A certificate is an official document affirming some fact. A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. For example, a birth certificate or death certificate testifies to basic facts regarding a person's birth or death. A birth certificate is a Vital record that documents the birth of a child A death certificate, sometimes medical certificate of the cause of death (MCCD is a document issued by a government official such as a registrar of Vital statistics A certificate may also certify that a person has received specific education or has passed a test, and is considered below the standard of an academic degree. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency A test or an examination (or "exam" is an Assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers' or A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing

Due to the low cost of production as compared to other awards like trophies or plaques, certificates are used to recognize most any minor achievement throughout many levels of society. An award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize Excellence in a certain field a certificate of excellence ----A trophy is a reward for a specific achievement and usually afterwards serves as proof of merit A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, is a plate of metal ceramic stone wood or other material typically attached to a wall stone or other vertical surface and bearing For example, in U. S. schools certificates of attendance are given to students who miss less than a certain number of days of school. A matriculating elementary or secondary school student may receive a certificate stating he/she was most improved in science, mathematics, or a language. Certificates are often used as an inexpensive positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors in many contexts.

In computing and especially computer security and cryptography, the word certificate generally refers to a digital identity certificate, also known as a public key certificate. Computing is usually defined like the activity of using and developing Computer technology Computer hardware and software. This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" In Cryptography, a public key certificate (or identity certificate) is an electronic document which incorporates a Digital signature to bind together a It also may be awarded as a necessary certification to validate that a student is considered competent in a certain specific networking skill area in today's ubiquitous and necessary information technology. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Thus a computer engineer or computer science graduation most likely will have to obtain additional certificates on and pertaining to the specific technologies or equipments used by the hiring corporation; if not, such employer may suffer unwanted penalties like foregoing (voiding the contract) the protections of a certain level of customer service or warranties. Computer engineering (or Computer Systems Engineering) encompasses broad areas of both Electrical engineering and Computer science. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their

As an academic award

A certificate, in addition to certifying that someone has passed a test or reached a specific standard of knowledge, may also be the name of an actual award.

In many countries, certificate is a qualification attained in secondary education. Australia See also Education For instance, students in the Republic of Ireland sit the Junior Certificate and follow it with the Leaving Certificate. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Junior Certificate is an educational qualification awarded in Ireland by the Department of Education to students who have successfully completed the junior cycle of secondary The Leaving Certificate ( Ardteistiméireacht) commonly referred to as the Leaving Cert (Irish Ardteist) is the final course in the Irish Similarly, other countries have awards, for instance, in Australia the Higher School Certificate (HSC) in New South Wales, the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) in Victoria, etc. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Higher School Certificate, or HSC, is the credential awarded to secondary school students who successfully complete The Victorian Certificate of Education or VCE is the credential awarded to secondary school students who successfully complete high school level studies (Year , is the examination taken on completion of secondary education.

In many countries, certificates are qualifications in higher education. For example, in the Republic of Ireland, the National Certificate, which is soon to be replaced by the "Higher Certificate". National Certificate (Teastais Náisiúnta (often abbreviated to NCert or NC) is the name of an educational award in a number of countries although the actual The Higher Certificate ( Ardteastas in Irish) is an award that will replace the National Certificate in the Republic of Ireland of the Higher These have the titles Certificate (at an undergraduate level), Graduate Certificate (at an undergraduate level, but requiring the completion of a prior undergraduate degree for admission) and Postgraduate Certificate (at a postgraduate level). In Hong Kong, students take the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE 香港中學會考 is a standardized examination which most local students sit for at the end of their 5-year secondary education Certificate is below the standard of the associate degree and higher diploma, which are below the bachelor's degree. Postgraduate certificates are taken after the bachelor's degree and are more vocational oriented than master's degree.

In Australia, a certificate is a qualification offered by a university or other higher education provider which is shorter than a degree or diploma. Certificates are generally provided by TAFE colleges or non-academic Registered Training Organizations (often workplaces). Technical and Further Education or TAFE (pronounced) institutions provide a wide range of predominantly vocational tertiary education courses in Australia There are four ranks of Certificate in Australia, indicated by Roman Numeral, e. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. g. , Cert. IV in Horticulture. The time spent varies, but in general a Certificate I will be granted after a course of only a few weeks, while a Cert. IV may take up to six months. A Diploma directly follows Cert. A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution IV and may rightly be considered equivalent to a hypothetical Certificate V.

In the United Kingdom, a Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE) requires successful completion of 120 CATS Points at Level One. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE is a Higher education qualification in the United Kingdom. This is equivalent to one year of full-time university education, at first year level. Each credit point takes about 10 hours to achieve, and as such the CertHE is 1, 200 hours of study. This compares with 360 credit points for an undergraduate degree, and 240 credits for a Diploma of Higher Education. A Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE is a Higher education qualification in the United Kingdom.

In the United States, a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the These certificates are usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge of a certain vocational subject. Certificate programs can be completed even quicker than that of an associates degree, and may or may not have language arts, mathematics, or social science requirements at all.

In the State of Maryland, a Certificate of Merit was, until recently, issued to graduating high-school seniors who met certain academic requirements (such as completion of advanced courses and a cumulative GPA of 3. Twelfth grade, (also known as senior year or Senior 4 in the U 00); the statewide certificate has since been replaced by "endorsements" defined by each local school system. ^[1]

See also

• Diploma
• Complexity classes P and NP - result of computation that can be verified is also called certificate

References

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic