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For other uses, see Cedar (disambiguation).
Cedar
Lebanon Cedar in Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve, Barouk, Lebanon
Lebanon Cedar in Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve, Barouk, Lebanon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Pinophyta
Class:Pinopsida
Order:Pinales
Family:Pinaceae
Genus:Cedrus
Trew
Species

See text

Cedar (Cedrus) is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae. Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve is a Nature reserve in the Chouf District of Lebanon. Barouk (الباروك is a village in the Chouf District of Lebanon (1000-1250 Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant Conifers This order was formerly known as the The family Pinaceae ( pine family) is in the order Pinales and includes many of the well-known Conifers of commercial importance such as Cedars A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The family Pinaceae ( pine family) is in the order Pinales and includes many of the well-known Conifers of commercial importance such as Cedars They are most closely related to the Firs (Abies), sharing a very similar cone structure. Firs ( Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of Evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. They are native to the mountains of the western Himalaya and the Mediterranean region, occurring at altitudes of 1,500–3200 m in the Himalaya and 1,000–2,200 m in the Mediterranean. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. [1]

Contents

Description

Foliage of Atlas Cedar
Foliage of Atlas Cedar

Cedars are trees up to 30–40 m (occasionally 60 m) tall with spicy-resinous scented wood, thick ridged or square-cracked bark, and broad, level branches. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen and needle-like, 8–60 mm long, arranged in an open spiral phyllotaxis on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters of 15–45 together on short shoots; they vary from bright grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from desiccation. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. The seed cones are barrel-shaped, 6–12 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, green maturing grey-brown, and, as in Abies, disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds. A cone (in formal botanical usage Strobilus, plural strobili is an organ on Plants in the division Pinophyta ( Conifers Firs ( Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of Evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The seeds are 10–15 mm long, with a 20–30 mm wing; as in Abies, the seeds have 2–3 resin blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defense against squirrel predation. Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. A squirrel is one of the many small or medium-sized Rodents in the family Sciuridae. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. The pollen cones are slender ovoid, 3–8 cm long, produced in late summer and shedding pollen in autumn. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of [1][2]

Taxonomy

There are five taxa of Cedrus, assigned according to taxonomic opinion to two to four different species:

A cedar in Lebanon
A cedar in Lebanon

The treatment of the Turkish, Cyprus and Atlas Cedars as varieties or subspecies of Lebanon Cedar is found primarily in botanical and floristic works,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][2][10] while treatment as separate species is more widespread in popular horticultural use,[11] but also in some botanical works. In Botanical nomenclature or biological nomenclature variety is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members of different populations can In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation [1][12][13] The discrepancy in treatment derives largely from the very narrow gene base of trees in cultivation, which gives a false impression of distinctiveness of the taxa, not borne out when the wider range of variation found in wild trees is examined. [14] The Deodar Cedar is more distinct and almost universally accepted as a separate species, though very rarely, it has also been treated as a subspecies of Lebanon Cedar, C. libani subsp. deodara (Roxb. ) P. D. Sell, thus regarding the genus as comprising a single species. [15]

Ecology

Cedars are adapted to montane climates; in the Mediterranean they receive winter precipitation, mainly as snow, and summer drought, while in the western Himalaya, they receive primarily summer monsoon rainfall. [1]

Cedars are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Pine Processionary and Turnip Moth (recorded on Deodar Cedar). A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. The Pine Processionary (Thaumatopoea pityocampa is a Moth of the family Thaumetopoeidae. The Turnip Moth ( Agrotis segetum) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae.

Uses

a cluster of cedar needles
a cluster of cedar needles
Cedar wood is not only scented, but also has an attractive colour and grain
Cedar wood is not only scented, but also has an attractive colour and grain

Cedars are very popular ornamental trees, widely used in horticulture in temperate climates where winter temperatures do not fall below about −25 °C. Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of The Turkish Cedar is slightly hardier, to −30 °C or just below. Extensive mortality of planted specimens can occur in severe winters where temperatures do drop lower. [16] Areas with successful long-term cultivation include the entire Mediterranean region, western Europe north to the British Isles, southern Australia and New Zealand, and southern and western North America.

They are also grown for their durable (decay-resistant) scented wood, most famously used in the construction of King Solomon's temple in Jerusalem provided by King Hiram, or Ahiram, of Tyre, Lebanon, circa 1000 BC. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The wood is also used for humbler purposes requiring resistance to weather, such as shakes and shingles. Cedar wood and cedar oil is known to be a natural repellent to moths,[17] hence hope chests were made of cedar when available. A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. A hope chest, dowry chest, or glory box is a chest used to collect items of clothing or household linen by unmarried young women in anticipation of married life Cedar is a popular lining for modern-day closets in which woolens are stored. The use of cedar is mentioned in The Iliad Book 24, referring to the cedar-roofed or lined storage chamber where Priam goes to fetch the treasures used to ransom the corpse of his son Hector from Achilles.

Etymology

Both the Latin word cedrus and the generic name cedrus are derived from the Greek 'kedros'. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Ancient Greek and Latin used the same word, kedros and cedrus respectively, for different species of plants now classified in the genera Cedrus and Juniperus (juniper). Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Species of both genera are native to the area where Greek language and culture originated, though as the word "kedros" does not seem to be derived from any of the languages of the Middle East, it has been suggested the word may originally have applied to Greek species of juniper and was later adopted for species now classified in the genus Cedrus because of the similarity of their aromatic woods. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [18] The name was similarly applied to citron and the word citrus is derived from the same root. The citron is a fragrant fruit with the botanical name Citrus medica L Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of [19] However, as a loan word in English, cedar had become fixed to its biblical sense of Cedrus by the time of its first recorded usage in AD 1000. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin [20]

The name "cedar" has more recently (since about 1700[20]) been applied to many other trees with scented wood (in some cases with the botanical name alluding to this usage). Such usage is regarded by some authorities [21] as a misapplication of the name to be discouraged.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  2. ^ a b Frankis, M. & Lauria, F. (1994). The maturation and dispersal of cedar cones and seeds. International Dendrology Society Yearbook 1993: 43–46.
  3. ^ Hooker, J. D. (1862). Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, OM, GCSI, MD, FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911 was an English Botanist and Explorer On the Cedars of Lebanon, Taurus, Algeria and India. Nat. Hist. Rev. 2: 11–18.
  4. ^ Battander, J. -A. & Trabut, L. (1905). Flora de l'Algérie.
  5. ^ Schwarz, O. (1944). Anatolica. Feddes Repertorium 54: 26-34.
  6. ^ Coode, M. J. E. , & Cullen, J. , eds. (1965). Pinaceae. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 1: 67–85. Edinburgh University Press.
  7. ^ Meikle, R. D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus vol. 1. Bentham - Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. London.
  8. ^ Browicz, K. & Zielinski, J. (1982). Chorology of Trees and Shrubs in southwest Asia vol. 1.
  9. ^ Greuter, W., Burdet, H. Professor Dr Werner Rodolfo Greuter, (born February 27, 1938) in Genova, Italy, as a Swiss national is a prominent Botanist M. , & Long, G. (eds. ), (1984). Med-Checklist — A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries. Cedrus, Cedrus libani
  10. ^ Güner, A. , Özhatay, N. , Ekim, T. , & Başer, K. H. C. (ed. ). 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 11 (Supplement 2): 5–6. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1409-5
  11. ^ Walters, W. M. (1986). European Garden Flora Vol 1. ISBN 0-521-24859-0.
  12. ^ Christou, K. A. (1991). The genetic and taxonomic status of Cyprus Cedar, Cedrus brevifolia (Hook. ) Henry. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece.
  13. ^ Gymnosperm database Cedrus.
  14. ^ Gaussen, H. (1964). Genre Cedrus. Les Formes Actuelles. Trav. Lab. For. Toulouse T2 V1 11: 295–320
  15. ^ Sell, P. D. (1990). Some new combinations in the British Flora. Watsonia 18: 92.
  16. ^ Ødum, S. (1985). Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981/82 and 1984/85 winters. Hørsholm Arboretum, Denmark.
  17. ^ Cedarwood oils
  18. ^ Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World.
  19. ^ Andrews, A. C. 1961. Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region. Agricultural History 35: 35–46.
  20. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English
  21. ^ Kelsey, H. P. , & Dayton, W. A. (1942). Standardized Plant Names, second edition. American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Dictionary

cedar

-noun

  1. (countable) A coniferous tree of the genus Cedrus in the coniferous plant family Pinaceae.
  2. (uncountable) The aromatic wood from such a tree.

Cedar

-proper noun

  1. (computing) A programming language.
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