A catamaran

Fishermen with their catamarans in Chennai.

A catamaran (From Tamil 'kattumaram')[1] is a type of multihulled boat or ship consisting of two hulls, or Vakas, joined by a frame, formed of Akas. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull. A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking The vaka is the main hull of a Multihull vessel Origin and use of the term The term vaka, like the related terms aka and The aka of a Multihull Sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s (outrigger Catamarans can be sail- or engine-powered. The catamaran was first discovered being used by the paravas, a fishing community in the southern coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Occupations Traditionally the Paravars had sea based professions including Pearl diving, Fishing, navigating, and salt making. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Catamarans were used by the ancient Tamil Chola dynasty as early as the 5th century AD for moving their fleets to invade such Southeast Asian regions as Burma, Indonesia and Malaysia. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

Catamarans are a relatively recent introduction to the design of boats for both leisure and sport sailing, although they have been used for millennia in Oceania, where Polynesian catamarans and outrigger canoes allowed seafaring Polynesians to settle the world's most far-flung islands. The outrigger canoe ( Tagalog and Indonesian: bangka; Maori: waka ama; Hawaiian: waʻa; Tahitian: Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant

In recreational sailing, catamarans and multihulls, in general, have been met by a degree of scepticism from Western sailors accustomed to more "traditional" monohull designs^[1]. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull. A monohull is a type of boat having only one hull, unlike Multihulled boats which can have two or more individual hulls connected to one another The main source of that scepticism being that multihulls were based on, to them, completely alien and strange concepts, with balance based on geometry rather than weight distribution. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull. The second source of that scepticism is that catamarans work better than traditional designs, and with less weight, therefore ridiculing the traditional concepts. In contrast, in the realm of fast ferries, where their powering characteristics and spacious arrangements are of value, the catamaran has become arguably the hullform of first choice.

Multihull component terms

There are three terms that describe the components of modern multihulls. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull. The term vaka, like the related terms aka and ama, come from the Malay and Micronesian language group terms for parts of the outrigger canoe, and vaka can be roughly translated as canoe or main hull. The aka of a Multihull Sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s (outrigger An ama is an Outrigger on a Proa or Trimaran, used to provide stability The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers The outrigger canoe ( Tagalog and Indonesian: bangka; Maori: waka ama; Hawaiian: waʻa; Tahitian: A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors ^[2]

• Aka^[2] - The aka of a multihull sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s) (outrigger). The aka of a Multihull Sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s (outrigger The term aka originated with the proa, but is also applied to modern trimarans.
• Ama^[2] - The term ama comes from the proa. An ama is an Outrigger on a Proa or Trimaran, used to provide stability The vaka is the main hull, the ama is the outrigger, and the aka^[2] or iako (Hawaiian) is the support connecting the two (not three) hulls. The vaka is the main hull of a Multihull vessel Origin and use of the term The term vaka, like the related terms aka and A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking The aka of a Multihull Sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s (outrigger The term ama and aka have been widely applied to modern trimarans.
• Vaka^[2] - A proa consists of a vaka, the main canoe-like hull; an ama, the outrigger; and akas, the poles connecting the ama to the vaka. The vaka is the main hull of a Multihull vessel Origin and use of the term The term vaka, like the related terms aka and

Catamarans and trimarans share the same terminology, with a vaka, ama, and aka. A trimaran is a Multihulled Boat consisting of a main hull ( vaka) and two smaller Outrigger hulls ( amas) attached ^[3]

Semantically, the catamaran is a pair of Vaka held together by Aka, whereas the trimaran is a central Vaka, with Ama on each side, attached by Aka. A trimaran is a Multihulled Boat consisting of a main hull ( vaka) and two smaller Outrigger hulls ( amas) attached

History

A Polynesian catamaran

A present scull training on catamaran

The English adventurer and buccaneer William Dampier, travelling around the world in the 1690s in search of business opportunities, once found himself on the southeastern coast of India, in Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal. This article refers to the type of pirate For other uses see Buccaneer (disambiguation The buccaneers were Pirates who attacked William Dampier ( 5 September 1651 (baptised &ndash March 1715 was an English Buccaneer, sea captain Author and scientific observer The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. He was the first to write in English about a kind of vessel he observed there. It was little more than a raft made of logs. A raft is any flat floating structure for travel over water It is the most basic of Boat design characterized by the absence of a hull.

On the coast of Coromandel," he wrote in 1697, "they call them Catamarans. These are but one Log, or two, sometimes of a sort of light Wood . . . so small, that they carry but one Man, whose legs and breech are always in the Water.

While the name came from Tamil, the modern catamaran came from the South Pacific. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific English visitors applied the Tamil name catamaran to the swift, stable sail and paddle boats made out of two widely separated logs and used by Polynesian natives to get from one island to another. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over

The design remained relatively unknown in the West for almost another 200 years, until an American, Nathanael Herreshoff, began to build catamaran boats of his own design in 1877 (US Pat. Nathanael Greene Herreshoff ( March 18, 1848 – June 2, 1938) born in Bristol Rhode Island, was a Naval architect - No. 189,459), namely 'Amaryllis', which immediately showed her superior performance capabilities, at her maiden regatta (The Centennial Regatta held on June 22, 1876, off the New York Yacht Club's Staten Island station^[1]). It was this same event, after being protested by the losers, where Catamarans, as a design, were barred from all the regular classes^[1] and they remained barred until the 1970's.

This ban relegated the catamaran to being a mere novelty boat design until 1947^[4]. In 1947, surfing legend, Woodbridge "Woody" Brown and Alfred Kumalae designed and built the first modern ocean-going catamaran, Manu Kai, in Hawaii. Their young assistant was Rudy Choy, who later founded the design firm Choy/Seaman/Kumalae (C/S/K, 1957) and became a fountainhead for the catamaran movement. The Prout Brothers, Roland and Francis, experimented with catamarans in 1949 and converted their 1935 boat factory in Canvey Island, Essex (England) to catamaran production in 1954. Canvey Island (area 1845 km² pop 37479is a reclaimed island in the Thames estuary separated from the mainland of south Essex by a network of creeks Their Shearwater catamarans won races easily against the single hulled yachts.

The speed and stability of these catamarans soon made them a popular pleasure craft, with their popularity really taking off in Europe, and was followed soon thereafter in America. Currently, most individually owned catamarans are built in France, South Africa, and Australia.

In the mid-twentieth century, the catamaran inspired an even more popular sailboat, the Beach Cat. In California, a maker of surfboards, Hobie Alter produced (1967) the 250-pound Hobie Cat 14, and two years later the larger and even more successful Hobie 16. Surfboards are elongated platforms used in the sport of Surfing. Hobart "Hobie" Alter, born October 31, 1933, is a founding pioneer in the surfboard shaping industry creator of the Hobie Cat, and founder of A Hobie Cat is a small Catamaran (or two-hulled sailboat manufactured by the Hobie Cat Company of Oceanside California USA See Also Hobie 16 subsection of Hobie cat entry The ISAF International Class Hobie 16 (H16 is a popular Catamaran manufactured by the Hobie That boat remains in production, with more than 100,000 made in the past three decades.

The Tornado catamaran is an olympic class sailing catamaran, with a crew of two. The Tornado is an olympic class sailing Catamaran, with a crew of two It has been in the Olympic Games since 1976. It was designed in 1967 by Rodney March of Brightlingsea, England, with help from Terry Pierce, and Reg White, specifically for the purpose of becoming the Olympic catamaran. At the IYRU Olympic Catamaran Trials, it easily defeated the other challengers.

Other important builders of catamarans are Austal and Incat both of Australia, best known for building large catamarans both as civilian ferries and as naval vessels. Incat is a manufacturer of large HSC Catamarans based in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and

Variations

Basic Catamaran

The normal catamaran multihull, powered or not, consists of two Amas separated by two Akas, which may suspend a platform or trampoline between them. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull. They can be of various sizes and recently, they have become very large.

Pontoon Boat or Hydroairy Ship

Hidroairy or Pontoon type

Main article: Pontoon (boat)

Pontoon Boat

Hydroairy Ship

The hydroairy ship appears to be nothing more than an upgraded and enlarged pontoon boat with a formed and shaped underplatform. A pontoon is a flat-bottomed Boat or the floats used to support a structure on water A pontoon is a flat-bottomed Boat or the floats used to support a structure on water A pontoon is a flat-bottomed Boat or the floats used to support a structure on water The general architecture is identical, consisting of two flotation chambers, for the Amas, joined by a load carrying platform, which carries the superstructure.

Invented in 1952 by a Minnesota farmer, in the rural town of Richmond, MN. Ambrose Weeres had an idea that if you put a wooden deck on top of two columns of steel barrels welded together end to end, you would have a sturdy deck that would be more stable on a lake than a conventional boat. This was Ambrose Weeres, walking the same idea paths as the early Polynesians, while proving that the ideas behind the multihull are not all that counter-intuitive. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull.

These sorts of boats are cheap and easy to make, require no ballast, and thus have good performance. Although, this design is almost exclusively restricted to power boats. It is still, essentially, a catamaran. No displacement is lost towards ballast, therefore yielding huge operational efficiencies.

SWATH

SWATH type

SWATH pilot boat in Rotterdam

The Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) is a hull form used for vessels that require a ship of a certain size to handle in rough seas as well as a much larger vessel. An added benefit is a high proportion of deck area for their displacement — in other words, large without being heavy. The SWATH form was invented by Canadian Frederick G. Creed, who presented his idea in 1938 and was later awarded a British patent for it in 1946. It was first used in the 1960s and 1970s as an evolution of catamaran design for use as oceanographic research vessels or submarine rescue ships.

Another Dutch SWATH Pilot boat.

Research ship Planet of the German Navy, built in SWATH design which evolved from the catamaran concept. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces The Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH is a twin-hull ship design that minimizes hull volume in the surface area of the sea

Catamarans provide large, broad decks, but have much higher water resistance than monohulls of comparable size. To reduce some of that resistance (the part that generates waves), as much displacement volume as possible is moved to the lower hull and the waterline cross-section is narrowed sharply, creating the distinctive pair of bulbous hulls below the waterline and the narrow struts supporting the upper hull. This design means that the ship's floatation runs mostly under the waves, like a submarine (the smooth ride of a sub was the inspiration for the design). The result is that a fairly small ship can run very steady in rough seas. A 50-meter ship can operate at near full power in nearly any direction in waves as high as 12 meters

The S. W. A. T. H. theory was further developed by Dr Thomas G. Lang, inventor of improvements to the semi-submerged ship (S3) in about 1968. Basically, a SWATH vessel consists of two parallel torpedo like hulls attached to which are two or more streamlined struts which pierce the water surface and support an above water platform. The US Navy commissioned the construction of a SWATH ship called the 'Kaimalino' to prove the theory as part of their ship research programme. The Kaimalino has been operating successfully in the rough seas off the Hawaiian islands since 1975.

Usage and Application

Sailing Beach Catamarans

A catamaran sailboat

Although the principles of sailing are the same for both catamarans and monohulls, there are some "peculiarities"to sailing catamarans. For example:

• Catamarans can be harder to tack if they don't have dagger boards or centre boards. All sailboats must resist lateral movement in order to sail in directions other than downwind and they do this by either the hull itself or else dagger boards or centre boards. Points of sail describes a sailing boat's course in relation to the wind direction Also, because catamarans are lighter in proportion to their sail size, they have less momentum to carry them through the turn when they are head to wind. Correct use of the jib sail (back-filling the jib to pull the bow around) is often essential in successfully completing a tack without ending up stuck in irons (pointing dead into the wind and sailing backwards, see: No-Go Zone). Points of sail describes a sailing boat's course in relation to the wind direction
• They have a higher speed than other sailboats of the same size. This is because they can have a much larger sail area due to the larger righting moment. They can reach over 1. 5 times the speed of the wind.
• Catamarans are less likely to capsize in the classic 'beam-wise' manner but often have a tendency to pitchpole instead - where the leeward (downwind) bow sinks into the water and the boat 'trips' over forward, leading to a capsize.

Teaching for new sailors is usually carried out in monohulls as they are thought easier to learn to sail, a mixture of all the differences mentioned probably contributes to this.

Catamarans, and multihulls in general, are normally faster than single-hull boats for three reasons:

• catamarans are lighter due to the fact there is no keel counterweight;
• catamarans have a wider beam (the distance from one side of the boat to the other), which makes them more stable and therefore able to carry more sail area per unit of length than an equivalent monohull; and
• the greater stability means that the sail is more likely to stay upright in a gust, drawing more power than a monohull's sail which is more likely to heel (lean) over. A multihull is a Ship, vessel craft or boat with more than one hull. In boats and ships keel can refer to either of two parts a structural element or a hydrodynamic element

A catamaran is most likely to achieve its maximum speed when its forward motion is not unduly disturbed by wave action. This is achieved in waters where the wavelength of the waves is somewhat greater than the waterline length of the hulls, or it is achieved by the design piercing the waves. In either case pitching (rocking horse-like motion) is reduced. This has led to it being said that catamarans are especially favourable in coastal waters, where the often sheltered waters permit the boat to reach and maintain its maximum speed.

Catamarans make good cruising and long distance boats: The Race (around the world, in 2001) was won by the giant catamaran Club Med skippered by Grant Dalton. The Race (La Course du Millénaire was a round-the-world sailing race starting in Barcelona, Spain on December 31, 2000. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. It went round the earth in 62 days at an average speed of eighteen knots.

Catamarans for passenger transport

The Victoria Clipper IV is a catamaran that provides ferry service between Victoria and Seattle

The HSC Halunder Jet is a catamaran that provides ferry service between Hamburg, Wedel, Cuxhaven and Heligoland

The Stena Voyager is a catamaran that provides a fast ferry service across the Irish sea. Victoria (vɪkˈtɔɹiə is the capital city of British Columbia. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Wedel is a town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Cuxhaven is a large independent town and seat of the Cuxhaven district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Heligoland (Helgoland Heligolandic: deät Lun) is a small German Archipelago in the North Sea. The Stena HSS is the world's largest fast ferry, traveling at a speed of over 40 knots (although it is capable of doing over 60 knots)

An increasing trend is the deployment of a catamaran as a high speed ferry. The High-speed Sea Service, or Stena HSS is the name commonly given to type of High-speed craft developed and operated by the Stena Shipping Line See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and The use of catamaran for high speed passenger transport was pioneered by Westermoen Hydrofoil in Mandal, Norway, who lauched the Westamaran design in 1973. Westermoen Hydrofoil was a Shipyard located in Mandal, Norway, who has specialized in high speed craft and pioneered many designs Mandal is a town and municipality in the county of Vest-Agder, Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Westamaran is a pioneer type of passenger transport high speed Catamarans developed by Westermoen Hydrofoil in 1973 Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Westamarans, and later design, some of them consisting of a catamaran hull resting on an air cushion between the hulls, became dominant for all high speed connections along the Norwegian coast. They could achieve speeds comparable to the hydrofoils that it replaced, and was much more tolerant to foul water and wave conditions. A hydrofoil is a Boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull.

There is a list of catamaran ferry routes documenting the growing number of routes. This is a List of High-speed craft ferry routes. Many routes are operated by Catamarans, as catamarans are a faster craft than a similar sized Monohulls

Powered catamarans

A recent development in catamaran design has been the introduction of the power catamaran. The 'power' version incorporates the best features of a motor yacht and combines it with the characteristics of a multihull.

Usually, the power catamaran is devoid of any sailing apparatus as demonstrated by one of the top-selling models in the United States, the Lagoon Power 43. This vessel has now been introduced to a number of charter fleets in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean and is becoming an increasingly common sight.

Smaller powered catamarans are becoming quite common in the United States with several manufacturers producing quality boats. A small "cat" will almost certainly have 2 engines while a similar sized mono-hull would only one engine. All mid-size and larger cats will have 2 engines.

Maxi Catamaran Orange

Cruising Sail Cats

Below a minimum size, about 8m (24 ft. ), the catamaran's hulls do not have enough volume to allow them to be used as living space. At the same time, the bridgedeck area isn't sufficiently sized to make effective live-aboard space either. This limits their use to beachcats and day sailers. A catamaran (From Tamil 'kattumaram' is a type of Multihulled Boat or Ship consisting of two hulls or vakas joined by some However, once one gets above that, both the bridgedeck area and the hulls gain sufficient size for use as compartments and navigation decks. These are the cruising catamarans that are being seen more often at yacht clubs that host circumnavigators.

There are a lot of folks doing long-distance offshore cruising in monohull yachts of 9m (30 ft. ) and less. No responsible designer or multihull sailor would recommend this for a multihull. 12m (40 ft. ) is the minum recommended LOA and 15m (50 ft. ) is preferred. This size allows adequate storage for necessary cruising equipment and still give you a good turn of speed in comfort and safety. . . . If 15m (50 ft. ) sounds enormous, remember that the weight of a multihull, of this length, is probably not much more than half the weight of a monohull of the same length and it can be sailed with less crew effort. ^[5]

While more popular in the EU, they are gaining popularity in the US as well due to their superior comfort, stability, safety, and speed, over monohulls. A monohull is a type of boat having only one hull, unlike Multihulled boats which can have two or more individual hulls connected to one another These boats can maintain a comfortable 300 nmpd (nautical miles per day) passage, with the racing versions recording well over 400 nmpd, and they do this while being unsinkable. This is extremely desirable, for circumnavigating the world. In addition, they don't heel more than 10-12 degrees, even at full speed on a reach.

In the Gunboat site there is a video of a Reichel-Pugh 80, racing monohul, making 18. 3 kts (knots), while being caught and passed by Safari, a standard Gunboat 62 catamaran, at nearly 30kts in the same breeze!

Even without the actual need to circumnavigate, these catamaran megayachts allow a level of comfort and life-style not possible on a monohull sailboat and only previously possible on large power cruisers. This is their attraction.

Due to the perceived need to retain single-handed sail handling, 45m is expected to remain the upper limit for this class of yacht.

The main cruising sail catamaran builders are:
- Seawind Cats, Australia: http://www.seawindcats.com/
- Fountaine Pajot, France: http://fountaine-pajot.com/
- Lagoon Catamarans, France: http://www.cata-lagoon.com/
- Admiral Yachts, South Africa: http://www.admiralyachts.co.za/
- Catana, France: http://www.catana.com/
- Broadblue, England: http://www.broadblue.co.uk/
- Multimarine, England: http://www.multimarine.co.uk/
- Performance Cruising, England: http://www.performancecruising.com/
- African Cats, Holland: http://www.africancats.com/
- Lightwave Yachts, Australia: http://www.lightwaveyachts.com/
- Maine Cat, United States: http://www.mecat.com/
- Outremer, France: http://www.catamaran-outremer.com/
- PDQ Yachts, Canada: http://www.pdqyachts.com/
- Antares Yachts, Canada: http://www.liveantares.com/
- Alliaura Marine, France: http://www.alliaura.com/
- Stallion Marine, Australia: http://www.stallionmarine.com.au/
- Scimitar Marine, Australia: http://www.scimitarmarine.com.au/

A more complete list can be found at: http://www.multihull-maven.com/Yards

Mega catamarans

HSC Tarifa Jet, Large, commercial high-speed catamaran ferry. Operator FRS Iberia SLThe FRS -service between Continental Europe and Morocco has been initiated back in 2000 on a year-round basis

One of the biggest developments over the last decade in the yachting arena has been the rise of the super catamaran - a multihull over 100 feet in length which come in semi-custom and custom designs.

Various international manufacturers are leading the way in this area including Blubay, Yapluka, Sunreef, Lagoon and Privilege. A catamaran of 150 feet in length is under construction at Derektor shipyards in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

HSV-1 Joint Venture, a large, experimental, high-speed military catamaran. As Joint Venture Built by Incat of Tasmania, Australia, she was a commercial ferry for TT-Line as the Devil Cat

The emergence of the super or mega catamaran is a relatively new event which is akin to the rise of the mega or super yacht which was used to describe the huge growth in luxury, large motor yachts in the French Riviera and Floridian Coast.

One of the reasons for increased mega catamaran construction was The Race, a circumnavigation challenge which departed from Barcelona, Spain, on New Year's Eve, 2000. The Race (La Course du Millénaire was a round-the-world sailing race starting in Barcelona, Spain on December 31, 2000. Due to the prize money and prestige associated with this event, four new catamarans (and two highly modified ones) over 100' in length were built to compete. The largest, "PlayStation", owned by Steve Fossett, was 125' long and had a mast which was 147' above the water. PlayStation is one of several large catamarans created for the 2000 around the world race known as The Race. James Stephen Fossett (born April 22 1944 missing September 3 2007 declared legally dead February 15 2008 On September 3 2007 Fossett was reported missing after Virtually all of the new mega cats were built of pre-preg carbon fiber for strength and the lowest possible weight. Top speeds of these boats can approach 50 knots.

See also

• Hokule'a
• International Catamaran Challenge Trophy
• International C-Class Catamaran Championship
• Multihull
• SWATH, another twin hull design
• Trimaran
• Hydrocopter
• Hirondelle

Notes

Bibliography

• C. A. Marchaj. Aero-Hydrodynamics of Sailing (English). Tiller Publishing.
• C. A. Marchaj. Sail Performance (English) 400. McGraw Hill.
• C. A. Marchaj. Seaworthiness:The Forgotten Factor (English) 372. Tiller Publishing.

External links

• Catamaran Sailing at TheBeachcats.com Site devoted to all types of small catamarans known as beachcats.
• Manufacturers of inflatable sailing catamarans