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This article is about the dwarf planet. For other uses, see Ceres.
Ceres  
Ceres as seen by Hubble Space Telescope (ACS). The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST; also known colloquially as "the Hubble" or just "Hubble" is a space telescope that was carried into The contrast has been enhanced to reveal surface details.
Discovery
Discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi
Discovery date January 1, 1801
Designations
MPC designation 1 Ceres
Alternative names A899 OF; 1943 XB
Minor planet
category		 dwarf planet
main belt
Epoch November 26, 2005
(JD 2453700. Giuseppe Piazzi ( July 7 1746 - July 22 1826) was an Italian Theatine monk Mathematician, and Astronomer New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday A provisional designation in astronomy is the naming convention applied to Astronomical objects immediately following their discovery A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a Celestial body Orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star In Astronomy, an epoch is a moment in time used as a reference for the Orbital elements of a Celestial body. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Julian date (JD is the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since 4713 B 5)[1]
Aphelion 447,838,164 km
2. In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from 987 AU
Perihelion 381,419,582 km
2. The astronomical unit ( AU or au or au or sometimes ua) is a unit of Length based on the distance from the Earth to the In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from 545 AU
Semi-major axis 414,703,838 km
2. In Geometry, the semi-major axis (also semimajor axis) is used to describe the dimensions of ellipses and hyperbolae 765 956 424 AU[2]
Eccentricity 0. In Astrodynamics, under standard assumptions, any Orbit must be of Conic section shape 07976017[2]
Orbital period 1679. The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete Orbit about another object 819 days
4. A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the 599 years
Average orbital speed 17. In Astronomy, a Julian year (symbol a) is a unit of measurement of Time defined The orbital speed of a body generally a Planet, a Natural satellite, an artificial satellite, or a Multiple star, is the speed at which it 882 km/s
Mean anomaly 108. In the study of orbital dynamics the mean anomaly of an orbiting body is the Angle the body would have traveled about the center of the orbit's Auxiliary circle 509°
Inclination 10. Inclination in general is the Angle between a Reference plane and another plane or axis of direction 586712°[2]
Longitude of ascending node 80. The longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω is one of the Orbital elements used to specify the Orbit of an object in space 40696°[2]
Argument of perihelion 73. The argument of periapsis (or argument of perifocus) ( ω) is the Orbital element describing the Angle of an Orbiting body's periapsis 15073°[2]
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius 487. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the 3 ± 1. 8 km[3]
Polar radius 454. A geographical pole, or geographic pole, is either of two fixed points on the surface of a spinning body or Planet, at 90 degrees from the Equator, based 7 ± 1. 6 km[3]
Mass 9. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object 43 ± 0. 07×1020 kg[4]
Mean density 2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 077 ± 0. 036 g/cm³[3]
Equatorial surface gravity 0. The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical or other object is the Gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface 27 m/s²
0. 028 g[5]
Escape velocity 0. g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s In Physics, escape velocity is the speed where the Kinetic energy of an object is equal to the magnitude of its Gravitational potential energy 51 km/s[5]
Sidereal rotation
period		 0. The rotation period of an astronomical object is the time it takes to complete one revolution around its Axis of rotation relative to the background stars 3781 d
9. 074170 h[6][7]
Axial tilt about 3°[3]
North pole right ascension 19 h 24 min
291°[3]
North pole declination 59°[3]
Albedo 0. In Astronomy, axial tilt is the Inclination angle of a planet's rotational axis in relation to its orbital plane. Right ascension (abbrev RA; symbol α) is the Astronomical term for one of the two Coordinates of a point on the Celestial sphere In Astronomy, declination (abbrev dec or δ) is one of the two coordinates of the Equatorial coordinate system, the other being either The albedo of an object is the extent to which it diffusely reflects light from the sun 090 ± 0. 0033 (V-band geometric)[8]
Surface temp.
   Kelvin
min mean max
? ~167 K[13] 239 K[13]
Spectral type C[9]
Apparent magnitude 6. The geometric albedo of an astronomical body is the ratio of its actual brightness at zero phase angle (i Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic C-type asteroids are Carbonaceous Asteroids They are the most common variety forming around 75% of known Asteroids {Fact|date=July 2008}} and an even higher The apparent magnitude ( m) of a celestial body is a measure of its Brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, normalized to the value 7[10] to 9. 32[11]
Absolute magnitude 3. In Astronomy, absolute magnitude (also known as absolute visual magnitude) is the Apparent magnitude an object would have if it were at a standard 36 ± 0. 02[8]
Angular diameter 0. The angular diameter of an object as seen from a given position is the "visual diameter" of the object measured as an angle 84"[12] to 0. 33"[5]
Adjectives Cererian, Cerian

Ceres (pronounced /ˈsɪəriːz/,[14] or as Latin: Cerēs), also designated 1 Ceres (see minor planet names), is the smallest identified dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the asteroid belt. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a Celestial body Orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. It was discovered on January 1, 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi,[15] and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres—the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Giuseppe Piazzi ( July 7 1746 - July 22 1826) was an Italian Theatine monk Mathematician, and Astronomer Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its

With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive body in the asteroid belt, and contains approximately a third of the belt's total mass. The following is a collection of lists of notable asteroids in the Solar system, sometimes also including minor planets beyond the orbit of Jupiter. The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. [16] Recent observations have revealed that it is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another [8] The surface of Ceres is probably made of a mixture of water ice and various hydrated minerals like carbonates and clays. Hydrate is a term used in Inorganic chemistry and Organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains Water. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and [9] Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and ice mantle. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere The interior of Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided into layers The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided [3] It may harbour an ocean of liquid water, which makes it a target of current searches for extraterrestrial life. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. [16] Ceres may be surrounded by a tenuous atmosphere containing water vapour. [17]

Ceres' apparent magnitude ranges from 6. The apparent magnitude ( m) of a celestial body is a measure of its Brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, normalized to the value 7 to 9. 3, hence at its brightest is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye. [10] On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn Mission space probe to explore Vesta (2011–2012) and Ceres (2015). Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Dawn, launched on September 27 2007 is a Robotic spacecraft being sent by NASA on a Space exploration mission to the two most massive members TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 4 Vesta (ˈvɛstə Vesta is the second most massive object in the Asteroid belt [18]

Contents

Discovery

The idea that an unknown planet could exist between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter was first suggested by Johann Elert Bode in 1768. Johann Elert Bode ( January 19, 1747 &ndash November 23, 1826) was a German Astronomer known for his reformulation [15] His considerations were based on the so called Titius-Bode law, a now-abandoned theory which had been proposed by Johann Daniel Titius in 1766. The Titius–Bode law (sometimes termed just Bode's law) is a hypothesis that the bodies in some orbital systems including Sol 's orbit at semi-major axes Johann Daniel Titius ( January 2 1729 &ndash December 11 1796) was a German Astronomer and a professor at Wittenberg [19][15] According to this law the semi-major axis of the planet should be near 2. 8 AU. The astronomical unit ( AU or au or au or sometimes ua) is a unit of Length based on the distance from the Earth to the [19] William Herschel's discovery of Uranus in 1781[15] increased faith in the law of Titius and Bode, and in 1800, twenty-four experienced astronomers combined their efforts and began a methodical search for the proposed planet. Sir Frederick William Herschel FRS KH ( 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German -born British [15][19] The group was headed by Franz Xaver von Zach, editor of the Monatliche Correspondenz. Baron Franz Xaver von Zach ( Franz Xaver Freiherr von Zach) ( June 4, 1754 &ndash September 2, 1832) was a Hungarian astronomer . While they did not discover Ceres, they later found several large asteroids. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but [19]

Piazzi's Book "Della scoperta del nuovo pianeta Cerere Ferdinandea" outlining the discovery of Ceres
Piazzi's Book "Della scoperta del nuovo pianeta Cerere Ferdinandea" outlining the discovery of Ceres

Ceres was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, who was searching for a star listed by Francis Wollaston as Mayer 87 because it was not in Mayer's zodiacal catalogue in the position given. Giuseppe Piazzi ( July 7 1746 - July 22 1826) was an Italian Theatine monk Mathematician, and Astronomer Francis Wollaston ( 23 November 1731 - 31 October 1815) was an English priest and Astronomer. Tobias Mayer ( 17 February 1723 &ndash 20 February 1762) was a German Astronomer famous for his studies of the Moon [15] Instead of a star, Piazzi found a moving star-like object, which he first thought was a comet. A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — [20] Piazzi observed Ceres a total of 24 times, the final time on February 11, when illness interrupted his observations. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. He announced his discovery on January 24, 1801 in letters to fellow astronomers, among them his compatriot Barnaba Oriani of Milan. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday __FORCETOC__ Barnaba Oriani ( July 17 1752 - November 12 1832) was an Italian Geodesist, Astronomer and Scientist Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. He reported it as a comet but "since its movement is so slow and rather uniform, it has occurred to me several times that it might be something better than a comet". [15] In April, Piazzi sent his complete observations to Oriani, Bode, and Lalande in Paris. Johann Elert Bode ( January 19, 1747 &ndash November 23, 1826) was a German Astronomer known for his reformulation Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande ( July 11, 1732 &ndash April 4, 1807) was a French Astronomer and writer Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The information was published in the September 1801 issue of the Monatliche Correspondenz. [20]

Soon after this, Ceres' apparent position had changed (mostly due to the Earth's orbital motion). It then appeared too close to the Sun's glare, so other astronomers could not confirm the observations of Piazzi until the end of the year. However after such a long time it was difficult to predict its exact position. To recover Ceres Carl Friedrich Gauss, then only 24 years old, developed an efficient method of orbit determination. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German [20] In only a few weeks, he predicted its path, and sent his results to von Zach. On December 31, 1801, von Zach and Heinrich W. M. Olbers found Ceres near the predicted position and thus recovered it. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday [20]

Name

Piazzi originally suggested the name Ceres Ferdinandea (Ital­ian, Cerere Ferdinan­dea) for this body, after both the mythological figure Ceres (Roman goddess of plants) and King Ferdinand III of Sicily. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its Ferdinand I ( Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto, January 12, 1751 &ndash January 4, 1825) [15][20] "Ferdinandea" was not acceptable to other nations of the world and was thus dropped. Ceres was also called Hera for a short time in Germany. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [21] In Greece, it is called Δήμητρα (Demeter), after the goddess Ceres' Greek equivalent; in English usage, Demeter is the name of an asteroid (1108 Demeter). Demeter (dɨˈmiːtɚ Greek:, possibly "distribution-mother" from the noun of the Indo-European mother-earth * dheghom * mater Due to its uncommon usage, there is no consensus as to the proper adjectival form of the name, although the nonce forms Cerian and Cerean[16] have been used in fiction. A nonce word is a Word used only "for the nonce "—to meet a need that is not expected to recur Grammatically, the form Cererean would be correct, derived from its Latin genitive, Cereris. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another [22] Ceres' astronomical symbol is a sickle, (Sickle variant symbol of Ceres), similar to Venus' symbol (Astronomical symbol of Venus) which is the female gender symbol and Venus' hand mirror. Astronomical symbols are symbols used to represent various Celestial objects theoretical constructs and observational events in Astronomy. A sickle is a hand-held Agricultural Tool with a curved Blade typically used for harvesting grain crop or cutting grass for Hay. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University [20][23] The element Cerium was named after Ceres. Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 [24] The element Palladium was originally also named after Ceres, but the discoverer changed its name after Cerium was named. Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Palladium is named after asteroid 2 Pallas. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest [25]

Status

Ceres, the Moon and the Earth.
Ceres, the Moon and the Earth.

The classification of Ceres has changed more than once and has been the subject of some disagreement. Johann Elert Bode believed Ceres to be the "missing planet" he had proposed to exist between Mars and Jupiter, at a distance of 419 million km (2. Johann Elert Bode ( January 19, 1747 &ndash November 23, 1826) was a German Astronomer known for his reformulation 8 AU) from the Sun. The astronomical unit ( AU or au or au or sometimes ua) is a unit of Length based on the distance from the Earth to the [15] Ceres was assigned a planetary symbol, and remained listed as a planet in astronomy books and tables (along with 2 Pallas, 3 Juno and 4 Vesta) for about half a century until further asteroids were discovered. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest TemplateInfobox Planet. --> Juno (ˈdʒuːnoʊ or as Iūno designated 3 Juno in the Minor Planet TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 4 Vesta (ˈvɛstə Vesta is the second most massive object in the Asteroid belt [15][20]

However as other objects were discovered in the area it was realised that Ceres represented the first of a class of many similar bodies. [15] Sir William Herschel coined in 1802 the term asteroid ("star-like") for such bodies,[26] writing "they resemble small stars so much as hardly to be distinguished from them, even by very good telescopes". Sir Frederick William Herschel FRS KH ( 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German -born British [27] As the first such body to be discovered, it was given the designation 1 Ceres under the modern system of asteroid numbering. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but [26]

The 2006 debate surrounding Pluto and what constitutes a 'planet' led to Ceres being considered for reclassification as a planet. [28][29] A proposal before the International Astronomical Union for the definition of a planet would have defined a planet as "a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet". From its beginnings denoting the "wandering stars" of the classical world the definition of " Planet " has been fraught with ambiguity [30] Had this resolution been adopted, it would have made Ceres the fifth planet in order from the Sun. [31] However, it was not accepted, and in its place an alternate definition of "planet" came into effect as of August 24, 2006: A planet is "a celestial body that is in orbit around the sun, has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a . Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. . . nearly round shape, and has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. " By this definition, Ceres is not a planet (because it shares its orbit with the thousands of other asteroids in the main asteroid belt), and is now classified as a "dwarf planet" (along with Pluto and Eris). The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a Celestial body Orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded The issue of whether Ceres remains an asteroid was not addressed. [32] Dual classifications such as Main-belt comets do exist, and being a dwarf planet does not preclude having dual designations. Main-belt comets are bodies orbiting within the ( main) asteroid belt which show cometary activity during a part of their orbit [33]

Physical characteristics

Size comparison: the first 10 minor planets profiled against Earth's Moon. Ceres is far left.
Size comparison: the first 10 minor planets profiled against Earth's Moon. Ceres is far left.
Hubble Space Telescope images of Ceres, taken in 2003/4 with a resolution of about 30 km. The nature of the bright spot is uncertain.
Hubble Space Telescope images of Ceres, taken in 2003/4 with a resolution of about 30 km. The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST; also known colloquially as "the Hubble" or just "Hubble" is a space telescope that was carried into The nature of the bright spot is uncertain.

Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter. The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. [9] The Kuiper belt is known to contain larger objects, including Pluto, 50000 Quaoar, and 90482 Orcus, while more distant Eris, in the scattered disc, is the largest of all these bodies. The Kuiper belt (ˈkaɪpɚ to rhyme with "viper" sometimes called the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 90482 Orcus (, Orcus originally known by the Provisional designation The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant region of the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy Minor planets known as scattered [34]

The mass of Ceres has been determined by analysis of the influence it exerts on small asteroids. Results obtained by different authors are slightly different. [35] The average of the three most precise values as of 2008 is approximately 9. 4×1020 kg. [4][35] With this mass Ceres comprises about a third of the estimated total 3. 0 ± 0. 2 ×1021 kg mass of the asteroids in the solar system,[36] together totalling about 4% of the mass of the Moon. Ceres' size and mass are sufficient to give it a nearly spherical shape. [3] That is, it is close to hydrostatic equilibrium. Hydrostatic equilibrium occurs when compression due to Gravity is balanced by a Pressure gradient which creates a Pressure gradient force in the opposite In contrast, other large asteroids such as 2 Pallas,[37] 3 Juno,[38] and 4 Vesta[39] are known to be quite irregular. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest TemplateInfobox Planet. --> Juno (ˈdʒuːnoʊ or as Iūno designated 3 Juno in the Minor Planet TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 4 Vesta (ˈvɛstə Vesta is the second most massive object in the Asteroid belt

The surface composition of Ceres is broadly similar to that of C-type asteroids. C-type asteroids are Carbonaceous Asteroids They are the most common variety forming around 75% of known Asteroids {Fact|date=July 2008}} and an even higher [9] However, some differences do exist. The ubiquitous features in the IR spectra of Ceres are that of hydrated materials, which indicates the presence of significant amounts of water in the interior of this body. A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. Other possible surface constituents include iron-rich clays (cronstedtite) and carbonates (dolomite and siderite), which are common minerals in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Cronstedtite is a complex Iron silicate mineral belonging to the Serpentine group of minerals In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed Siderite is also the name of a type of Iron Meteorite. ---- Siderite is a Mineral composed of Iron Carbonate Fe[[carbon A carbonaceous chondrite or a C-type chondrite is a type of chondritic Meteorite which contains high levels of Water and Organic compounds [9] The spectral features of carbonates and clay are usually absent in the spectra of other C-type asteroids. [9] Sometimes Ceres is classified as G-type asteroid. G-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of Carbonaceous Asteroid. [40]

The surface of Ceres is relatively warm. The maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K (about −38 °C) on May 5, 1991. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. [13] Taking into account also the heliocentric distance at the time, this gives an estimated maximum of about 239 K at perihelion. In Astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System. In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from There are some indications that Ceres may have a tenuous atmosphere and water frost on the surface. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air [17] Ultraviolet observations by IUE spacecraft detected statistically significant hydroxide water vapour near the Cererean north pole. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen [17]

Diagram showing internal structure of Ceres
Diagram showing internal structure of Ceres

Peter Thomas of Cornell University has proposed that Ceres has a differentiated interior;[3] its oblateness appears too small for an undifferentiated body, which indicates that it consists of a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. Ellipticity redirects here For the mathematical topic of ellipticity see Elliptic operator. The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided [3] This mantle of thickness from 120 to 60 km could contain 200 million cubic kilometres of water (16–26% of Ceres by mass; 30–60% by volume), which is more than the amount of fresh water on the Earth. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved [41] This result is supported by the observations made by Keck telescope in 2002 and by evolutionary modelling. [4][42]

Only a few features have been unambiguously detected on the surface of Ceres. High resolution ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope images taken in 1995 showed a dark spot on its surface which was nicknamed "Piazzi" in honour of the discoverer of Ceres. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST; also known colloquially as "the Hubble" or just "Hubble" is a space telescope that was carried into [40] This was thought to be a crater. Later near-infrared images with a higher resolution taken over a whole rotation with the Keck telescope using adaptive optics showed several bright and dark features moving with the dwarf planet's rotation. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of The W M Keck Observatory is a two-telescope Astronomical observatory at the 4145 meter (13600 ft summit of Mauna Kea in Hawai'i. Adaptive optics (AO is a Technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion [43][4] Two dark features had circular shapes and are presumably craters; one of them was observed to have a bright central region, while another was identifyied with "Piazzi" feature. [43][4] More recent visible light Hubble Space Telescope images of a full rotation taken in 2003 and 2004 showed eleven recognizable surface features, the nature of which is currently unknown. The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST; also known colloquially as "the Hubble" or just "Hubble" is a space telescope that was carried into [8][44] One of these features corresponds to the "Piazzi" feature observed earlier. [8]

These last observations also determined that Ceres' north pole points in the direction of right ascension 19 h 24 min (291°), declination +59°, in the constellation Draco. Right ascension (abbrev RA; symbol α) is the Astronomical term for one of the two Coordinates of a point on the Celestial sphere In Astronomy, declination (abbrev dec or δ) is one of the two coordinates of the Equatorial coordinate system, the other being either In common usage a constellation is a group of celestial bodies that are connected together in some arrangement typically stars to form a visible figure or picture Draco (ˈdreɪkoʊ Dragon) is a far northern Constellation that is circumpolar for many Northern hemisphere observers This means that Ceres' axial tilt is very small—about 3°. In Astronomy, axial tilt is the Inclination angle of a planet's rotational axis in relation to its orbital plane. [3][8]

Orbit

Orbit of Ceres
Orbit of Ceres

Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the main asteroid belt, with a period of 4. The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. 6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (i = 10. 6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (e = 0. In Astrodynamics, under standard assumptions, any Orbit must be of Conic section shape 08 compared to 0. 09 for Mars). [1]

The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white/grey). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colours, and the orange plus sign is the Sun's location. The top left diagram is a polar view that shows the location of Ceres in the gap between Mars and Jupiter. The top right is a close-up demonstrating the locations of the perihelia (q) and aphelia (Q) of Ceres and Mars. In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from The perihelion of Mars is on the opposite side of the Sun from those of Ceres and several of the large main belt asteroids, including 2 Pallas and 10 Hygiea. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest The bottom diagram is a perspective view showing the inclination of the orbit of Ceres compared to the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

In the past, Ceres had been considered to be the largest member of an asteroid family. An asteroid family is a population of Asteroids that share similar Orbital elements, such as Semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital Inclination [45] These groupings of asteroids share similar orbital elements, which may indicate a common origin through an asteroid collision some time in the past. Ceres, however, was found to have spectral properties different from other members of the family, and so this grouping is now called the Gefion family, named after the lowest-numbered family member, 1272 Gefion. Properties The members have Proper orbital elements in the approximate ranges Ceres family Minerva family and interlopers Until recently this family [45] Ceres appears to be merely an interloper in its own family, coincidentally having similar orbital elements but not a common origin. [46] Self rotation period of Ceres is 9 hours and 4 minutes. [6]

Origin and evolution

The observations imply that Ceres is a remaining protoplanet – planetary embryo, which formed 4. Protoplanets are moon-sized planets or larger embryos within Protoplanetary discs They are believed to form out of kilometer-sized Planetesimals that attract each 57 billion years ago in the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the Planets Mars and Jupiter. [47] While the majority of protoplanets (including all lunar- to Mars-sized bodies) were ejected from the Solar System by Jupiter or merged with other protoplanets to form terrestrial planets,[47] Ceres survived relatively intact. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. A terrestrial planet, telluric planet or rocky planet is a Planet that is primarily composed of Silicate rocks Within our [42] Two other possible remaining protoplanets are Pallas and Vesta,[18] but they do not have relaxed shapes, in the case of Vesta perhaps only because it suffered a catastrophic impact after solidifying. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 4 Vesta (ˈvɛstə Vesta is the second most massive object in the Asteroid belt [39]

Further evolution of Ceres was relatively simple. Heated by the energy of accretion and by decay of various radionuclides including, possibly, short-lived elements like Al26, Ceres differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle soon after its formation. In Astrophysics, the term accretion is used for at least two distinct processes A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created The interior of Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided into layers The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided [8][42] This event caused resurfacing by the water volcanism and tectonics erasing many geological features. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the This article discusses the geologic usage for the philosophical or architectural usage see Architectonics ' Or see Plate tectonics. [42] However due to the fast depletion of heat sources Ceres cooled down quickly. [42][48] The ice on the surface gradually sublimated leaving behind various hydrated minerals like clays and carbonates. Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Carbonate minerals are those Minerals containing the Carbonate Ion: CO32- [9] Now Ceres is a geologically dead body, whose surface is being sculptured only by impacts. In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body [8]

The existence of significant amounts of water ice in Ceres[3] raises a possibility that it has or had a layer of liquid water in the interior. [48][42] This hypothetical layer is often called an ocean. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. [9] The water layer is (or was) probably located between the rocky core and ice mantle like that in Europa. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Europa (jʊˈroʊpə; or as [42] The existence of the ocean is more likely if ammonia or other antifreeze is dissolved in water. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Antifreeze is a Cryoprotectant used in Internal combustion engines and for many other heat transfer applications such as electronics cooling and Chillers [42] The possible existence of liquid water inside Ceres makes it a target in the search for extraterrestrial life. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. [16]

Observations

When Ceres has an opposition near the perihelion, it can reach a visual magnitude of +6. 7. [10] This is generally regarded as being just barely too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but under exceptional viewing conditions a very sharp-sighted person may be able to see this dwarf planet. The naked eye is a Figure of speech referring to human Visual perception that is unaided by enhancing equipment such as a Telescope or A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a Celestial body Orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded The only asteroids that can reach so bright a magnitude are 4 Vesta, and, during rare oppositions near perihelion, 2 Pallas and 7 Iris. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 4 Vesta (ˈvɛstə Vesta is the second most massive object in the Asteroid belt TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 7 Iris (ˈaɪrɪs Ίρις) is a large Main belt [49] At a conjunction Ceres has a magnitude of around +9. Conjunction is a term used in Positional astronomy and Astrology. 3, which corresponds to the faintest objects visible with 10×50 binoculars. Binocular telescopes, or binoculars (also known as field glasses are two identical or Mirror - symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and It can thus be seen with binoculars whenever it is above the horizon of a fully dark sky.

Some notable observation milestones for Ceres include:

Exploration

Artist's conception of Dawn visiting Ceres and Vesta
Artist's conception of Dawn visiting Ceres and Vesta

To date, no space probe has visited Ceres. However, NASA launched the Dawn Mission on 27 September 2007, which will explore the asteroid 4 Vesta in 2011 before arriving at Ceres in 2015. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Dawn, launched on September 27 2007 is a Robotic spacecraft being sent by NASA on a Space exploration mission to the two most massive members Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 4 Vesta (ˈvɛstə Vesta is the second most massive object in the Asteroid belt [18]

The mission profile calls for the Dawn Spacecraft to enter orbit around Ceres at an altitude of 5,900 km. After five months of study, the spacecraft will reduce the orbital distance to 1,300 km, then down to 700 km after another five months. [52] The spacecraft instrumentation includes a framing camera, a visual and infrared spectrometer, and a gamma-ray and neutron detector. A spectrometer is an Optical instrument used to measure properties of Light over a specific portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum, typically used Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. These will be used to examine the dwarf planet's shape and element abundance. [18]

Radio signals from spacecraft in orbit around Mars and on its surface have been used to estimate the mass of Ceres from the perturbations induced by it onto the motion of Mars. [36]

See also

References

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Ephemerides

External links

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