Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to literature written in the Catalan language. Catalan grammar is the Grammar of the Catalan language. Morphology For general discussion of morphology (not specific to Catalan see main article The Phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation This article covers the Orthography of Catalan, a Romance language. The Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute for Catalan Studies or IEC is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua ( AVL) - Valencian Academy of the Language - is an institution created on September 16, 1998 by the For other perspectives on the History of Catalonia, see also History of Europe; History of Spain; History of France; Crown of Aragon The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. Origins The origins of the military force in Catalonia soar to the 13th century, with the Sagramental, the fraternity among several villages to guarantee their Origin The Corts of Barcelona The Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of Barcelona ( corts being the Catalan for courts Furs of Valencia ( Furs de València, in Valencian) were the laws of the Kingdom of Valencia during most of Middle Ages and The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta were a number of Decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V &mdashthe first Bourbon king of Different meanings Països Catalans is a polysemic expression and so it has different meanings depending on the context Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The term La Franja ("The Strip" more properly Franja de Aragón or Franja de Poniente "Western Strip" in Spanish) Franja d'Aragó Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Alghero ( l'Alguer in Catalan and S'Alighèra in Sardinian) is a town of about 42000 inhabitants (down from 54300 inhabitants since early El Carche ( el Carxe in Valencian) is a mountainous sparsely populated area in Murcia, Spain, lying between the municipalities Jumilla The Generalitat Valenciana is the generic name covering the different self government institutions under which the Spanish Autonomous community of Valencia is politically The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The General Council of the Valleys (in Catalan, Consell General de les Valls) is the Unicameral Parliament of Andorra. Catalonia is a Spanish Autonomous Community with a high-level of self-government Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political A castell is a human tower traditionally built during festivals in many places in Catalonia, Spain. Correfocs are amongst the most striking of Catalonia 's festive events " Devils quot play with Fire and with the people The Falles (in Valencian) are a Valencian traditional celebration in praise of Saint Joseph in Valencia Spain. The sardana (Catalan plural sardanes) is a type of Circle dance typical of Catalonia. Moros y Cristianos (in Spanish) or Moros i Cristians (in Valencian) literally means Moors and Christians, and A Caganer (kəɣəˈne is a little statue found in Catalonia, in neighbouring areas with Catalan culture such as Andorra, and in other parts of Spain Portugal and The Tió de Nadal (roughly "Christmas Log" also known as "Tió" (trunk or log a big piece of cut wood or "Tronca" ("log" Botifarra (butiˈfarə is the Catalan name for the Roman Sausage lucanica, made of raw pork and spicesthe recipe for which is still used today in Italy and other parts of the Fútbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan fudˈbɔɫ ˌklup bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish ˈfutβol ˌkluβ baɾθeˈlona known familiarly as Barça (Spanish ˈbaɾsa Catalan Paella (pa'eʎa is an internationally famous dish consisting of White rice, Meat, Seafood, Beans and Vegetables (depending on Catalan myths and legends are the traditional myths and Legends of the Catalan -speaking world especially Catalonia itself passed down for generations Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, The Renaixença (rənəˈʃɛnsə was an early 19th century late romantic revivalist movement in Catalan language and culture akin to the Noucentisme ( Noucentista being its adjective was a Catalan cultural movement of the early 20th century that originated largely as a reaction against Modernisme Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Antoni Tàpies (born in Barcelona, December 13, 1923) is a Spanish Catalan painter Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official The Catalan literary tradition is extensive, starting in the Middle Ages. A Romantic revivalist movement of the 19th century, Renaixença, classified Catalan literature in periods. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the National revival or national awakening is a term used in some European nations for their period of Romantic nationalism. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Renaixença (rənəˈʃɛnsə was an early 19th century late romantic revivalist movement in Catalan language and culture akin to the The centuries long chapter known as Decadència that followed the golden age of Valencian literature, was perceived as extremely poor and lacking literary works of quality. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Further attempts to explain why this happened (see History of Catalonia) have motivated new critical studies of the period, and nowadays a revalorisation of this early modern age is taking place. For other perspectives on the History of Catalonia, see also History of Europe; History of Spain; History of France; Crown of Aragon Catalan literature reemerged in the 19th century and early 20th century, to experience troubled times from the start of the Spanish Civil War on. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Many intellectuals were forced into exile and Catalan culture couldn't find its place in Catalonia until the restoration of democracy. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state.
Contents |
Middle Ages
Origins
Catalan, a romance language, evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Middle Ages, when it became a separate language from Latin. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Literary use of the Catalan language is generally said to have started with the religious text known as Homilies d'Organyà, written late in either late 11th or early 12th century.
Ramon Llull (13th century), one of the major medieval writers in the Catalan language is not only saluted for starting a Catalan literary tradition clearly separated from the Occitan-speaking world of the time, but also credited with enriching the language with his coining of a large number of words, and his philosophy. Ramon Llull (1232 &ndash June 29, 1315) (sometimes Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull, in Latin Raimundus or Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language See Llibre de Meravelles (including the famed Llibre de les bèsties) and Blanquerna (including Llibre d'Amic e Amat for more details on his works. Blanquerna is a Novel written around 1283 by Raymond Lull. It chronicles the life of its Eponymous hero Blanquerna is a Novel written around 1283 by Raymond Lull. It chronicles the life of its Eponymous hero
Les quatre grans cròniques
These four major literary works are chronicles written between the 13th and 14th centuries narrating the deeds of the monarchs and leading figures of the Crown of Aragon. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. They're the following:
- Crònica de Jaume I, also known as "The book of deeds" (see External links)
- Crònica de Bernat Desclot, also known as "Book of the king, Peter of Aragon".
- Crònica de Ramon Muntaner
- Crònica de Pere el Cerimoniós
Tirant lo Blanc
Written by Joanot Martorell, this epic romance was among its time's most influential novels, and possibly the last major book in Catalan literature until the 19th century. Tirant lo Blanc is an epic romance written by the Valencian knight Joanot Martorell, supposedly finished by Martí Joanot Martorell (1413 &ndash 1468 was the Valencian Author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, which is written in Valencian (Martorell An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
Authors of the period
- Cristòfor Despuig
- Francesc Eiximenis
- Ausiàs March
- Joanot Martorell
- Bernat Metge
- Jaume Roig
- Joan Roís de Corella
- Pere Serafí
- Isabel de Villena
Modern Era
La Decadència
The early modern period (late 15th-18th centuries), while extremely productive for Castilian writers of the Siglo de Oro, has been termed La Decadència, the "decadent" period in Catalan literature because of a general falling into disuse of the vernacular language in cultural contexts and lack of patronage among the nobility, even in lands of the Catalan-Aragonese Empire, which led to a cultural void. Francesc Eiximenis (1340?-1409? sometimes known as Francesc Examenis) was a Franciscan priest encyclopedist and writer Ausiàs March (c 1397 - March 3, 1459) Valencian Poet, was born in Gandia ( Valencia) towards the end of the Joanot Martorell (1413 &ndash 1468 was the Valencian Author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, which is written in Valencian (Martorell Joan Roís de Corella (1435&ndash1497 was a Catalan language writer The Early modern period (late 15th or 16th-18th centuries in Catalan literature and historiography while extremely productive for Castilian writers of the Siglo This article is about the Spanish Golden Age of the 15th-17th centuries Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization The Catalan-language decadence accompany the Catalan commercial influence in the Spanish Empire, in which the use of Spanish language was essential, and overall neglect for the Crown of Aragon's institutions after the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon that resulted from the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, a union finalized in 1474. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón This is, however, a Romantic view made popular by writers and thinkers of the national awakening period known as Renaixença, in the 19th century. National revival or national awakening is a term used in some European nations for their period of Romantic nationalism. The Renaixença (rənəˈʃɛnsə was an early 19th century late romantic revivalist movement in Catalan language and culture akin to the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This presumed state of decadence is being contested with the appearance of recent cultural and literary studies showing there were indeed works of note in the period.
Renaixença
The first Romantics in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands chose Spanish as their language, and wouldn't resort to using the Catalan language until a national awakening movement, kickstarted by Romantic nationalism, appeared. The Renaixença (rənəˈʃɛnsə was an early 19th century late romantic revivalist movement in Catalan language and culture akin to the Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official National revival or national awakening is a term used in some European nations for their period of Romantic nationalism. Romantic nationalism (also National Romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Nationalism in which the state derives The foundation of the basis of the movement is most often credited to Bonaventura Carles Aribau with his Oda a la Pàtria. Renaixença or "rebirth". Literary Renaixença shares with European Romanticism most of its traits, but created a style of its own through its admiration of the Middle Ages and its will to embellish the language and the need create a new common standard. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Realism and naturalism deeply influenced later authors. Naturalism is a movement in Theatre, film, and Literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such Its most important adherent was indeed Jacint Verdaguer, who penned Catalonia's national epic. Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló (Folgueroles May 17, 1845 - Vallvidrera June 10, 1902) is one of the greatest poets of Catalan literature Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. A national epic is an epic poem or similar work which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular Nation; not necessarily a
Modernisme
Literary Catalan modernisme was the natural follow-up of Renaixença, still showing Romantic traits and influences while focusing on dark themes, such as violence or the dark side of life and nature. Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the As for poetry, it closely followed the style of Parnassians and Symbolists. Parnassianism (or less commonly parnasism) was a literary style characteristic of certain French poetry during the positivist period of the 19th century Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts The movement was subdivided into authors in whose work prevailed darker decadentist themes, classed under the name Bohèmia Negra, and those whose career embraced Aestheticism, known as participants of Bohèmia Daurada or Bohèmia Rosa. Decadentism (also called Decadentismo) was an Italian artistic movement based loosely on the Decadent movement found in France and England at This article is about aestheticism a term with a root meaning of sensuous Not to be confused with the religious practice of Asceticism: an abstinence from the sensual Santiago Rusiñol, Joan Maragall and Joan Puig i Ferreter were some of its most influential adherents. Santiago Rusiñol (1861 - 1931 was a Spanish Catalan post-impressionist / Decadent painter author and playwright Joan Maragall i Gorina (b October 10, 1860 in Barcelona - d December 20, 1911) was a Catalan Poet.
Noucentisme
The cultural and political movement known as Noucentisme appeared in the early 20th century, a time of great economic growth in Catalonia, as a mostly conservative reaction against Modernisme and the Avantgarde, both in art and thought. Noucentisme ( Noucentista being its adjective was a Catalan cultural movement of the early 20th century that originated largely as a reaction against Modernisme Noucentisme ( Noucentista being its adjective was a Catalan cultural movement of the early 20th century that originated largely as a reaction against Modernisme The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Thought and thinking are mental forms and Processes respectively ("thought" is both Its Classicism as a "return to beauty" and the love of elaborated form, along with its much sought perfection of language, was accused by modernistes of being excessively affected and artificial. For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Poetry was its preferred genre, as evidenced by Josep Carner or Carles Riba's masterpices. Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol (born Barcelona 1884 - died Brussels 1970 was a Catalan Poet, Journalist, playwright and Translator Carles Riba i Bracons ( 23 September 1893 - 1959 was a Catalan poet writer and translator
Twentieth Century
After what seemed to be a period of hope and rapid growth, the Spanish Civil War and Francisco Franco's regime forced many Catalan intellectuals into exile, as many of them faced persecution and the public usage of the Catalan language, as well as national symbols and many aspects of culture at large, became illegal. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Catalan literature had to develop mostly abroad until the later years of the dictatorship. After the transition to democracy and the return of the Generalitat (the Catalan government) from their exile, literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect culture. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. Generalitat (literally 'Generality' is the name of the regional systems of Government of two of the present Spanish autonomous communities: Catalonia and Relevant 20th century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods include Mercè Rodoreda, Salvador Espriu, Manuel de Pedrolo or Quim Monzó. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Mercè Rodoreda i Gurguí ( Barcelona, 1908 – Girona, 1983 was a Spanish Catalan novelist Salvador Espriu i Castelló ( July 10, 1913 – February 22, 1985) was a Spanish Catalan poet writing in the Catalan Manuel de Pedrolo (1918-1990 was a Spanish Catalan author of novels short stories poetry and plays Quim Monzó (born March 24, 1952 in Barcelona, Spain) is a contemporary Catalan writer of short stories and
See also
External links
General
- Lletra. Catalan Literature Online
- Catalan literature at the British Library website
- Relazioni fra la cultura catalana e quella italiana
E-books
- James I the Conqueror's Chronicle (in English)
- Muntaner's Chronicle (in English)
- Tirant lo Blanc (in English)
References
- Comas, Antoni. This is an alphabetically sorted list of writers in the Catalan language: Joan Alcover Gabriel Alomar Sebastià La decadència. Sant Cugat del Vallès: A. Romero, 1986.
- Elliott, J. H. Imperial Spain 1469-1716. London: Penguin, 2002.
- Riquer, Martí de. Història de la literatura catalana. 6 vols. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1980.
- Rossich, Albert. "És valid avui el concepte de decadència de la cultura catalana de l'època moderna? Es pot identificar decadència amb castellanizació?" Manuscrits 15 (1997), 127-34.
- Terry, Arthur. A Companion to Catalan Literature. Woodbridge, Suffolk, U. K. / Rochester, N. Y. : Tamesis, 2003.
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