The cementation process is an obsolete technique for making steel by carburization of iron. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Carburization (often referred to as carburizing) is a heat treatment process which iron or steel is heated to "below the melting point in the presence of a solid liquid Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Unlike modern steelmaking it increased the amount of carbon in the iron. Steelmaking is the second step in producing Steel from Iron ore. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 It was apparently developed before the 17th century. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

Origins

The process probably originated in Bohemia in the 16th century and was in use in Bavaria in 1601. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The process was patented in England by William Ellyot and Mathias Meysey in 1614. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland At that date, the 'invention' could consist merely of the introduction of a new industry or product, or even a mere monopoly. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient They evidently soon transferred the patent to Sir Basil Brooke, but he was forced to surrender it in 1619. Sir Basil Brooke ( 1576 &ndash 1646) English Metallurgist and Recusant, inherited the manor of Madeley from A clause in the patent prohibiting the import of steel was found to be undesirable because he could not supply as much good steel as was needed. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0

Brooke's furnaces were probably in his manor of Madeley at Coalbrookdale (which certainly existed before the English Civil War) and which have recently been excavated. A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. Madeley is a Town and Civil parish, now part of the New town of Telford in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county Coalbrookdale is a side valley of the Ironbridge Gorge in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. He probably used bar iron from the Forest of Dean, where he was a partner in farming the King's ironworks there at two periods. QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. The Forest of Dean is a geographical historical and cultural region in the western part of the County of Gloucestershire, England By 1631, it was recognised that Swedish iron was the best raw material and then or later particularly certain marks (brands) such as double bullett from Österby (so called from the mark OO) and Leufsta (now Lövsta), whose hoop L mark consisted of an L in a circle, both belonging to Louis De Geer and his descendants. Louis De Geer, ( Liège, 17 november 1587, - Amsterdam, 19 june 1652) was a Walloon/Dutch merchant and These were among the first ironworks in Sweden to use the Walloon process of fining iron, producing what was known in England as oregrounds iron. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Iron tapped from the Blast furnace is Pig iron, and contains significant amounts of Carbon and Silicon. The English term Oregrounds iron takes its name from the small Swedish city of Öregrund. It was so called from the Swedish port of Öregrund, north of Stockholm, in whose hinterland most of the ironworks lay. Öregrund is a town (pop 1500 in Östhammar Municipality, Uppsala County in eastern Sweden. The ore used came ultimately from the Dannemora mine.

Process

The process begins with wrought iron and charcoal. QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation It uses one or more long stone pots inside a furnace. Typically, in Sheffield, each was 14 feet by 4 feet and 3. Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England 5 feet deep. Iron bars and charcoal are packed in alternating layers, with a top layer of charcoal and then refractory matter to make the pot or 'coffin' airtight. Some manufacturers used a mix of powdered charcoal, soot and mineral salts, called cement powder - which gave the process its name. Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants In larger works up to 16 tons of iron was treated in each cycle.

Depending on the thickness of the iron bars, the pots were then heated from below for a week or more. Bars were regularly examined and when the correct condition was reached the heat was withdrawn and the pots were left until cool - usually around fourteen days. The iron had 'gained' a little over 1% in mass from the carbon in the charcoal, and had become heterogeneous bars of blister steel. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6

The bars were then shortened, bound, heated and hammered, pressed or rolled to become shear steel. Alternatively they could be broken up and melted in a crucible using a crucible furnace with a flux to become crucible steel or cast steel, a process devised by Benjamin Huntsman in the 1740s. Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically In the various subfields of Physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically Benjamin Huntsman ( 4 June 1704 – 20 June 1776) was an English inventor and manufacturer of Crucible steel. Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap

Cementation process for brass

In the early modern period, brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was usually produced by a cementation process in which metallic copper was heated with calamine, a zinc ore. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 This article is about calamine in mineralogy For calamine used in calamine lotion see Calamine, for other uses of the word see Calamine (disambiguation. For details of this see calamine brass. Calamine brass is Brass produced by a particular Alloying technique using calamine, a zinc Ore, rather than metallic zinc

References

• K. C. Barraclough, Steel before Bessemer I: blister steel: the birth of an industry (1985).
• K. C. Barraclough, 'Swedish Iron and Sheffield Steel' History of Technology 12 (1990), 1-39.
• P. W. King, 'The Cartel in Oregrounds Iron' Journal of Industrial History 6 (2003), 25-48.
• R. J. MacKenzie and J. A Whiteman, 'Why pay more? An archaeometallurgical examination of 19th century Swedish Wrought iron and Sheffield blister steel' Historical Metallurgy 40(2) (2006), 138-49.