from Pesaro; Pandolfo Malatesta lost Rimini; Faenza surrendered, its young lord Astorre III Manfredi being later drowned in the Tiber river by Cesare's order. Giovanni Sforza d'Aragona ( 1466 - July 27, 1510) was an Italian Condottiero, lord of Pesaro and Gradara from 1483 until Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. Pandolfo IV Malatesta, nicknamed Pandolfaccio (Bad Pandulph (July 1475 &ndash June 1534 was an Italian Condottiero and lord of Rimini and other cities Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. Faenza is an Italian town and Comune, in the Province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated 50 km southeast of Bologna. Astorre III Manfredi ( June 20 1485 - June 9 1502) was lord Faenza from 1488 to 1501 In May 1501 the latter was created duke of Romagna. Hired by Florence, Cesare subsequently added the lordship of Piombino to his new lands. Piombino is a town and commune in the Province of Livorno ( Tuscany) Italy, on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea
While his condottieri took over the siege of Piombino (which ended in 1502), Cesare commanded the French troops in the sieges of Naples and Capua, defended by Prospero and Fabrizio Colonna. Capua is a city in the Province of Caserta, Campania, Italy situated 25 km (16 mi north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of Prospero Colonna (1452-1523 sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was an Italian Condottiero in the service of the Papal States and the Holy Fabrizio Colonna (c 1450 &ndash March 18, 1520) was an Italian Condottiero, a member of the powerful Colonna family. On June 24, 1501 his troops stormed the latter, causing the collapse of Aragonese power in southern Italy. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place
In June 1502 he set out for the Marche, where he was able to capture Urbino and Camerino by treason. Urbino is a walled city in the Marche region in Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical Camerino is small town of 7000 inhabitants in the Marches ( Marche region in the Province of Macerata, Italy. The next step would be Bologna, but his condottieri, fearing Cesare's cruelty, set up a plot against him. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Guidobaldo da Montefeltro and Giovanni Maria da Varano returned in Urbino and Camerino and Fossombrone revolted. Guidobaldo (Guido Ubaldo da Montefeltro also known as Guidobaldo I ( January 17 1472 &ndash April 10, 1508) was an Italian Fossombrone is a town and Comune in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino ( Marche, Italy) Cesare called for a reconciliation, but treacherously imprisoned his condottieri in Senigallia, a feat described as a "Wonderful deceiving" by Paolo Giovio[4], and had them executed. Senigallia or Sinigaglia is a Comune and port town on Italy 's Adriatic coast 25 km by rail north of Ancona in the Marche region Paolo Giovio ( April 19 1483 – December 11, 1552) was an Italian physician historian and biographer and prelate
Last years
Though an immensely capable general and statesman, Cesare could do nothing without continued papal patronage. The news of his father's death (1503) arrived when Cesare, though gravely ill, was planning the conquest of Tuscany. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 While he was convalescent in Castel Sant'Angelo, his troops controlled the conclave. For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering The new pope, Pius III, supported him, but his reign was short: the accession of the Borgias' deadly enemy Julius II caused his sudden ruin. Pope Pius III ( May 29, 1439 &ndash October 18, 1503) born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513
While moving to Romagna to quench a revolt, he was seized and imprisoned by Gian Paolo Baglioni near Perugia. Gian Paolo Baglioni (c 1470 - June 1520 was an Italian condottiero and lord of Perugia. All his lands were acquired by the Papal States. Exiled to Spain, in 1504, he was imprisoned in the Castle of La Mota, Medina del Campo, from where he escaped and joined his brother-in-law, King John III of Navarre. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Geography Medina is situated in the southwest of the province of Valladolid, 45km from the capital of the same name John III of Navarre, also known as Jean d'Albret (1469 &ndash 14 June, 1516) was Jure uxoris King of Navarre. In his service, Cesare died at the siege of Viana in 1507, at the age of thirty-one. Viana is a town and Municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
Evaluation
Cesare Borgia was greatly admired by Niccolò Machiavelli, who met the Duke on a diplomatic mission in his function as Secretary of the Florentine Chancellery. Machiavelli was at Borgia's court from October 7, 1502 through January 18, 1503. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor During this time he wrote regular dispatches to his superiors in Florence, many of which have survived and are published in Machiavelli's Collected Works. Machiavelli used many of Borgia's exploits and tactics as examples in The Prince and advised politicians to imitate Borgia. Il Principe ( The Prince) is a political Treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist Two episodes were particularly impressive to Machiavelli: the method by which Borgia pacified the Romagna, which Machiavelli describes in chapter VII of The Prince, and Borgia's assassination of his captains on New Year's Eve of 1503 in Senigallia. Il Principe ( The Prince) is a political Treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist [5]
Machiavelli's praise for Borgia is subject to controversy. Some scholars see in Machiavelli's Borgia the precursor of state crimes in the 20th Century. [6] Others, including Macaulay and Lord Acton have historicized Machiavelli's Borgia, explaining the admiration for such violence as an effect of the general criminality and corruption of the time. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton 1st Baron Acton, KCVO ( 10 January 1834 &ndash 19 June 1902) [7]
In Volume One of Celebrated Crimes, Alexandre Dumas, père states that some pictures of Jesus Christ produced around Borgia's lifetime were based on Cesare Borgia, and that this in turn has influenced images of Jesus produced since that time.
Cesare Borgia briefly employed Leonardo da Vinci as military architect and engineer between 1502 and 1503. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer Cesare and Leonardo became intimate instantaneously - Cesare provided Leonardo with an unlimited pass to inspect and direct all planned and undergoing construction in his domain. Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza for many years, until Charles VIII of France drove Sforza out of Italy. Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable 30 June 1470 &ndash 7 April 1498 was King of France from 1483 to his death After Cesare, Leonardo was unsuccessful in finding another patron and eventually moved to France, where he died.
He wanted to take over Mantua while Isabella d'Este was ruling. Isabella d'Este ( 18 May 1474 &ndash 13 February 1539) was marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the
Marriage and children
On May 10, 1499, Cesare married Charlotte d'Albret (1480 - March 11, 1514). Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty She was a sister of John III of Navarre. John III of Navarre, also known as Jean d'Albret (1469 &ndash 14 June, 1516) was Jure uxoris King of Navarre. They were parents to a daughter, Louise Borgia, (1500 - 1553) who first married Louis II de La Tremouille, Governor of Burgundy, and secondly Philippe de Bourbon (1499-1557), Seigneur de Busset. Louis II de la Trémoille or La Trimouille ( September 29 1460 – 1525 was a late medieval/early renaissance French general The Bourbon-Busset family is an illegitimate branch of the direct House of Bourbon, being thus part of the Capetian dynasty.
Cesare was also father to at least eleven illegitimate children, among them Girolamo Borgia, who married Isabella Contessa di Carpi, and Lucrezia Borgia, who, after Cesare's death, was moved to Ferrara to the court of her aunt, Lucrezia Borgia. This article is about the historical person For the biographical opera see Lucrezia Borgia (opera.
Popular culture
Movies
- Lucrezia Borgia (Richard Oswald, 1926), a silent movie
- Lucrèce Borgia (Abel Gance, 1935)
- The Black Duke (1961)
- Bride of Vengeance (1948)
- Prince of Foxes (1949)
- Los Borgia (2006)
- Poisons, or the World History of Poisoning (2001)
Literature
- The Family by Mario Puzo
- The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père mentions many conspiracy theories based around Borgia. Richard Oswald ( November 5, 1880 - September 11, 1963) was an Austrian director, producer, and Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Abel Gance (25 October 1889 - 10 November 1981 was a French Film director, producer, Writer, Actor and editor best Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Prince of Foxes is a 1949 Film based on the Samuel Shellabarger novel Prince of Foxes. The Family is a 2001 Novel by Mario Puzo. The novel is about Pope Alexander VI and his family Mario Gianluigi Puzo ( October 15, 1920 &ndash July 2, 1999) was a two time Academy Award -winning Italian American The Count of Monte Cristo ( Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an Adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas père.
- Madonna of the Seven Hills by Jean Plaidy (Victoria Holt)
- Light on Lucrezia by Jean Plaidy (Victoria Holt)
- Cantarella, a manga by You Higuri
- Mirror Mirror by Gregory Maguire
- Prince of Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger
- The Banner of the Bull by Rafael Sabatini (fiction)
- The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis
- Kakan no Madonna by Chiho Saito (manga)
- The Borgias by Alexandre Dumas, père
- The Borgia Testament by Nigel Balchin
- Lusts of The Borgias by Marcus Van Heller
- City of God, A Novel of the Borgias by Cecelia Holland
- Then and Now by W. Somerset Maugham
- The Antichrist (1895) by Friedrich Nietzsche Af. Eleanor Alice Burford ( September 01, 1906 in Kensington, London, England – January 18, 1993 at sea somewhere Eleanor Alice Burford ( September 01, 1906 in Kensington, London, England – January 18, 1993 at sea somewhere Eleanor Alice Burford ( September 01, 1906 in Kensington, London, England – January 18, 1993 at sea somewhere is an ongoing Manga series by You Higuri, serialized in the Japanese monthly comic magazine Princess Gold Magazine and published in Tankoubon format You Higuri (pronounced "yuu" ( Higuri You born October 16 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese manga artist who has Mirror Mirror is an American novel published in 2003 It was written by Gregory Maguire. Gregory Maguire (born June 9, 1954 in Albany, New York) is an American author Samuel Shellabarger (1888 - 1954 was an American educator and author of both scholarly works and best-selling historical novels Rafael Sabatini (April 29 1875 - February 13 1950 was an Italian / British Writer of Novels of romance and adventure. The Borgia Bride is a novel by Jeanne Kalogridis, portraying life in the Borgia dynasty through the eyes of Princess Sancha of Aragon Jeanne Kalogridis (pronounced "Jean Kal-oh-GREED-us" also known by the Pseudonym J is a Japanese manga artist, most noted for the manga Revolutionary Girl Utena. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly The Borgias is a British television drama serial produced by the BBC in 1981. Nigel Balchin ( 3 December 1908 – 17 May 1970) was an English Novelist and Scriptwriter particularly known Cecelia Anastasia Holland is an American Historical novelist Biography She was born December 31, 1943 in Henderson William Somerset Maugham, CH ( January 25 1874 &ndash December 16 1965) was an English Playwright, The Anti-Christ (Der Antichrist (also could be translated as The Anti-Christian is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1895 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist #61
- The Dwarf (1944) by Pär Lagerkvist features an unscrupulous prince likely modeled on Borgia
- Milo Manara, an Italian comic book creator, drew a comic book divided in three parts depicting the story of the Borgia family. The Dwarf (Dvärgen 1944) is a novel by Pär Lagerkvist. It is considered his most important novel and the most artistically innovative (reference Pär Fabian Lagerkvist ( May 23, 1891 — July 11, 1974) was a Swedish Milo Manara, byname of Maurilio Manara (born September 12, 1945 in Luson, Bolzano-Bozen) is an Italian Comic book The texts were written by Alejandro Jodorowsky. Alejandro Jodorowsky (ɑːlɛˈxɑːndrɒ jɒdɒˈrɒvskiː (born February 7 1929 in Tocopilla, Chile, of a Jewish Russian (Ukranian immigrant family
- Cesare by Fuyumi Soryo (manga)
Music
"B. is a Japanese manga artist from Beppu Oita, Japan. Her works translated into English include Mars and Eternal Sabbath ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly I. B. L. E. (Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth)" by rapper Killah Priest. Walter Reed, better known as Killah Priest or simply Priest (as "Killah" was officially dropped from his nickname is an American rapper From Wu-Tang Clan member the GZA's album Liquid Swords (1995). Gary Grice, better known as GZA ( Genius/GZA, or The Genius, (born August 22, 1966 in Brooklyn, New York Liquid Swords is the second Solo album by Wu-Tang Clan member GZA, a Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
References
- Cloulas, Ivan. The Borgias.
- Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Il Principe ( The Prince) is a political Treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist
- Johnson, Marion. The Borgias.
- Sabatini, Rafael. Rafael Sabatini (April 29 1875 - February 13 1950 was an Italian / British Writer of Novels of romance and adventure. The Life of Cesare Borgia.
- Spinosa, Antonio (1999). La saga dei Borgia. Mondadori.
Notes
- ^ a b Herfried Münkler and Marina Münkler, Lexikon der Renaissance, Munich: Beck, 2000, 43ff. (German)
- ^ Spinosa, La saga dei Borgia
- ^ Rendina, I capitani di ventura
- ^ Rendina, p. 250.
- ^ Niccolò Machiavelli, "A Description of the Method Used by Duke Valentino in Killing Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, and Others",The Chief Works and Others, trans. Allan Gilbert, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989, 3 vols. , 163–169
- ^ Ernst Cassirer, The Myth of the State, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946
- ^ Harvey C. Mansfield, Machiavelli's Virtue, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
External links
- The Prince, by Niccolò Machiavelli
- Description of the Methods Adopted by the Duke Valentino When Murdering Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Signor Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina Orsini, from The Prince
| Preceded by Ottaviano Riario |
Lord of Forlì 1499–1503 |
Succeeded by Antonio II Ordelaffi |
| Lord of Imola 1499–1503 |
To the Papal States | |
| Preceded by Pandolfo IV Malatesta |
Lord of Rimini 1500–1503 |
Succeeded by Pandolfo IV Malatesta |
| Preceded by Astorre III Manfredi |
Lord of Faenza 1501–1503 |
Succeeded by Astorre IV Manfredi |
| Preceded by Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro |
Duke of Urbino 1502–1503 |
Succeeded by Francesco Maria I della Rovere |
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