The Right Honourable  Cecil John Rhodes  PC DCL
6th Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
In office 1890 – 1896
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Governor	Henry Loch William Gordon Cameron (acting) Hercules Robinson
Preceded by	John Gordon Sprigg
Succeeded by	John Gordon Sprigg
Born	July 5, 1853(1853-07-05) Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Died	March 26, 1902 (aged 48) Muizenberg, Cape Colony (now South Africa)
Resting place	"World’s View", Matopos Hills, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) 20°25′″S, 28°28′″E
Nationality	British
Spouse	Never married
Relations	Reverend Francis William Rhodes (Father) Louisa Peacock Rhodes(Mother) Francis William Rhodes(Brother)
Children	None
Alma mater	Bishop's Stortford Grammar School Oriel College, Oxford
Occupation	Businessman Politician

Cecil John Rhodes, PC (July 5, 1853 – March 26, 1902^[1]) was a British-born South African businessman, mining magnate, and politician. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a Some universities such as the University of Oxford, award Doctor of Civil Law (DCL degrees instead of Doctor of Laws (LL The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Henry Brougham Loch 1st Baron Loch GCMG, KCB ( 23 May 1827 &ndash 20 June 1900) was a Scottish soldier and This page is about Baron Rosmead who became the 5th Governor of Hong Kong under the name Robinson Sir John Gordon Sprigg (1830-1913 GCMG was a British Administrator, Politician and four-time Prime minister of the Cape Colony Sir John Gordon Sprigg (1830-1913 GCMG was a British Administrator, Politician and four-time Prime minister of the Cape Colony Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Bishop's Stortford is a Market town in east Hertfordshire, England, on the County boundary with Essex. Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Muizenberg is a beach-side suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Matobo National Park forms the core of the Matobo or Matopos Hills, an area of Granite Kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 35 kilometres Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A bachelor is a man above the Age of majority who has never been married (see single) The Reverend is a style used as a Prefix to the names of many Christian Clergy and ministers It is correctly called a style rather Colonel Francis William Rhodes, CB, DSO ( 9 April, 1851 &ndash 21 September, 1905) better known as "Frank" Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Bishop's Stortford is a Market town in east Hertfordshire, England, on the County boundary with Essex. Oriel College, located in Oriel Square, Oxford, is the fifth oldest of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man itself from Latin magnus 'great' designates a noble or other man in a high social position A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 60% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%. De Beers and the various companies within the De Beers Family of Companies engage in exploration for diamonds, diamond mining diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacture He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Rhodesia, later Northern and Southern Rhodesia, eventually became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa initially administered under charter by the British South Africa Company and formed by it in 1911 by Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British Colony situated north of the Limpopo River and the Union of South Africa, and known today as Zimbabwe The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election He is also especially known today for the scholarship that bears his name. Rhodes Scholarship Rhodes scholar redirects here Rhodes Scholar redirects here Rhodes scholars

Contents 1 Childhood in England 2 South Africa 3 Education 4 Diamonds 5 Politics in South Africa 6 Expanding the British Empire 6.1 Rhodes and the Imperial Factor 6.2 Treaties, concessions and charters 6.3 Rhodesia 7 Political views 8 Personal relationships 8.1 Sexuality 8.2 Princess Radziwill 9 During the Boer War 10 Rhodes’ will and the Rhodes Scholarship 11 Quotes 12 Popular culture 13 Controversies 14 See also 15 References 16 External links

Childhood in England

Rhodes was born in 1853 in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England. Bishop's Stortford is a Market town in east Hertfordshire, England, on the County boundary with Essex. Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He was the fifth son of the Reverend Francis William Rhodes, a Church of England vicar who prided himself on never having preached a sermon longer than 10 minutes, and his wife Louisa Peacock Rhodes. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican In the broadest sense a vicar (from the Latin Vicarius) is a representative anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior He had many siblings, including Francis William Rhodes, an army officer. Colonel Francis William Rhodes, CB, DSO ( 9 April, 1851 &ndash 21 September, 1905) better known as "Frank" A sickly, asthmatic teenager, he was taken out of grammar school and sent to Natal in South Africa because his family thought the hot, dry climate there would improve his health. The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. There he was to help his brother Herbert on his cotton farm. ^[2]

South Africa

After a brief stay with the Surveyor-General of Natal, Dr. Mortimer Luddington Menpes ( 22 February 1855 Port Adelaide, South Australia - 1 April 1938 Pangbourne) P. C. Sutherland, in Pietermaritzburg, Rhodes took an interest in agriculture and joined his brother Herbert on his cotton farm in the Umkomaas valley in Natal. Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city of the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Umkomaas, a small coastal town on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was formed when a harbour was built in 1861, to export Sugar In the colony, he established the Rhodes Fruit Farms^[3] in the Stellenbosch district. Stellenbosch (ˈstɛlənbɒs is the second oldest European settlement in the Western Cape Province, South Africa after Cape Town, and is situated In October 1871, Rhodes left the colony for the diamond fields of Kimberley. Kimberley is a town in South Africa, and the capital of the Northern Cape. Financed by N M Rothschild & Sons, Rhodes achieved a virtual monopoly in the diamond mining industry, Rothschild also profiting on the yield from the future exploitation. N M Rothschild & Sons (more commonly known simply as Rothschild) is the Investment bank company of the Rothschild family. He supervised the working of his brother's claim and speculated on his behalf. Speculation, in a financial context is making an investment that increases the overall risk in a portfolio Among his associates in the early days were John X. Merriman and Charles Rudd, who later became his partner in the De Beers Mining Company and Niger Oil Company. John Xavier Merriman (1841 - 1926 was the last Prime minister of the Cape Colony before the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910 Charles Dunell Rudd ( Oct 22 1844, Hanworth Norfolk - Nov 15 1916, London) was the main business associate of Cecil De Beers and the various companies within the De Beers Family of Companies engage in exploration for diamonds, diamond mining diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacture After he first came to Africa, Rhodes supported himself with money lent by his Aunt Sophia. ^[4]

Education

Rhodes attended the Bishop's Stortford Grammar School. Bishop's Stortford is a Market town in east Hertfordshire, England, on the County boundary with Essex. A grammar school is one of several different types of School in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries In 1873, Rhodes left his farm field in the care of his partner, Rudd, and sailed for England to complete his studies. He was admitted to Oriel College, Oxford, but stayed for only one term in 1873, leaving for South Africa and returning for his second term in 1876. Oriel College, located in Oriel Square, Oxford, is the fifth oldest of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England He was greatly influenced by John Ruskin's inaugural lecture at Oxford, which reinforced his own attachment to the cause of British imperialism. John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Among his Oxford associates were Rochefort Maguire, later a fellow of All Souls College and a director of the British South Africa Company, and Charles Metcalfe. All Souls College (in full The Warden and College of the Souls of all Faithful People deceased in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges The British South Africa Company (BSAC was established by Cecil Rhodes through the amalgamation of the Central Search Association and the Exploring Company Ltd Charles Theophilus Metcalfe 1st Baron Metcalfe ( 30 January 1785 &ndash 5 September 1846) Indian and colonial administrator was His university career engendered in him an admiration for the Oxford "system", which was eventually to mature into his scholarship scheme: "Wherever you turn your eye—except in science—an Oxford man is at the top of the tree".

While attending Oriel College, Rhodes became a Freemason. Oriel College, located in Oriel Square, Oxford, is the fifth oldest of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England Although his initial view of it was not approving, he continued to be a Freemason until his death in 1902. The failures of the Freemasons, in his mind, later caused him to envisage his own secret society with the goal of bringing the entire world under British rule. ^[2]

Diamonds

Whilst at Oxford, Rhodes continued to prosper in Kimberley. Before his departure for Oxford, he and C. D. Rudd had moved from the Kimberley mine to invest in the more costly claims of what was known as old De Beers (Vooruitzicht) which owed its name to Johannes Nicolaas de Beer and his brother, Diederik Arnoldus de Beer, who were occupants of the farm, which with the entire Griqualand West Region belonged to the Voortrekker great-great-grandfather of Claudine Fourie-Grosvenor. He had allowed various Afrikaner families including the De Beers to reside on the land after he had purchased the entire Region from the Modder River via the Vet River up to the Vaal River from Mr. David Danser, a Koranna Chief in the area, in 1839. This included the Diamond Fields and later named Kimberley too. Rhodes and his associates, who had proceeded North from the Cape to forcibly take the land, hastily paid these two brothers a sum of money after writing out a certificate supposedly stating that the farm belonged to the brothers.

In 1874 and 1875, the diamond fields were in the grip of depression, but Rhodes and Rudd were among those who stayed to consolidate their interests. They believed that diamonds would be numerous in the hard blue ground that had been exposed after the softer, yellow layer near the surface had been worked out. During this time, the technical problem of clearing out the water that was flooding the mines became serious and he and Rudd obtained the contract for pumping the water out of the three main mines. It was during this period that Jim B. Taylor, still a young boy and helping to work his father's claim, first met Rhodes. Jim B Taylor (1860–1944 was a South African Randlord born December 1860 in Cape Town.

On 12 March 1880, Rhodes and Rudd launched the De Beers Mining Company after the amalgamation of a number of individual claims. De Beers and the various companies within the De Beers Family of Companies engage in exploration for diamonds, diamond mining diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacture With £200,000^[5] of capital, the Company, of which Rhodes was secretary, owned the largest interest in the mine.

Politics in South Africa

In 1880, Rhodes prepared to enter public life at the Cape. With the incorporation of Griqualand West into the Cape Colony in 1877, the area obtained six seats in the Cape House of Assembly. Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40000 km² that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province, which was inhabited by the The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. Rhodes chose the constituency of Barkly West, a rural constituency in which Boer voters predominated. Barkly West is a town situated adjacent to Kimberley in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans Barkly West remained faithful to Rhodes even after the Jameson Raid, and he continued as its member until his death. The Jameson Raid ( December 29, 1895 - January 2, 1896) was a raid on Paul Kruger 's Transvaal Republic carried out by a

When Rhodes became a member of the Cape Parliament, the chief goal of the assembly was to help decide the future of Basutoland, where the ministry of Sir Gordon Sprigg was trying to restore order after a rebellion, the Gun War, in 1880. Lesotho (lɪˈsuːtuː &mdash had been populated by Khoi Khoi (Qhuaique for possibly as long as 40000 years The Gun War also known as the Basuto War was an 1880-1881 conflict in the British territory of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) in Southern The ministry had precipitated the revolt by applying its disarmament policy to the Basuto. In 1890, Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony and implemented laws that would benefit mine and industry owners. He introduced the Glen Grey Act to push black people from their lands and make way for industrial development.

Rhodes’ policies were instrumental in the development of British imperial policies in South Africa. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa He did not, however, have direct political power over the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. This article is about the former country in Africa For the present-day country see South Africa; for the region where both are located see Southern Africa He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies, and felt he could use his money and his power to overthrow the Boer government and install a British colonial government supporting mine-owners' interests in its place. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism In 1895, Rhodes supported an attack on the Transvaal, the infamous Jameson Raid. The Jameson Raid ( December 29, 1895 - January 2, 1896) was a raid on Paul Kruger 's Transvaal Republic carried out by a The raid was a catastrophic failure which forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother, Col. Frank Rhodes, to jail in Transvaal on high treason, nearly resulted in his hanging, and led to the outbreak of both the Second Matabele War and the Second Boer War. Colonel Francis William Rhodes, CB, DSO ( 9 April, 1851 &ndash 21 September, 1905) better known as "Frank" See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country The Second Matabele War, also known as the Matabeleland Rebellion and in Zimbabwe as the First Chimurenga, took place from 1896–97 See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans:

Expanding the British Empire

Rhodes and the Imperial Factor

Rhodes used his wealth and that of his business partner Alfred Beit and other investors to pursue his dream of creating a British Empire in new territories to the north by obtaining mineral concessions from the most powerful chiefs. Alfred Beit ( 15 February 1853 - 16 July 1906) was a British South African gold and diamond magnate a supporter of British The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Mineral rights, mining rights, oil rights or drilling rights, are the rights to remove Minerals Oil, or sometimes Water Rhodes’ competitive advantage over other mineral prospecting companies was his combination of wealth and the 'imperial factor', his use of the British Government: he made friendships with its local representatives, the British Commissioners, and through them organised British protectorates over the mineral concession areas via separate but related treaties, conferring both legality and security for mining operations. Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions especially referring to a high-ranked public (administrative or Police) official or an analogous In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body He could then win over more investors. Imperial expansion and capital investment went hand in hand. ^[6]

The imperial factor was a double-edged sword: Rhodes did not want it to mean that the bureaucrats of the Colonial Office in London would interfere in the Empire in Africa. A bureaucrat is a member of a Bureaucracy, usually within an institution of the Government. The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He wanted British settlers and local politicians and governors, like himself, to run it. This put him on a collision course with many in Britain, as well as with British missionaries who favoured what they saw as the more ethical direct rule from London. But Rhodes won because he would pay to administer the territories north of South Africa against future mining profits, the Colonial Office did not have the funds to do it, and his presence would prevent the Portuguese, the Germans or the Boers from moving in to south-central Africa. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans

Rhodes’ companies and agents cemented these advantages by obtaining many mining concessions, as exemplified by the Rudd and Lochner Concessions. ^[6]

Treaties, concessions and charters

Rhodes had already tried and failed to get a mining concession from Lobengula, king of the Ndebele of Matabeleland. Lobengula Kumalo (1845–1894 was the second and last king of the Ndebele people usually pronounced Matabele in English Modern day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe currently divided into two provinces Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South. In 1888 he tried again. He sent John Moffat, son of the missionary Robert Moffat, who was trusted by Lobengula, to persuade the latter to sign a treaty of friendship with Britain, and to look favourably on Rhodes’ proposals. Reverend John Smith Moffat (1835 — 1918 was a British Missionary and imperial agent in Southern Africa, the son of missionary Robert Moffat His agent, Francis Thompson, who had travelled to Bulawayo in the company of Charles Rudd and Rochfort Maguire, assured Lobengula that no more than ten white men would mine in Matabeleland, but this was left out of the actual document Lobengula signed, the Rudd Concession. Furthermore it stated that the mining companies could do anything necessary to their operations. When Lobengula discovered later what the concession really meant, he tried to renounce it, but the British Government ignored him. ^[6]

Armed with the Rudd Concession, in 1889 Rhodes obtained a charter from the British Government for his British South Africa Company (BSAC) to rule, police and make new treaties and concessions from the Limpopo River to the great lakes of Central Africa. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified The British South Africa Company (BSAC was established by Cecil Rhodes through the amalgamation of the Central Search Association and the Exploring Company Ltd The Limpopo River rises in central southern Africa, and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean. He obtained further concessions and treaties north of the Zambezi, such as those in Barotseland (the Lochner Concession with King Lewanika in 1890, which was similar to the Rudd Concession), and in the Lake Mweru area (Alfred Sharpe's 1890 Kazembe concession). The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is the fourth-longest River in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa Barotseland is a region in the western part of Zambia, and is the homeland of the Lozi people or Barotse who were previously known as Luyi or Aluyi Lewanika (1842–1916 (also known as Lubosi Lewanika or Lewanika I) was the Lozi Litunga (king or paramount chief of Lake Mweru (also spelled Mwelu) is a Freshwater Lake on the longest arm of Africa 's second-longest river the Congo. Sir Alfred Sharpe (1853—1935 was a professional hunter who became a British colonial administrator and Commissioner (a De facto Governor) For more than 250 years Kazembe has been an influential kingdom or chieftainship of the Chibemba-speaking Lunda people of south-central Africa (also Rhodes also sent Sharpe to get a concession over mineral-rich Katanga, but met his match in ruthlessness: when Sharpe was rebuffed by its ruler Msiri, King Leopold II of Belgium obtained a concession over Msiri's dead body for his Congo Free State. Katanga is a southern province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Msiri (c 1830 - December 20, 1891) founded and ruled the Yeke Kingdom (also called the Garanganze or Garenganze kingdom Leopold II (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909 was King of the Belgians. The Congo Free State was a Corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization the ^[7]

Rhodes also wanted Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana) under the BSAC charter but three Tswana kings including Khama III travelled to Britain and won over British public opinion for it to remain governed by London. The Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP was a protectorate established on March 31, 1885, by the United Kingdom in Southern Africa. The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. Tswana ( Motswana, plural Batswana) is the name of a Southern African people Khama III (1837?-1923 also known as Khama the Good, was the kgosi (meaning chief or king of the Bamangwato people of Bechuanaland (now Rhodes commented: "It is humiliating to be utterly beaten by these niggers". ^[6]

The British Colonial Office also decided to administer British Central Africa (Nyasaland, today's Malawi) owing to the presence there of Scottish missionaries trying to end the slave trade. The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. The British Central Africa Protectorate existed in the area of present-day Malawi between 1891 and 1907 The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Rhodes paid much of the cost so that the British Central Africa Commissioner, Sir Harry Johnston (and his successor, Alfred Sharpe) would assist with security in the BSAC's north-eastern territories. Sir Henry (Harry Hamilton Johnston, GCMG, KCB ( 12 June 1858 - 31 August 1927) was a British explorer Johnston shared Rhodes’ expansionist views, but he and his successors were not as pro-settler as Rhodes and disagreed on dealings with Africans.

Rhodesia

The BSAC had its own police force, which was used to control Matabeleland and Mashonaland, in present-day Zimbabwe. Modern day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe currently divided into two provinces Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South. Mashonaland is a region in northern Zimbabwe. It is the home of the Shona people. The company had hoped to start a "new Rand" from the ancient gold mines of the Shona, but the gold deposits were on a much smaller scale, so many of the white settlers who accompanied the British South Africa Company to Mashonaland became farmers. The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in When the Ndebele and the Shona—the two main, but rival tribes—separately rebelled against the coming of the white settlers, the British South Africa Company defeated them in the two Matabele Wars (1893–94; 1896–97). Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele prophet, Mlimo, at the hands of the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills and persuaded the impi to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the The Matobo National Park forms the core of the Matobo or Matopos Hills, an area of Granite Kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 35 kilometres ^[8]

By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called "Zambesia" after the Zambezi River flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika. The Limpopo River rises in central southern Africa, and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean. Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East In May 1895, its name was officially changed to "Rhodesia", reflecting Rhodes' popularity among settlers who had been using the name informally since 1891. The designation Southern Rhodesia was officially adopted in 1898 for the part south of the Zambezi which later became Zimbabwe, and the designations North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia were used from 1895 for the territory which later became Northern Rhodesia, then Zambia. Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British Colony situated north of the Limpopo River and the Union of South Africa, and known today as Zimbabwe See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election North-Western Rhodesia in south central Africa was formed and administered from 1891 under charter by the British South Africa Company which in 1890 had signed a treaty North-Eastern Rhodesia in south central Africa was formed by and administered by the British South Africa Company as the other half with North-Western Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa initially administered under charter by the British South Africa Company and formed by it in 1911 by The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. ^[9][10]

Rhodes decreed in his will that he was to be buried in Matobo Hills, so when he died in the Cape in 1902 his body came up by train to Bulawayo. Bulawayo is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, after the capital Harare, with a population of 676000 (UN Humanitarian Co-ordinator Zimbabwe 2005 now estimated His burial was attended by Ndebele chiefs, who asked that the firing party should not discharge their rifles as this would disturb the spirits. Then, for the first and probably the only time, they gave the white man the Matabele royal salute "Bayete". Rhodes is buried alongside both Leander Starr Jameson and the 34 white soldiers killed in the Shangani Patrol. Sir Leander Starr Jameson 1st Baronet, KCMG, CB, ( February 9, 1853 &ndash November 26, 1917) also known as " The Shangani Patrol was a group of white Rhodesian settlers killed in battle on the Shangani River in Matabeleland in 1893

Political views

Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness. In his last will and testament, Rhodes said of the British, "I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. " He wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all of the white countries in the empire, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Colony, would be represented in the British Parliament. Rhodes included Americans in the Rhodes scholarships and said that he wanted to breed an American elite of philosopher-kings who would have the USA rejoin the British Empire. Rhodes also respected the Germans and admired the Kaiser, and allowed Germans to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. He believed that eventually Great Britain, the USA and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure peace together. ^[4]

On domestic politics within the United Kingdom, Rhodes was a supporter of the Liberal party. ^[4] Rhodes’ only major impact on domestic politics within the United Kingdom was his support of the Irish nationalist party, led by Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891). Charles Stewart Parnell ( 27 June 1846 &ndash 6 October 1891) was an Irish Protestant landowner nationalist He contributed a great deal of money to the Irish nationalists,^[2][4] although Rhodes made his support for the Irish nationalists conditional upon an autonomous Ireland still being represented in the British Parliament. ^[4] Rhodes was such a strong supporter of Parnell that even after the Liberals and the Irish nationalists had disowned Parnell because of his adultery with the wife of another Irish nationalist, Rhodes continued to support him. ^[2]

Rhodes was much more tolerant of the Dutch-speaking whites in the Cape Colony than were the other English-speaking whites in the Cape Colony. He supported teaching Dutch as well as English in public schools in Cape Colony and even lent money to support this cause. Also, while Prime Minister of Cape Colony, he helped to remove most of the legal disabilities that English-speaking whites had imposed on Dutch-speaking whites. ^[4] He was a friend of Jan Hofmeyr, leader of the Afrikaner Bond, and became Prime Minister of Cape Colony largely because of Afrikaner support. See also his nephew Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948 Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr ( July 4, 1845 &ndash October 11, The Afrikaner Bond ( Afrikaans and Dutch for "Afrikaner Union" South African Dutch: Afrikander Bond) was a political party in the ^[2][4] Rhodes advocated greater self-government for his country, the Cape Colony, in line with his preference for the empire to be controlled by local settlers and politicians rather than by London (see "Rhodes and the imperial factor" above).

Confusingly for the modern reader, self government of the type Rhodes supported was known as "colonialism". The opposed policy, direct control of a colony from London, was known as "imperialism". This should be kept in mind when reading documents from this time.

Personal relationships

Sexuality

Rhodes never married, pleading that "I have too much work on my hands" and saying that he would not be a dutiful husband. However, several writers have suggested that there are convincing reasons to believe Rhodes may have been homosexual, although admittedly the amount of direct evidence is scarce. In particular, in discussing this issue the scholar Richard Brown observed: "there is still the simpler but major problem of the extraordinarily thin evidence on which the conclusions about Rhodes are reached. Rhodes himself left few details. . . Indeed, Rhodes is a singularly difficult subject. . . since there exists little intimate material - no diaries and few personal letters. "^[11] He also comments: "On the issue of Rhodes' sexuality. . . there is, once again, simply not enough reliable evidence to reach firm, irrefutable conclusions. It is inferred, fairly convincingly (but not proved), that Rhodes was homosexual and it is assumed (but not proved) that his relationships with men were sometimes physical. Neville Pickering is described as Rhodes' lover in spite of the absence of decisive evidence. "^[11]

Princess Radziwill

In the last years of his life, Rhodes was stalked by a Polish princess named Catherine Radziwill (1858–1941), born Rzewuska, married into a noble Polish-Lithuanian dynasty called Radziwiłł. ---- Stalking is the obsessive following observing or contacting of another person or the obsessive attempt to engage in any of these activities Princess Catherine Radziwill ( March 30, 1858 - May 12, 1941) was a Polish Princess from a famous Polish-Lithuanian aristocratic Radziwiłł in Polish, (Radvila Radziwill Радзівіл Radzivił Radvil is a family of high nobility which has been powerful and important for centuries Radziwill falsely claimed to people that she was engaged to Rhodes, or that they were having an affair. She asked him to marry her, but Rhodes refused. She eventually got revenge by falsely accusing him of loan fraud. He had to go to trial and testify against her accusation. He died shortly after the trial in 1902. She wrote a biography of Rhodes called Cecil Rhodes: Man and Empire Maker. Her accusations were eventually proven false. ^[2][12]

During the Boer War

During the Boer War Rhodes went to Kimberley to help during the siege, but he was more of a liability than an asset. Kimberley is a town in South Africa, and the capital of the Northern Cape. The British military found him intolerable. In particular, Lieutenant Colonel Kekewich disliked Rhodes because of Rhodes’ inability to cooperate with the military. Major General Robert George Kekewich CB ( 17 June[[ 854]] - 5 November[[ 914]] was a British Army officer Rhodes kept demanding that the military adopt his plans and ideas instead of just doing as they said. ^[2] (source Pakenham, Thomas The Boer War)

Rhodes’ will and the Rhodes Scholarship

Although Rhodes remained a leading figure in the politics of southern Africa, especially during the Second Boer War, he was dogged by ill health throughout his relatively short life. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Rhodes died in 1902, and was considered at the time one of the wealthiest men in the world.

In his first will (before he had any real money), Rhodes wanted to create a secret society that would bring the whole world under British rule. Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations ^[2] The exact wording of the will is:

To and for the establishment, promotion and development of a Secret Society, the true aim and object whereof shall be for the extension of British rule throughout the world, the perfecting of a system of emigration from the United Kingdom, and of colonisation by British subjects of all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by energy, labour and enterprise, and especially the occupation by British settlers of the entire Continent of Africa, the Holy Land, the Valley of the Euphrates, the Islands of Cyprus and Candia, the whole of South America, the Islands of the Pacific not heretofore possessed by Great Britain, the whole of the Malay Archipelago, the seaboard of China and Japan, the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire, the inauguration of a system of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament which may tend to weld together the disjointed members of the Empire and, finally, the foundation of so great a Power as to render wars impossible, and promote the best interests of humanity. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In his last will and testament, he provided for the establishment of the Rhodes Scholarships. Rhodes Scholarship Rhodes scholar redirects here Rhodes Scholar redirects here Rhodes scholars The scholarship program enables students from territories under British rule, formerly under British rule, or from Germany, to study at the University of Oxford. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the

Rhodes’ will also left a large area of land on the slopes of Table Mountain to the South African nation. Table Mountain is a flat-topped Mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Part of this estate became the upper campus of the University of Cape Town, part became the Kirstenbosch gardens, while much was spared from development and is now an important conservation area. The University of Cape Town ( UCT) is a Public university located on the Rhodes Estate on the slopes of Devil's Peak, in Cape Town Rhodes Memorial stands on Rhodes' favourite spot on the slopes of Devil's Peak, with a view looking north and east towards the Cape to Cairo route. Rhodes Memorial on Devil's Peak in Cape Town, South Africa, is a memorial to English-born South African politician Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902 Devil's Peak ( Afrikaans Duiwelspiek) is part of the mountainous backdrop to Cape Town. Rhodes’ house in Cape Town, Groote Schuur, has recently been inhabited by the ex deputy president Jacob Zuma. Groote Schuur (Dutch for "big barn" is an estate in Cape Town, South Africa. Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born 12 April 1942 is a South African politician The cottage in Muizenberg where he died is a national monument. Muizenberg is a beach-side suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. Rhodes was laid to rest at World's View, a hilltop located approximately 35 kilometers south of Bulawayo, in what was then Rhodesia. Bulawayo is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, after the capital Harare, with a population of 676000 (UN Humanitarian Co-ordinator Zimbabwe 2005 now estimated Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence Today, his grave site is part of Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. The Matobo National Park forms the core of the Matobo or Matopos Hills, an area of Granite Kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 35 kilometres See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election

In 2004, he was voted 56th in the SABC3's Great South Africans. Great South Africans was a South African television series that aired on SABC3 and hosted by Noeleen Maholwana Sangqu and Denis Beckett.

Quotes

Rhodes famously declared: "To think of these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach. I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far. "^[13]

Popular culture

• Mark Twain's summation of Rhodes ("I admire him, I frankly confess it; and when his time comes I shall buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake"), from Chapter LXIX of Following the Equator, still often appears in collections of famous insults. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Following the Equator (American English title or More Tramps Abroad (English title is a non-fiction travelogue published by American author ^[14]

• The will of Cecil Rhodes is the central theme in the science fiction book Great Work of Time by John Crowley, an alternate history in which the Secret Society stipulated in the will was indeed established. Great Work of Time is a Novella by John Crowley. A Science fiction story involving Time travel, it concerns a Secret society John Crowley (born December 1, 1942) is an American author of Fantasy, Science fiction and mainstream fiction Its members eventually achieve the secret of time travel and use it to restrain World War I and prevent World War II, and to perpetuate the world ascendancy of the British Empire up to the end of the Twentieth Century. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The book contains a vivid description of Cecil Rhodes himself, seen through the eyes of a traveller from the future British Empire.

• In the British film Rhodes of Africa (1936, directed by Austrian filmmaker Berthold Viertel), Rhodes was portrayed by American actor Walter Huston. Berthold Viertel ( June 28, 1885 - September 24, 1953) born in Vienna, Austria was a Screen writer and Walter Huston ( April 6 1884 &ndash April 7 1950) was an Academy Award -winning Canadian -born American actor ^[15]

• In 1996, BBC-TV made an eight-part television drama about Rhodes called Rhodes: The Life and Legend of Cecil Rhodes. It was produced by David Drury and written by Antony Thomas. It premiered on PBS in 1998. It tells the story of Rhodes’ life through a series of flashbacks of conversations between him and Princess Catherine Radziwill and also between her and people who knew him. It also shows the story of how she stalked and eventually ruined him. In the movie, Cecil Rhodes is played by Martin Shaw, the younger Cecil Rhodes is played by his son Joe Shaw, and Princess Radziwill is played by Frances Barber. You may be looking for Martin Shaw (composer, or Martin Shaw (professor Martin Shaw (born 21 January 1945 in Birmingham Frances Barber (born on 13 May 1958 in Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England) is an English actress with a long and distinguished In the movie Rhodes is portrayed as ruthless and greedy. The movie also strongly suggests that he was homosexual. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. ^[16]

• The Wilbur Smith "Ballantyne" series of novels feature Rhodes. Wilbur Addison Smith (born January 9 1933 in Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) is a best-selling Novelist. Wilbur Addison Smith (born January 9 1933 in Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) is a best-selling Novelist. These novels also strongly suggest that he was homosexual.

Controversies

• Rhodes has been portrayed by some current scholars of the history of continental Africa as a violent and brutal racist who used forced labor tactics as a means of founding De Beers and other portions of his lucrative success. One example of this type of scholar is Fyle. ^[17]

See also

• British South Africa Company
• British South Africa Police
• Origin of 'Rhodesia'
• Leander Starr Jameson
• Pioneer Column
• Rhodes University
• Rhodes-Milner Round Table Groups
• John Ruskin
• Frank W. Rhodes

References

External links

• Banquet in Rhodes’ honour held in London 1895
• http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/africa/063099/063099monicarhodes.html
• http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/rhodes-cj.htm
• http://www.bartleby.com/65/rh/Rhodes-C.html
• http://www.pbase.com/glassbottle/rhodes_memorial Photographs of Rhodes Memorial, Cape Town, South Africa
• Rondebosch.net official site
• Cecil John Rhodes: historic overview of his Life and times
• The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes: With Elucidatory Notes to which are Added Some Chapter concerning the Political and Religious Ideas of the Testator
• Cecil Rhodes: His Political Life and Speeches, 1881-1900 by F. Verschoyle, Vindex
• Cecil Rhodes at Find A Grave

Political offices
Preceded by Sir John Gordon Sprigg	Prime Minister of Cape Colony 1890–1896	Succeeded by Sir John Gordon Sprigg

Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records Sir John Gordon Sprigg (1830-1913 GCMG was a British Administrator, Politician and four-time Prime minister of the Cape Colony The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. Sir John Gordon Sprigg (1830-1913 GCMG was a British Administrator, Politician and four-time Prime minister of the Cape Colony

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