Celsius temperature conversion formulae
from Celsiusto Celsius
Fahrenheit[°F] = [°C] × 95 + 32[°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 59
Kelvin[K] = [°C] + 273. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 15[°C] = [K] − 273. 15
Rankine[°R] = ([°C] + 273. Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute temperature scale named after the Scottish Engineer and Physicist William John Macquorn Rankine 15) × 95[°C] = ([°R] − 491. 67) × 59
For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
1 °C = 1 K
and
1 ℃ = 1. 8 °F
Comparisons among various temperature scales

The Celsius temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Kelvin Celsius (Centigrade Fahrenheit Rankine Delisle Newton Réaumur Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The degree Celsius (symbol: ) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as serve as a unit increment to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty). In Mathematics, an interval is a set of Real numbers with the property that any number that lies between two numbers in the set is also included in the set Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields including Philosophy, Statistics, Economics, Finance, Insurance “Celsius” is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701 – 1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. Anders Celsius ( November 27, 1701 &ndash April 25, 1744 in Uppsala) was a Swedish astronomer.

From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C on the Celsius scale was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water under a pressure of one standard atmosphere; this close equivalency is taught in schools today. The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm However, the unit “degree Celsius” and the Celsius scale are currently, by international agreement[1], defined by two different points: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially prepared water). Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point In Thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the Temperature and Pressure at which three phases (for example Gas, Liquid VSMOW, or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, is an isotopic water standard defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which is the SI base unit of temperature (symbol: K). The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The International System of Units (SI defines seven dimensionally independent SI base units. Absolute zero—the temperature at which no energy remains in a substance—is defined as being precisely 0 K and −273. 15 °C. The triple point of water is defined as being precisely 273. 16 K and 0. 01 °C.

This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the unit kelvin as being precisely 1 part in 273. 16 parts the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and the kelvin to be exactly equivalent. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales’ null points as being precisely 273. 15 degrees Celsius (−273. 15 °C = 0 K and 0. 01 °C = 273. 16 K)[2].

Some key temperatures relating the Celsius scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.

 Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Absolute zero(precisely, by definition) 0 K −273. 15 °C −459. 67 °F Melting point of ice(approximate) [3] 273. 15 K 0 °C 32 °F Water’s triple point(precisely, by definition) 273. In Thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the Temperature and Pressure at which three phases (for example Gas, Liquid 16 K 0. 01 °C 32. 018 °F Water's boiling point at 1 atm (101. 325 kPa)(approximate) [4] 373. 1339 K 99.9839 °C 211. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 9710 °F
An illustration of Anders Celsius's original thermometer. Note the reversed scale, where 0 is the boiling point of water and 100 is its freezing point.

## History

In 1742, Swedish Anders Celsius (1701 – 1744) created a "reversed" version of the modern Celsius temperature scale whereby zero represented the boiling point of water and one hundred represented the freezing point of water. Anders Celsius ( November 27, 1701 &ndash April 25, 1744 in Uppsala) was a Swedish astronomer. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he recounted his experiments showing that ice’s melting point was effectively unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how water’s boiling point varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that zero on his temperature scale (water’s boiling point) would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm In 1954, Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM (the General Conference on Weights and Measures) established internationally that one standard atmosphere was a pressure equivalent to 1,013,250 dynes per cm2 (101. The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the English name of the Conférence générale des poids et mesures ( CGPM, never GCWM M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here 325 kPa).

In 1744, coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) effectively reversed [5] Celsius’s scale upon receipt of his first thermometer featuring a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water’s boiling point. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for His custom-made "linnaeus-thermometer", for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, Sweden’s leading maker of scientific instruments at the time and whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, numerous physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale;[6] among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding; Christian of Lyons; Daniel Ekström, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707 – 1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius.

The first known document[7] reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclér. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In it, Linnaeus recounted the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University:

". . . since the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) by the angle of the windows, merely from the rays of the sun, obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees, and in winter not under 15 degrees . . . "

For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities world-wide referred to this scale as the “centigrade scale”. Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported simply as "degrees" or, when greater specificity was desired, "degrees centigrade". The symbol for temperature values on this scale was °C (in several formats over the years).

Because the term "centigrade" was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement (1/10000 of a right angle) and had a similar connotation in other languages, the term "centesimal degree" was used when very precise, unambiguous language was required by international standards bodies such as the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one The 9th CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) and the CIPM (Comité international des poids et mesures) formally adopted "degree Celsius" (symbol: °C) in 1948. The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the English name of the Conférence générale des poids et mesures ( CGPM, never GCWM The International Committee for Weights and Measures is the English name of the Comité international des poids et mesures ( CIPM, sometimes written in English [8][9] For lay-people worldwide — including school textbooks — the full transition from centigrade to Celsius is far from complete, with centigrade still the commonly used term in many communities.

In modern days the word "degrees" is often omitted: for example, on the BBC weather, the forecaster may read a temperature as "30 Celsius" instead of "30 degrees Celsius".

## Formatting

The “degree Celsius” is the only SI unit whose full unit name contains an uppercase letter.

The following are permissible ways to express degree Celsius: singular / (plural)

• degree Celsius / degrees Celsius
• °C

The general rule is that the numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number, e. g. , “23 °C” (not “23°C” nor “23° C”). Thus the value of the quantity is the product of the number and the unit, the space being regarded as a multiplication sign (just as a space between units implies multiplication). The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle, °, ′, and ″, respectively, for which no space is left between the numerical value and the unit symbol. [10]

## The special Unicode °C character

Unicode provides a compatibility character for the degree Celsius at U+2103 (decimal 8451), for compatibility with CJK encodings that provide such a character (as such, in most fonts the width is the same as for fullwidth characters). In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's In discussing Unicode and the UCS many often refer to compatibility characters In CJK computing Graphic characters are traditionally classed into fullwidth (in Taiwan and Hong Kong: 全形 elsewhere 全角 and halfwidth Its appearance is similar to the one synthesized by individually typing its two components (°) and (C). Shown below is the degree Celsius character followed immediately by the two-component version:

℃ °C

When viewed on computers that properly support Unicode, the above line may be similar to the line below (size and font may vary):

The canonical decomposition is simply an ordinary degree sign and "C", so some browsers may simply display "°C" in its place due to Unicode normalization.

## Temperatures and intervals

The degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing Celsius temperatures. [11] The degree Celsius is also subject to the same rules as the kelvin with regard to the use of its unit name and symbol. Thus, besides expressing specific temperatures along its scale (e. g. “Gallium melts at 29. Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 7646 °C” and “The temperature outside is 23 degrees Celsius”), the degree Celsius is also suitable for expressing temperature intervals: differences between temperatures or their uncertainties (e. g. “The output of the heat exchanger is hotter by 40 degrees Celsius”, and “Our standard uncertainty is ±3 °C”). [12] Because of this dual usage, one must not rely upon the unit name or its symbol to denote that a quantity is a temperature interval; it must be unambiguous through context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. [13] Therefore, automated systems such as Google Calculator can give unexpected results when temperatures are added, such as the sum of 1°C and 1°C being 275. Google search is a Web search engine owned by Google Inc, and it is the most used search engine on the Web. 15°C (as both are converted to degree Kelvin first). [14] What is often confused about the Celsius measurement is that it follows an interval system but not a ratio system. This is put simply by illustrating that while 10°C and 20°C have the same interval difference as 20°C and 30°C the temperature 20°C is not twice the air heat energy as 10°C. As this example shows degrees Celsius is a useful interval measurement does not possess the characteristics of ratio measures like weight or distance. [15]

## Why technical articles use a mix of Kelvin and Celsius scales

In science (especially) and in engineering, the Celsius scale and the kelvin are often used simultaneously in the same article (e. g. “…its measured value was 0. 01023 °C with an uncertainty of 70 µK…”). This practice is permissible because 1) the degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing Celsius temperatures, and 2) the magnitude of the degree Celsius is precisely equal to that of the kelvin. Notwithstanding the official endorsement provided by decision #3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM, which stated “a temperature interval may also be expressed in degrees Celsius,” the practice of simultaneously using both “°C” and “K” remains widespread throughout the scientific world as the use of SI prefixed forms of the degree Celsius (such as “µ°C” or “microdegrees Celsius”) to express a temperature interval has not been well-adopted. An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol to form a Decimal multiple or

This practice should be avoided for literature directed to lower-level technical fields and in non-technical articles intended for the general public where both the kelvin and its symbol, K, are not well recognized and could be confusing.

## The melting and boiling points of water

One effect of defining the Celsius scale at the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (273. In Thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the Temperature and Pressure at which three phases (for example Gas, Liquid VSMOW, or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, is an isotopic water standard defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. 16 kelvins and 0. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 01 °C), and at absolute zero (zero kelvins and −273. Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point 15 °C), is that neither the melting nor the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere (101. 325 kPa) remain defining points for the Celsius scale. In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0. The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the English name of the Conférence générale des poids et mesures ( CGPM, never GCWM 01 °C greater than water’s known melting point, it was simply defined as precisely 0. 01 °C[16]. However, current measurements show that the triple and melting points of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) are actually very slightly (<0. VSMOW, or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, is an isotopic water standard defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. 001 °C) greater than 0. 01 °C apart. Thus, the actual melting point of ice is very slightly (less than a thousandth of a degree) below 0 °C. Also, defining water’s triple point at 273. 16 K precisely defined the magnitude of each 1 °C increment in terms of the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale (referencing absolute zero). Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of Temperature and is one of the principal parameters of Thermodynamics. Now decoupled from the actual boiling point of water, the value “100 °C” is hotter than 0 °C — in absolute terms — by a factor of precisely $\textstyle\frac{373.15}{273.15}$ (approximately 36. 61% thermodynamically hotter). When adhering strictly to the two-point definition for calibration, the boiling point of VSMOW under one standard atmosphere of pressure is actually 373. 1339 K (99. 9839 °C). When calibrated to ITS-90 (a calibration standard comprising many definition points and commonly used for high-precision instrumentation), the boiling point of VSMOW is slightly less, about 99. The International Temperature Scale of 1990 ( ITS-90) is an equipment calibration standard for making measurements on the Kelvin and 974 °C. [17]

This boiling–point difference of 16. 1 millikelvins (thousandths of a degree Celsius) between the Celsius scale’s original definition and the current one (based on absolute zero and the triple point) has little practical meaning in real life because water’s boiling point is extremely sensitive to variations in barometric pressure. For example, an altitude change of only 28 cm (11 inches) causes water’s boiling point to change by one millikelvin.

Throughout the world, except in the U.S. and a few other countries (for example, Belize [18]), the Celsius temperature scale is used for practically all purposes. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. The only exceptions are some specialist fields (e. g. , low-temperature physics, astrophysics, light temperature in photography) where the closely related Kelvin scale dominates instead. Even in the U. S. , almost the entire scientific world and most engineering fields, especially high-tech ones, use the Celsius scale. The general U. S. population (not considering foreign immigrants), however, remains more accustomed to the Fahrenheit scale, which is therefore the scale that most U. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 S. broadcasters use in weather forecasts. The Fahrenheit scale is also commonly used in the U. S. for body temperatures. The United Kingdom has almost exclusively used the Celsius scale since the 1970s (but it is often called centigrade). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A notable exception is that some broadcasters and publications still quote Fahrenheit air temperatures in weather forecasts (especially during summer), for the benefit of generations born before about 1950, and air-temperature thermometers sold still show both scales for the same reason. Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days

## Notes

1. ^ SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5. Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The International Temperature Scale of 1990 ( ITS-90) is an equipment calibration standard for making measurements on the Kelvin and The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute temperature scale named after the Scottish Engineer and Physicist William John Macquorn Rankine The Réaumur scale (°Ré °Re °R also known as the octogesimal division, is a Temperature scale in which the freezing and Boiling points Rømer is a disused Temperature scale named after the Danish Astronomer Ole Christensen Rømer, who proposed it in 1701. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Kelvin Celsius (Centigrade Fahrenheit Rankine Delisle Newton Réaumur Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of Temperature and is one of the principal parameters of Thermodynamics. In Thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the Temperature and Pressure at which three phases (for example Gas, Liquid VSMOW, or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, is an isotopic water standard defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
2. ^ Essentials of the SI: Base & derived units. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
3. ^ The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0. 000 089(10) degrees Celsius - see Magnum, B. W. (June 1995). "Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements" (PDF). Nist Technical Note 1411.
4. ^ For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101. VSMOW, or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, is an isotopic water standard defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm 325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 °C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16. 1 mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see VSMOW in temperature measurement. VSMOW, or Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, is an isotopic water standard defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
5. ^ Citations: Thermodynamics-information. net, A Brief History of Temperature Measurement and; Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus’ thermometer
6. ^ Citation for Daniel Ekström, Mårten Strömer, Christian of Lyons: The Physics Hypertextbook, Temperature; citation for Christian of Lyons: Le Moyne College, Glossary, (Celsius scale); citation for Linnaeus’ connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus’ thermometer; general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale
7. ^ Citations: University of Wisconsin–Madison, Linnæus & his Garden and; Uppsala University, Linnaeus’ thermometer
8. ^ CIPM, 1948 and 9th CGPM, 1948. International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
9. ^ According to The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the term "Celsius’ thermometer" had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term "The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer" was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature: "My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28° Celsius. " However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of Dr. Terry Quinn CBE FRS, Director of the BIPM (1988 – 2004), including Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century (herePDF (146 KiB)) as well as Temperature (2nd Edition / 1990 / Academic Press / 0125696817), the term Celsius in connection with the centigrade scale was not used whatsoever by the scientific or thermometry communities until after the CIPM and CGPM adopted the term in 1948. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International The BIPM was not even aware that "degree Celsius" was in sporadic, non-scientific use before that time. It is also noteworthy that the twelve-volume, 1933 edition of OED didn’t even have a listing for the word Celsius (but did have listings for both centigrade and centesimal in the context of temperature measurement). The 1948 adoption of Celsius accomplished three objectives:
1. All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them; namely, Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine.
2. Notwithstanding the important contribution of Linnaeus who gave the Celsius scale its modern form, Celsius’ name was the obvious choice because it began with the letter C. Thus, the symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used and would simultaneously inherit an intuitive association with the new name.
3. The new name eliminated the ambiguity of the term "centigrade", freeing it to refer exclusively to the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement.
• ^ For more information on conventions used in technical writing, see the informative SI Unit rules and style conventions by the NIST as well as the BIPM’s SI brochure: Subsection 5. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one 3. 3, Formatting the value of a quantity.
• ^ Note (e) of SI Brochure, Section, 2.2.2, Table 3
• ^ Decision #3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM
• ^ In 1948, Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM stated, “To indicate a temperature interval or difference, rather than a temperature, the word ‘degree’ in full, or the abbreviation ‘deg’ must be used. ” This resolution was abrogated in 1967/1968 by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM which stated that [“The names "degree Kelvin" and "degree", the symbols "°K" and "deg" and the rules for their use given in Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM (1948),] …and the designation of the unit to express an interval or a difference of temperatures are abrogated, but the usages which derive from these decisions remain permissible for the time being. ” Consequently, there is now wide freedom in usage regarding how to indicate a temperature interval. The most important thing is that one’s intention must be clear and the basic rule of the SI must be followed; namely that the unit name or its symbol must not be relied upon to indicate the nature of the quantity. Thus, if a temperature interval is, say, 10 K or 10 °C (which may be written 10 kelvins or 10 degrees Celsius), it must be unambiguous through obvious context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. Rules governing the expressing of temperatures and intervals are covered in the BIPM’s SI Brochure, 8th edition ([1]PDF (1. 39 MiB)). A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB.
• ^ Google Calculator 1C + 1C = 275.15C. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
• ^ This fact is demonstrated in the book 'Biostatistics: A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Discovery' By Ronald N. Forthofer, Eun Sul Lee and Mike Hernandez
• ^ Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
• ^ Citation: London South Bank University, Water Structure and Behavior, notes c1 and c2
• ^ Belize Weather Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of