Etruscan: Diomedes and Polyxena, from the Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group, ca. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy 540–530 BC. From Vulci.

Ceramics and ceramic art in the art world means artwork made out of clay bodies and fired to form a ceramic. In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Some ceramic pieces are classified as fine art, while many others can be classified as one of the decorative, industrial or applied arts (the application of design and aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use). The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. The decorative arts are traditionally defined as ornamental and functional works in Ceramic, Wood, Glass, Metal, or Textile. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Applied art refers to the application of Design and Aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called The identification of a specific pottery piece as a "work of art" is not always clear. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware Ceramic art usually, but not always, was intended by the maker as art. It may have a signature, designer name or brand name stamp on the bottom. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Ceramic art can be either manufactured by individuals or in a factory that employs artists to design, produce or decorate the ware. A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods

Historically, ceramic articles were prepared by shaping the clay body, a clay rich mixture of various minerals, into the desired shapes before being subjected to high temperatures in a kiln. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Kilns are thermally insulated chambers or Ovens in which controlled temperature regimes are produced However ceramics now refers to a very diverse group of materials which, while all are fired to high temperature, may not have been shaped from material containing any clay. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and The origin of the word is the ancient Greek keramikos, from Keramos, meaning "potter's clay. " ^[1]

Ancient history

Ancient Egyptian ceramic art: Louvre Museum.

Ceramic art has an extensive prehistoric development in the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Roman, Persian, Mayan, and numerous other cultures. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas

European

Mediterranean

On the Greek island of Santorini are some of the earliest finds dating to the third millennium BC, with the original settlement at Akrotiri dating to the fourth millennium BC;^[2] excavation work continues at the principal archaeological site of Akrotiri. An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Some of the excavated homes contain huge ceramic storage jars known as pithoi. Pithos (plural pithoi) is the ancient Greek word ( πίθος, πίθοι) for a large storage jar of a characteristic shape Ancient Etruscan and Grecian ceramics are renowned for their figurative painting. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Thanks to its hardy nature pottery bulks large in the archaeological record of Ancient Greece, and because we have so much of it (some 100000 vases are recorded in the Corpus

Venus Figurines

Venus of Dolní Věstonice

A number of Gravettian figurines found in the Czech Republic are believed to represent the earliest known works of ceramic artwork made of the human form. The Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Věstonická Venuše is a Venus figurine, a Ceramic Statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29000&ndash25000 The Gravettian was an industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic. One such figurine is the Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Moravian), which was made between 27,000 and 31,000 years ago. The Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Věstonická Venuše is a Venus figurine, a Ceramic Statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29000&ndash25000 Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. The designation of this, and other similar figurines, as "venus" has no relation to the classical goddess of love, but reflects the figure's state of undress. The Venus figurine was made by molding and then firing a mixture of clay and powdered bone. ^[3] This is the earliest known figurine made of ceramics representing the human form. Scholars do not know if it was intended as fine art, as religious icon, or some other intent; they just do not know the original meaning to the original culture. Similar figurines found throughout Eurasia are called Venus figurines and are noted for their natural looking representations of the female form with some artistic merit. Venus figurines is an Umbrella term for a number of prehistoric Statuettes of women sharing common attributes (many depicted as apparently Obese Here are examples of what has been written about them:

• Venus figurines are the name given to a nearly universal type of art, appearing first in the Upper Paleolithic period between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago. Venus figurines is an Umbrella term for a number of prehistoric Statuettes of women sharing common attributes (many depicted as apparently Obese The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa ^[4]
• The world's oldest surviving works of art fashioned after the human image appear in the archaeological strata of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. ^[5]

Chinese Longquan celadon, Song Dynasty, 13th century. Longquan celadon (龍泉青磁 refers to Chinese Celadon to have produced in Longguan (龍泉 kilns which were largely located in the Zhejiang prefecture The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Celadon was first made in China, and then exported to various parts of Asia and Europe. Celadon is a term for Ceramics denoting both a type glaze, and a ware of a specific color also called celadon. Celadon became a favourite of various kings and monarchs, such as the Ottoman Sultans, because of its pristine beauty, its resemblance to Chinese jade, and the belief that the celadon would break into colour if the food or drink were poisoned. ^[6]

Asian

The earliest known ceramic objects are Gravettian figurines such as those discovered at Dolni Vestonice in the modern-day Czech Republic. The Gravettian was an industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Věstonická Venuše in Czech) is a Venus figurine, a statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BCE (Gravettian industry). The Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Věstonická Venuše is a Venus figurine, a Ceramic Statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29000&ndash25000 ^[7] The earliest known pottery vessels may be those made by the Incipient Jōmon people of Japan around 10,500 BCE^{[8] [9]}. The term "Jōmon" means "cord-marked" in Japanese. The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. This refers to the markings made on clay vessels and figures using sticks with cords wrapped around them. Pottery which dates back to 10,000 BCE have also been excavated in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[10] Chinese porcelain comes from the late Eastern Han period (100 to 200 AD), the Three Kingdoms period (220 to 280 AD), the Six Dynasties period (220 to 589 AD), and the Tang Dynasty (618 to 906 AD). Chinese ceramic ware is an Artform that has been developing since the dynastic periods. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of Six Dynasties ( Chinese: 六朝 Pinyin: Liù Cháo is a collective noun for six Chinese dynasties during the periods of the Three Kingdoms ( The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by

Anasazi, North America: A canteen (pot) excavated from the ruins in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. "Anasazi" directs here For the X-Files episode see Anasazi (The X-Files. Chaco Culture National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park and it is a portion of a UNESCO World Heritage Site hosting the densest

American

The Mayans were a relative latecomer to ceramic development, as their ceramic arts flourished in the Maya Classic Period, or the second to tenth century AD. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas Mesoamerican chronology divides the history of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica into a number of named successive eras or periods from the earliest evidence of human habitation One important site in southern Belize is known as Lubaantun, that boasts particularly detailed and prolific works. Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. lubantuun black slatejpg|thumb|left|Bases of temple platforms at Lubantuun Belize]] Lubaantun (also Lubaantún or Lubaantán in Spanish orthography As evidence of the extent to which these ceramic art works were prized, many specimens traced to Lubaantun have been found at distant Mayan sites in Honduras and Guatemala. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest ^[11] Furthermore, the current Mayan people of Lubaantun continue to hand produce copies of many of the original designs found at Lubaantun.

Hopi pottery, Arizona Canteen, Ceramic with pigments, 19th century, col: Stanford Museum

The Hopi in Northern Arizona and several other Puebloan peoples including the Taos, Acoma, and Zuñi people (all in the Southwestern United States) are renowned for painted pottery in several different styles of ceramic art. The Hopi are Native American people who primarily live on the 12635 km² (2531 The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Iris & B Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University, formerly the Stanford University Museum of Art is an Art museum on the campus of Stanford The Hopi are Native American people who primarily live on the 12635 km² (2531 The Pueblo people are a Native American people in the Southwestern United States. Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos) is an ancient Pueblo belonging to a Taos ( Northern Tiwa) speaking Native American tribe of Oldest buildings in America Acoma Pueblo (ˈækəmə Western Keresan: Aa'ku; Zuni: Hakukya) Haak'ooh in Navajo, also The Zuni (also spelled Zuñi by the Spanish and in early 20th Century ethnological texts or Ashiwi (as the Zuni refer to themselves in their own The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Nampeyo ^[12] and her relatives created pottery that became highly sought after beginning in the early 20th century. Iris Nampeyo (1860?&ndash1942 was a Hopi potter who lived on the Hopi Reservation in present-day Arizona. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Fine art ceramics

Madonna Moderna, created ca. 1906 by artist unknown.

Fine art ceramics include ceramic art made by hand and designed to be purely art, that is to be looked at and enjoyed visually and contemplatively, without any further uses. It is often one of a kind.

In modern art theory, the fine art pot or expressive pot has been used as a name of pottery that aspires to the conditions of fine art, generally by prioritizing conceptual and aesthetic qualities over functionality or usefulness. Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. Fine art pot has been used as a term opposite of the phrase ethical pot (meaning utilitarian pottery) - at least by ceramic art theorists defining art styles and their merits since the 1940s. The ethical pot is a style of pottery and an associated theory ^[13]

Fine art pot styles were led and taught by William Staite Murray and other post-war potters such as Lucie Rie and Hans Coper. William Staite Murray (1881 - 1962 was an English Studio potter. Dame Lucie Rie, DBE (1902 -1995 was an influential Austrian born British studio potter Hans Coper (1920&ndash1981 was an influential British studio potter. The alternative Arts and Crafts style of ethical pot (simple and utilitiarian studio pottery) was explored by potter Bernard Leach and his followers. The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the Studio pottery is made by modern artists working alone or in small groups producing unique items or Pottery in small quantities typically with all stages of manufacture carried Bernard Howell Leach CBE CH ( January 5, 1887 &ndash May 6, 1979) was a British Studio potter and ^[14][15]

The modern art movement in pottery is experimental in nature. Many styles originated from the Arts and Crafts movement when studio potters were looking to find a place and definition for the crafts in the age of industrialisation and mechanised-production, and from the desire to re-establish ceramics as a fine art medium. The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. ^[14][16]

Modern ceramic artists and potters often engage in what has become know as the "Art versus Craft debate", in which the merits of each pottery approach are perpetually reiterated without resolution.

Ceramic tile tableau celebrating the presence of the Virgin in Linares, Spain in 1227

Industrial art ceramics

Industrial art example: "Korean girl. Linares is a city located in the Andalusian province of Jaén, Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. " Meissen porcelain museum. Meissen porcelain is the first European Hard-paste porcelain that was developed from 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus.

Industrial art ceramics includes ceramics made in factories that employ artists to design or handpaint the ceramics, or industrial-minded art collectives, and is often known by the name of the founder or the brand name of the product line. In general, industrial ceramics are not one of a kind, and are intended to be duplicated and sold on the market, using methods of limited or mass production. One of a Kind is an album by the British band Bruford. It was released in 1979 and is a collection of progressive melodies with much jazz exploration Some factories are known for their fine materials, intricate designs, elaborate painting and glazing by artisans. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing Many are of the objects produced are decorative by design, while others adhere to the idea of form follows function and purposefully designed to be utilitarian, however still considered a "work of art. Form follows function is a principle associated with Modern architecture and Industrial design in the 20th Century which states that the shape of a building or object Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness " Industrial ceramic art can be identifed by brand name or distinctive styles. Examples include:

Environmental issues of production

"A Glimpse of Paradise", ceramic art work by Armenian artist Marie Balian, Jerusalem

Although many of the environmental effects of the workplace of ceramic art have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. Delftware, or Delft Pottery, denotes blue and white pottery made in and around Delft in the Netherlands and the tin-glazed Pottery English delftware is Tin-glazed pottery made in the British Isles between about 1550 and the late 1700s Jasperware (or jasper ware is a form of pottery that has a stoneware body which is either white or colored which is noted for its matte finish Meissen porcelain is the first European Hard-paste porcelain that was developed from 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus. The Royal Doulton Company was one of the most renowned English companies producing Tableware and Collectables, with a history dating back to 1815 Wedgwood, strictly Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, is a British Pottery firm originally founded in 1759 by Josiah Wedgwood, which in 1987 The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories: (a] effects on workers and (b) effects on the general environment. Within the effects on workers, chief impacts are indoor air quality, sound levels and possible over-illumination. The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location Noise health effects are the Health consequences of elevated Sound levels Elevated workplace or other Noise can cause Hearing impairment Over-illumination is the presence of lighting intensity ( Illuminance) beyond that required for a specified activity Regarding the general environment, factors of interest are off-site water pollution, air pollution and disposal of hazardous materials. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort A dangerous good is any Solid, Liquid, or Gas that can harm people other living Organisms property or the environment

Historically plumbism, lead poisoning, was a significant health concern to those glazing pottery. Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in This was recognised at least as early as the nineteenth century, and the first legislation in the United Kingdom to limit pottery workers’ exposure was introduced in 1899. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[17] Whilst the risk of to those working in ceramics is now much reduced it can still not be ignored. With respect to indoor air quality, workers can be exposed to fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide and certain heavy metals. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. The greatest health risk is the potential to develop silicosis from the long-term exposure to crystalline silica. Silicosis (also known as Grinder's disease and Potter's rot) is a form of Occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline Silica The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Proper ventilation can reduce the risks, and the first legislation in the United Kingdom to govern ventilation was introduced in 1899. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[18]. Another, more recent study at Laney College, Oakland, California suggests that all these factors can be controlled in a well designed workshop environment. Laney College is a Community college located in Oakland California, next to the Lake Merritt BART station and the Kaiser Convention Center. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U ^[19]

The use of energy and pollutants in the production of ceramics is a growing concern. Electric firing is arguably more environmentally friendly than combustion firing, although the source of the electricity varies in environmental impact.

See also

• Pottery
• Studio pottery

Galleries:

• The Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery

Artists:

References

External links

• Minneapolis Institute of Arts: Ceramics - The Art of Asia
• Canton Museum of Art/Permanent Collection
• A-Z of Ceramics. Ceramics. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.