Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy (Polish for Central Industrial Region, abbreviated COP) is an industrial region in Poland. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Industrial region or industrial area refers to a Region with extremely dense Industry. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland It was one of the biggest economic projects of the Second Polish Republic. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. The 5-year long project was initiated by a famous Polish economist, deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Treasury, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski ( 30 December 1888 - 22 August 1974) was a Polish politician and economist Its goal was to create a heavy industrial center in the middle of the country, as far as possible from any borders, strengthen the Polish economy and reduce unemployment. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. The four-year plan for the development of COP was scheduled from 1 September 1936 until 30 July 1940 and was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War and the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nonetheless, the COP project succeeded in vastly expanding Polish industry, and after the end of the war in 1945 COP was rebuilt and expanded under the People's Republic of Poland. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian

The scheme history

Starting in 1928, there were recurring attempts to create a triangle of security, an industrial region in the middle of the country, secured from any aggression by Germany or Soviet Russia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The plan was finally approved in 1936 by the Polish government. By April 1938, the scheme, already set in motion in some parts of the country, was expanded to the territories beyond those covered by the original plan for the most secure 'triangle'.

Polish voivodeships 1922-1939

COP was located in the territories of the following former voivodeships: eastern parts of Kielce Voivodship and Kraków Voivodship, southern part of Lublin Voivodship, and the western part of Lwów Voivodeship, or in other terms, 46 powiats, constituting 15. This article concerns both historical and contemporary voivodeships in various countries Kielce Voivodeship (województwo kieleckie is a former unit of administrative division and local government in Poland. Kraków Voivodeship refers to several historical Voivodeships of Poland. Lublin Voivodeship (also known as Lublin Province or województwo lubelskie or simply Lubelskie) is a voivodeship, or Province, in eastern Poland Lwów Voivodeship (Województwo lwowskie was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918-1939 A powiat (pronounced; Polish plural powiaty) is the second-level unit of Local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a County 4% of the territory of Poland and inhabited by 17% of Poland's population. The urbanization factor of those territories was 17% (94 cities), compared to Poland's average of 30%. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing The arguments for such location of COP were:

a) military - relatively long distance from the western border (Poland was expecting German aggression), protected from the south by the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати

b) demographic - fairly high density of population (100 people per square km) with high unemployment (400-700,000)

c) economic - to strengthen the mostly agricultural market of Eastern Poland and create a market for Western Poland's industrial products, and an energy market for Southern Poland. In addition, this region had a some undeveloped natural resources (stone, iron, clay, plus some energy resources).

d) social - to reduce unemployment, still high in the mostly agricultural regions of Eastern Poland, still feeling the aftershocks of the Great Depression.

The COP scheme required gigantic financial investment - just the development of the infrastructure and the military industry was estimated at 3 billion zlotys. The złoty (/ˈzwɔtɨ/, plural for numbers ending in 2 3 and 4 (except 12 13 and 14 złote /ˈzwɔtɛ/ plural for all other numbers złotych /ˈzwɔtɨx/ As the expectations of war grew, private investment in Europe in the late 1930s was small, and thus the Polish government carried most of the burden of financing the project: in the years 1937-1939, COP had consumed approximately 60% of all Polish investment funds.

The scheme achievements

The following industrial projects were part of the scheme: steel mill and power plant in Stalowa Wola, rubber factory in Dębica, automobile factory in Lublin, aircraft factory in Mielec, aircraft engine and artillery factory in Rzeszów, hydroelectric power plants in Rożnów and Myszkowice, expansion of Zakłady Azotowe in Mościce. Steel Mill was one of Bruce Springsteen 's early bands and performed regularly on the Jersey Shore, in Virginia, and also in California from 1969 A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Stalowa Wola is the largest city and capital of Stalowa Wola County with a population of 68472 (2005 Dębica Lublin Voivodeship Dębica (דעמביץ- Dembitz) is a town in southeastern Poland with 47187 inhabitants (2005 Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Mielec (מעליץ- Melitz) is a city in south-eastern Poland with a population of about 63000 Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Rzeszów (Ряшiв Reichshof Resovia ריישע- Reisha) is a city in south-eastern Poland with a population of 170722 (2008 granted a town charter in 1354 Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Myszkowice may refer to the following places in Poland: Myszkowice in Gmina Strzelin, Strzelin County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship Mościce is an industrial borough of the city of Tarnów in Poland, previously an industrial suburb Military industry in the Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy was expanded in the towns of Radom, Skarżysko-Kamienna, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Starachowice, Kielce. Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy (Old Polish Industrial Region is an Industrial region in Poland Radom is a city in central Poland with 227309 inhabitants It is located on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Skarżysko-Kamienna is a town in northern Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland by Kamienna river to the north of Świętokrzyskie Mountains Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski ( listen) is a town in central Poland with 74211 inhabitants (2006 Starachowice is a town in central Poland with 56500 inhabitants (2005 Kielce is a city in central Poland with 202609 inhabitants (2006 Most of those investments were located in regions with high unemployment, and their construction succeeded in reducing social tensions and began to strengthen the Polish economy.

The development of COP and similar projects, like the construction of the seaport in Gdynia, were the most outstanding achievements of the Second Polish Republic, marking the beginning of the new era of the recently regained independence. Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport The COP scheme was continued by the communist government of Poland after the Second World War. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

However, as the end date for the scheme was end of July 1940, and Poland did not have sufficient capital to carry out the entire plan on its own, few of the intended projects were completely operational before the war broke out, and many other ones were not launched at all. Consequently, their contribution to the equipment of the Polish Army in the run-up to the war was relatively insignificant, and did little to offset the crushing material superiority of the German armed forces. German blitzkrieg tactics in the Second World War, with their rapid advances by fast motorized forces and long range air attacks, ensured that the COP region failed in being a secure haven for Polish industry. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial In any event, the German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia outflanked Poland from the south and put the COP factories in the direct path of German advance from Slovakia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. During the German occupation, most of the factories were converted to contribute to the German war effort. After the war, the COP-initiated industrial enterprises were further expanded and for the most part continue to function until today.

See also

• Upper Silesian Industry Area

References

• Wiesław Samecki, Ekonomia 3: Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy 1936-1939, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1998, ISBN 8322916345