- For the Grand Central Records albums, see Central Heating (Grand Central album) and Central Heating 2. Grand Central Records was an Independent record label based in the Northern Quarter of Manchester, UK. Central Heating was the second compilation released by Grand Central Records. Central Heating 2 (also known as Central Heating Vol 2 is the 4th compilation from Grand Central Records. For the Heatwave album, see Central Heating (Heatwave album). Heatwave was an international Rhythm and blues / Funk band featuring Americans Johnnie Wilder Jr Central Heating is the second album by the Funk band Heatwave.
A central-heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms. A room, in Architecture, is any distinguishable space within a structure
When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the whole system may comprise a HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning). Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or occasionally " H-vak " is an Initialism or Acronym that stands for " Heating Ventilation is the intentional movement of Air from outside a building to the inside The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for Thermal comfort.
Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation occurs in one place, such as a furnace room in a house or a mechanical room in a large building (though not necessarily at the "central" geometric point). For the Grand Central Records albums see Central Heating (Grand Central album and Central Heating 2. A furnace room is a room for locating the Furnace and auxiliary equipment A mechanical room or a boiler room is a room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its associated electrical equipment The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. A boiler is a closed vessel in which Water or other Fluid is heated The resultant heat then gets distributed: typically by forced-air through ductwork, by water circulating through pipes, or by steam fed through pipes. A Forced-air or Warm air Heating system is one which uses Air as its Heat transfer medium Increasingly, buildings utilize solar-powered heat sources, in which case the distribution system normally uses water circulation.
In much of northern Europe and in urban portions of Russia, where people seldom require air conditioning in homes due to the temperate climate, most new housing comes with central heating installed. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Such areas normally use gas heaters, district heating, or oil-fired systems. A gas heater is a device used to heat a room or outdoor area by burning Natural gas or Liquefied petroleum gas. District heating (less commonly called teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements Heating oil, or oil heat, also known in the United States as No In the western and southern United States natural-gas-fired central forced-air systems occur most commonly; these systems and central-boiler systems both occur in the far northern regions of the USA. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Steam-heating systems, fired by coal, oil or gas, feature in the USA, Russia and Europe: primarily for larger buildings. Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are only practical with low cost electricity or when geothermal heat pumps are used. Electric heating is any process in which electrical energy is converted to heat A geothermal heat pump system is a heating and/or an Air conditioning system that uses the Earth's ability to store heat in the ground and water Thermal Considering the combined system of central generating plant and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating.
Contents |
History
Cities in the northern Roman Empire used central heating systems c. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial 100 AD, conducting air heated by furnaces through empty spaces under the floors and out of pipes in the walls — a system known as a hypocaust. A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum) is an ancient Roman system of Central heating. [1] The Cistercian monks revived central heating using river diversions combined with indoor wood-fired furnaces. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The well-preserved Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Wheel (founded 1202) on the Ebro River in the Aragon region of Spain provides an excellent example of such an application. Real Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Rueda (Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Wheel is an early Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
By about 1700 Russian engineers had started designing hydrologically based systems for central heating. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Summer Palace (1710–1714) of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg provides the best extant example. The Summer Palace or Letniy Dvorets (Ле́тний дворе́ц is the name of three Russian royal residences in Saint Petersburg, of which only Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Slightly later, in 1716, came the first use of water in Sweden to distribute heat in buildings. Martin Triewald, a Swedish engineer, used this method for a greenhouse at Newcastle upon Tyne. A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Jean Simon Bonnemain (1743–1830), a French architect,[2] introduced the technique to industry on a cooperative, at Château du Pêcq, near Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
Angier March Perkins developed and installed some of the earliest steam-heating systems in the 1830s. Angier March Perkins ( 21 August, 1799 – 22 April, 1881) was a U The first was installed in the home of Governor of the Bank of England John Horley Palmer so that he could grow grapes in England's cold climate. The Governor of the Bank of England is the most senior position in the Bank of England. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [3]
Water heating
Common components of a central-heating system using water-circulation include:
- Gas supply lines (sometimes including a propane tank), oil tank and supply lines or district heating supply lines
- Boiler (or a heat exchanger for district heating) — heats water in a closed-water system
- Pump — circulates the water in the closed system
- Radiators — wall-mounted panels through which the heated water passes in order to release heat into rooms
Engineers in the United Kingdom and in other parts of Europe commonly combine the needs of room heating with hot-water heating and storage. Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat Water above its initial Temperature. District heating (less commonly called teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements A boiler is a closed vessel in which Water or other Fluid is heated A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient Heat transfer from one medium to another whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix or the media For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. Radiators and convectors are types of Heat exchangers designed to transfer Thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling These systems occur less commonly in the USA. In this case, the heated water in a sealed system flows through a heat exchanger in a hot-water tank or hot-water cylinder where it heats water from the normal water supply before that water gets fed to hot-water outlets in the house. A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient Heat transfer from one medium to another whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix or the media Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat Water above its initial Temperature. These outlets may service hot-water taps or appliances such as washing machines or dishwashers. A washing machine, or washer, is a machine designed to clean Laundry, such as Clothing, Towels and sheets The term is mostly applied A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishes and eating utensils They can be found in Restaurants and private homes
Sealed water-circulating system
A sealed system provides a form of central heating in which the water used for heating usually circulates independently of the building's normal water supply. A pressure vessel contains compressed gas, separated from the sealed-system water by a diaphragm. A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a Pressure different from the ambient Pressure. This allows for normal variations of pressure in the system. A safety valve allows water to escape from the system when pressure becomes too high, and a valve can open to replenish water from the normal water supply if the pressure drops too low. A safety valve is a Valve mechanism for the automatic release of a gas from a Boiler, Pressure vessel, or other System when the pressure Sealed systems offer an alternative to open-vent systems, in which steam can escape from the system, and gets replaced from the building's water supply via a feed and central storage system.
Electric and gas-fired heaters
Electric heating or resistance heating converts electricity directly to heat. Electric heat is often more expensive than heat produced by combustion appliances like natural gas, propane, and oil. Electric resistance heat can be provided by baseboard heaters, space heaters, radiant heaters, furnaces, wall heaters, or thermal storage systems.
Electric heaters are usually part of a fan coil which is part of a central air conditioner. They circulate heat by blowing air across the heating element which is supplied to the furnace through return air ducts. Blowers in electric furnaces move air over one to five resistance coils or elements which are usually rated at five kilowatts. The heating elements activate one at a time to avoid overloading the electrical system. Overheating is prevented by a safety switch called a limit controller or limit switch. This limit controller may shut the furnace off if the blower fails or if something is blocking the air flow. The heated air is then sent back through the home through supply ducts.
In larger commercial applications, central heating is provided through an air handler which incorporates similar components as a furnace but on a larger scale. An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU) is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating ventilating and air-conditioning
Hydronic and steam systems
Hydronic heating systems are systems that circulate a medium for heating. Hydronics is the name for the use of Water as the heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems Some of the oldest and most common examples Hydronic radiant floor heating systems use a boiler or district heating to heat up hot water and a pump to circulate the hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab. The pipes, embedded in the floor, carry heated water that conducts warmth to the surface of the floor where it broadcasts energy to the room.
Hydronic systems circulate hot water for heating. Steam heating systems are similar to heating water systems, except steam is used as the heating medium instead of water.
Hydronic heating systems generally consist of a boiler or district heating heat exchanger, hot water circulating pumps, distribution piping, and a fan coil unit or a radiator located in the room or space. Steam heating systems are similar except no circulating pumps are required.
Hydronic systems are closed loop: the same fluid is heated and then reheated. Hydronic heating systems are also used with antifreeze solutions in ice and snow melt systems for walkways, parking lots and streets. They are more commonly used in commercial and whole house radiant floor heat projects, while electric radiant heat systems are more commonly used in smaller "spot warming" applications.
Heat pumps
In mild climates a heat pump can be used to air condition the building during hot weather, and to warm the building using heat extracted from outdoor air in cold weather. A heat pump is a machine or device that moves Heat from one location (the 'source' to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink' using work. Air-source heat pumps are generally uneconomic for outdoor temperatures much below freezing. In colder climates, geothermal heat pumps can be used to extract heat from the ground. A geothermal heat pump system is a heating and/or an Air conditioning system that uses the Earth's ability to store heat in the ground and water Thermal For economy, these systems are designed for average low winter temperatures and use supplemental heating for extreme low temperature conditions. The advantage of the heat pump is that it reduces the purchased energy required for building heating; often geothermal source systems also supply domestic hot water. Even in places where fossil fuels provide most electricity, a geothermal system may offset greenhouse gas production since most of the energy furnished for heating is supplied from the environment, with only 15–30% purchased
Environmental aspects
From an energy-efficiency standpoint considerable heat gets lost or goes to waste if only a single room needs heating, since central heating has distribution losses and (in the case of forced-air systems particularly) may heat some unoccupied rooms without need. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared In such buildings which require isolated heating, one may wish to consider non-central systems such as individual room heaters, fireplaces or other devices. Alternatively, architects can design new buildings to use low-energy building techniques which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the Passive House standard. Generically a low-energy house is any type of house that uses less energy than a regular house The term passive house ( Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous voluntary Passivhaus standard for energy use in buildings
However, if a building does need fully heating, combustion central heating offers a more environmentally friendly solution than electric-air central heating or than other direct electric heating devices. Environmental friendly, eco-friendly, and nature friendly are synonyms used to refer to Goods and services considered to inflict minimal harm Electric heating is any process in which electrical energy is converted to heat This stems from the fact that most electricity originates remotely using fossil fuels, with up to two-thirds of the energy in the fuel lost (unless utilized for district heating) at the power station and in transmission losses. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. District heating (less commonly called teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of Electricity to consumers is the bulk transfer of electrical power In Sweden proposals exist to phase out direct electric heating for this reason (see oil phase-out in Sweden). In 2005 the Government of Sweden announced their intention to make Sweden the first country to break its dependence on Petroleum, Natural gas Nuclear and hydroelectric sources reduce this factor.
In contrast, hot-water central-heating systems can use water heated in or close to the building using high-efficiency condensing boilers, biofuels, or district heating. A condensing boiler is a water heating device designed to recover Energy normally discharged to the Atmosphere through the flue District heating (less commonly called teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements Wet underfloor heating has proven ideal. Underfloor heating is a form of Central heating which utilizes Heat conduction and Radiant heat for indoor climate control, rather than forced This offers the option of relatively easy conversion in the future to use developing technologies such as heat pumps and solar combisystems, thereby also providing future-proofing. A heat pump is a machine or device that moves Heat from one location (the 'source' to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink' using work. A solar combisystem is a Solar heating system that provides both Space heating and hot water from a common array of solar thermal collectors, The phrase future proofing describes the elusive process of trying to anticipate future developments so that action can be taken to minimize possible negative consequences and to
Typical efficiencies for central heating are: 85-97% for gas fired heating; 80-89% for oil-fired, and 45-60% for coal-fired heating. [4]
See also
- Central Heat Distribution
- Energy conservation
- Geothermal Systems
- HVAC
- Renewable energy
- Solar combisystem
- Underfloor heating
- Wind energy
External links
- HVAC Directory.
- Emmanuelle Gallo site dedicated to heating history
- Electric and Gas fired Heaters
- Gas and Oil Boilers
- High Performance HVAC site with central heating articles
- Central Heating Information at Home Heating Guide
References
- ^ BBC - Romans - Technology. Central Heat Distribution Ltd (CHDL is a private District heating company located at 720 Beatty Street in Vancouver, Canada that provides heat to the Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used A geothermal heat pump system is a heating and/or an Air conditioning system that uses the Earth's ability to store heat in the ground and water Thermal HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or occasionally " H-vak " is an Initialism or Acronym that stands for " Heating Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal A solar combisystem is a Solar heating system that provides both Space heating and hot water from a common array of solar thermal collectors, Underfloor heating is a form of Central heating which utilizes Heat conduction and Radiant heat for indoor climate control, rather than forced Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form such as electricity using Wind turbines At the end of 2007 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was BBC. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Emmanuelle Gallo: "Jean Simon Bonnemain (1743-1830) and the Origins of Hot Water Central Heating" in Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History (2006-06-17), pages 1043-1060; retrieved from http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00080479/en/ on 2007-02-05
- ^ McConnell, A. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. (2004) "Perkins, Angier March (1799–1881)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 14 Aug 2007 (subscription required)
- ^ EERE Consumer's Guide: Selecting Heating Fuel and System Types
Dictionary
central heating
-noun
- Any of various heating systems in which a central source of heat is used to distribute heat (and sometimes hot water) throughout a building in a controlled manner.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic