| Causeway | |
|---|---|
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| The Hindenburgdamm rail causeway across the Wadden Sea to the island of Sylt in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany | |
| Ancestor: | None, but see Ford (crossing) |
| Related: | None, but see Step-stone bridge |
| Descendant: | None, but see viaduct |
| Carries: | traffic, rail |
| Span range: | N/A |
| Material: | Concrete, masonry, earth-fill |
| Movable: | No |
| Design effort: | medium |
| Falsework required: | No |
In modern usage, a causeway is a road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland. The Sorell Causeway is a Causeway that stretches from the western side of Midway Point across Orielton Lagoon to Sorell. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A body of water is any significant accumulation of Water, usually covering the Earth or another planet A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog A transport corridor that is carried instead on a series of arches, perhaps approaching a bridge, is a viaduct. A viaduct is a Bridge composed of several small spans The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for road and ducere to In the U. S. a short stretch of viaduct is called an overpass. An overpass (called a flyover in the UK and most Commonwealth countries is a Bridge, Road, Railway or The distinction between the terms causeway and viaduct becomes blurred when flood-relief culverts are incorporated, though generally a causeway refers to a roadway supported mostly by earth or stone, while a bridge supports a roadway between piers (which may be embedded in embankments). A culvert is a conduit used to enclose a flowing body of Water. Some low causeways across shore waters become inaccessible when covered at high tide. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood
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Etymology
When first used, the word appeared in a form such as “causey way” making clear its derivation from the earlier form “causey”. This word seems to have come from the same source by two different routes. It derives ultimately, from the Latin for heel, calx and as near certainly as may be, comes from the trampling technique for consolidating earthworks. In antiquity, the construction was trodden down, one layer at a time, often by slaves or a flock of sheep. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Today, a machine does the job. The same technique would have been used for road embankments, raised river banks, sea banks and fortification earthworks. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for (The layers, though not the trampling action, can be seen in the Bayeux Tapestry: Building Hastings Castle. The Bayeux Tapestry (Tapisserie de Bayeux is a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft long embroidered cloth which explains the events leading up to the 1066 Norman invasion of )
The second derivation route is simply the hard, trodden surface of a path. The name by this route came to be applied to a firmly-surfaced road. It is now little-used except in dialect and in the names of roads which were originally notable for their solidly-made surface. The word is comparable in both meanings with the French chaussée, from a form of which it reached English by way of Norman French. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and The French adjective, chaussée, carries the meaning of having been given a hardened surface, and is used to mean either paved or shod. As a noun chaussée is used on the one hand for a metalled carriageway, and on the other for an embankment with or without a road. Other languages have a noun with similar dual meaning. In Welsh, it is sarn. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The Welsh is relevant here, as it also has a verb, sarnu, meaning to trample. The trampling and ramming technique for consolidating earthworks was used in fortifications and there is a comparable, outmoded form of wall construction technique, used in such work and known as pisé, a word derived not from trampling but from ramming or tamping.
Engineering
The modern embankment may be constructed within a cofferdam: two parallel steel sheet pile or concrete retaining walls, anchored to each other with steel cables or rods. The Wendover Cut-off, also called the Wendover Road or Wendover Route, was a section of two-lane highway in the western part of the U Construction A cofferdam (also called coffer) is an enclosure beneath the water constructed to allow water to be displaced by air for the purpose of creating a dry Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag A retaining wall is a structure that holds back Soil or rock from a Building, structure or area An anchor is an object often made out of metal that is used to attach a ship to the bottom of a body of water at a specific point This construction may also serve as a dyke that keeps two bodies of water apart, such as bodies with a different water level on each side, or with salt water on one side and fresh water on the other. LeveeEmbankmentDitch A dike (or dyke) levee, levée, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3 Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved This may also be the primary purpose of a structure, the road providing a hardened crest for the dike, slowing erosion in the event of an overflow. It also provides access for maintenance as well perhaps, as a public service.
Examples
Notable causeways include those that connect Singapore and Malaysia (the Johor-Singapore Causeway), Bahrain and Saudi Arabia (25-km long King Fahd Causeway) and Venice to the mainland, all of which carry roadways and railways. Singapore For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Johor-Singapore Causeway (Tambak Johor is a 1056-metre Causeway that links the city of Johor Bahru in Malaysia across the Straits of Johor The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The King Fahd Causeway (جسر الملك فهد is multiple dike - Bridge combination connecting Khobar, Saudi Arabia, and the Island Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the In the Netherlands there are a number of prominent dykes which double as causeways, including the Afsluitdijk, Brouwersdam, and Markerwaarddijk. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Afsluitdijk ( English: Closure Dike Frisian: Ofslútdyk is a major dike in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and The Zuiderzee Works (Zuiderzeewerken are a human-made system of Dams Land reclamation and water drainage works and the largest Hydraulic engineering In Louisiana, two very long bridges, called the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, stretch across Lake Pontchartrain for almost 38 km, making them the world's longest bridges (if total length is considered instead of span length). The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, or the Causeway, consists of two parallel bridges crossing Lake Pontchartrain in southern Louisiana. Lake Pontchartrain (ˈpɒntʃətreɪn in English Lac Pontchartrain IPA in French) is a brackish Lake They are also the oldest causeways on the Gulf Coast that have never been put out of commission for an extended period of time following a Hurricane. In the Republic of Panama a causeway connects the islands of Perico, Flamenco, and Naos to Panama City on the mainland. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Panama City (Ciudad de Panamá is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It also serves as a breakwater for ships entering the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the The oldest engineered road yet discovered is the Sweet Track in England, dating from the 3800s BC. The Sweet Track is an ancient Causeway in the Somerset Levels, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events The Sweet Track, an ancient Causeway in the Somerset Levels, England, one of the oldest engineered Roads discovered
Causeways are also common in Florida, where low bridges may connect several man-made islands, often with a much higher bridge (or part of a single bridge) in the middle so that taller boats may pass underneath safely. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it Causeways are most often used to connect the barrier islands with the mainland. A shoal or sandbar (also called sandbank) is a somewhat Linear Landform within or extending into a body of Water, Mainland is usually the Continental part of a region as opposed to the Islands nearby
The Churchill Barriers in Orkney are of the most notable sets of causeways in Europe. The Churchill Barriers are a series of four Causeways in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, with a total length of 2 Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Constructed in waters up to 18 metres deep, the four barriers link five islands on the eastern side of the natural harbour at Scapa Flow. Scapa Flow ( Old Norse: Skalpaflói) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, United Kingdom, sheltered by the islands They were built during World War II as military defences for the harbour, on the orders of Winston Churchill. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874
Precautions
Causeways affect currents and may therefore be involved in beach erosion or changed deposition patterns. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind This, for instance, has been a problem at the Hindenburgdamm in northern Germany. The 11 km-long Hindenburgdamm is a Causeway joining the North Frisian island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein. Causeways are often a problem with an approaching hurricane or strong tropical storm, because the high winds and waves make them dangerous. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. Along with traffic jams, this is a major reason for the early emergency evacuation of island residents during a weather emergency. Emergency evacuation is the movement of people from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant
See also
References
- Oxford English Dictionary. The Causeway is the name of two bridges which span the Swan River in Western Australia at the eastern end of Perth Water. Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. The Causey Arch is a bridge near Stanley in County Durham. It is the world’s oldest surviving railway bridge England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland 1971. ISBN 0-19-861212-5.
- Collins Robert French Dictionary, 5th edn. 1998. ISBN 0-00-470526-2.
- Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré, Paris. 1934.
- Grape, W. The Bayeux Tapestry. Prestel, Munich and New York. 1994. ISBN 3-7913-1365-7.
- Evans, H. M. and Thomas, W. O. The New Welsh Dictionary (Y Geiriadur Newydd). Llyfrau'r Dryw, Llandybie. 1953.
External links
- Various causeways in the world:
- Canso Causeway, Nova Scotia is at coordinates
- Hindenburgdamm, Germany is at coordinates
- Malaysia-Singapore is at coordinates
- Lake Ponchartrain, Louisiana is at coordinates
- Saudi Arabia-Bahrain is at coordinates
- Venice is at coordinates
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