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Castration (also referred to as: gelding, neutering, fixing, orchiectomy, orchidectomy, and oophorectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries. A gelding is a castrated animal &mdash in English the term specifically refers to a castrated male Horse or other Equine such as a Donkey Neutering, from the Latin neuter (of neither sex is the removal of an animal's Reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part Inguinal orchiectomy is a relatively minor surgical procedure to remove a Testicle. Oophorectomy (or ovariectomy) is the surgical removal of an Ovary or ovaries Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Chemical castration is a form of Castration caused by hormonal Medication. Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. In common usage the term is usually applied to males, although as a medical term it is applied to both males and females. For more information about female castration, see oophorectomy. Oophorectomy (or ovariectomy) is the surgical removal of an Ovary or ovaries

Contents

Castration in humans

The practice of castration has its roots before recorded human history. [1] Castration was frequently used in certain cultures of Europe, the Middle East, India, Africa and China, for religious or social reasons. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National After battles in some cases, winners castrated their captives or the corpses of the defeated to symbolise their victory and 'seize' their power. Castrated men — eunuchs — were often admitted to special social classes and were used particularly to staff bureaucracies and palace households: in particular, the harem. A eunuch (ˈjuːnək is a Castrated man in particular one castrated early enough to have major hormonal consequences the term usually refers to those castrated in order to Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 Castration also figured in a number of religious castration cults. Other religions, for example Judaism and Islam, were strongly opposed to the practice. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Leviticus Holiness code, for example, specifically excludes eunuchs or any males with defective genitals from the priesthood, just as castrated animals are excluded from sacrifice. Leviticus (from Greek Λευιτικός, "relating to the Levites " The Holiness Code is a term used in Biblical Criticism to refer to Leviticus 17-26 and is so called due to its highly repeated use of the word Holy. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred"

Eunuchs in China have been known to usurp power in many eras of Chinese history, most notably in the Later Han, late Tang and late Ming Dynasties. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led There are similar recorded Middle Eastern events.

In ancient times, castration often involved the total removal of all the male genitalia. The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a Male that contribute towards the reproductive This involved great danger of death due to bleeding or infection and, in some states, such as the Byzantine Empire, was seen as the same as a death sentence. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from Removal of only the testicles had much less risk.

In China, castration of a male who entered the caste of eunuchs during imperial times involved the removal of the whole genitalia, that is, the removal of the testes, penis, and scrotum. The removed organs were returned to the eunuch to be interred with him when he died so that, upon rebirth, he could become a whole man again. The penis, testicles, and scrotum were euphemistically termed bǎo (寶) in Mandarin Chinese, which literally means 'precious treasure'. These were preserved in alcohol and kept in a pottery jar by the eunuch. [2]

Medical

Testicular cancer is generally treated by surgical removal of the cancerous testicle(s) (orchiectomy), often followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Testicular cancer is Cancer that develops in the Testicles a part of the Male reproductive system Inguinal orchiectomy is a relatively minor surgical procedure to remove a Testicle. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Unless both testicles are cancerous, only one is removed.

Either surgical removal of both testicles or chemical castration may be carried out in the case of prostate cancer [3], as hormone testosterone-depletion treatment to slow down the cancer. Chemical castration is a form of Castration caused by hormonal Medication. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries Similarly, testosterone-depletion treatment (either surgical removal of both testicles or chemical castration) is used to greatly reduce sexual drive or interest in those with sexual drives, obsessions, or behaviors, or any combination of those that may be considered deviant. Chemical castration is a form of Castration caused by hormonal Medication. Castration in humans has been proposed, and sometimes used, as a method of birth control in certain poorer regions.

Male-to-female transsexuals often undergo orchiectomy, as do some other transgendered people. Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Orchiectomy may be performed as a part of more general sex reassignment surgery, either before or during other procedures, but it may also be performed on someone who does not desire, or cannot afford, further surgery. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS gender reassignment surgery, or sex-change operation is a term for the Surgical procedures by which a person's physical

As punishment

Involuntary castration also appears in the history of warfare, sometimes used by one side to torture or demoralize their enemies. It was also practiced to extinguish opposing male lineages and thus allow the victor to sexually possess the defeated group's women.

Tamerlane was recorded to have castrated Armenian prisoners of war who had fought as allies of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, while others were buried alive. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Bayezid I ( Ottoman: بايزيد الأول Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman ییلدیرم "the Thunderbolt"

Edward Gibbon's famous work Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire reports castration of defeated foes at the hands of the Normans. Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Castration has also been used in modern conflicts, as the Janjaweed militiamen currently (as of 2005) attacking citizens of the Darfur region in Sudan, often castrating villagers and leaving them to bleed to death [4]. The Janjaweed ( Arabic: جنجويد; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed or Jingaweit etc Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa.

Sima Qian, the famous Chinese Historian, was castrated by order of the Emperor of China for dissent. Early life and education Sima Qian was born and grew up in Longmen, near present-day Hancheng Shaanxi.

Another famous victim of castration was the medieval French philosopher, scholar, teacher, and (later) monk Pierre Abélard, castrated by relatives of his lover, Héloïse. The letters of Héloïse (1101-16 May 1164 and Peter Abelard are among the best known records of early Romantic love.

Bishop Wimund, a 12th Century English adventurer and invader of the Scottish coast, was also castrated. Wimund was a Bishop who became a sea-faring war-lord adventurer in the years after 1147

When Zheng He was captured by the Ming Army as a child in 1381 he was castrated; he later became an admiral, who led a large fleet on several voyages of exploration. Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui

"Voluntary" chemical or surgical castration has been in practice in many countries—reports are available from American, Scandinavian, and European countries, in particular, for the past eighty-plus years (chemical for the last thirty or so years)—as an option for treatment for people who have broken laws of a sexual nature, allowing them to return to the community from otherwise lengthy detentions. The effectiveness and ethics of this treatment are heavily debated.

A temporary chemical castration has been studied and developed as a preventive measure and punishment for several repeated sex crimes, such as rape or other sexually related violence. Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant or aversive on a person or animal usually in response to disobedient or morally wrong behavior Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Sexual assault is any Assault of a sexual nature on another person [5][6] Chemical castration was Alan Turing's punishment when he was convicted of "acts of gross indecency" (homosexual acts) in 1952; it resulted indirectly in his suicide. Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (ˈt(jʊ(ərɪŋ (23 June 1912 &ndash 7 June 1954 was an English Mathematician Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation.

Physical castration appears to be highly effective as, historically, it results in a 20-year re-offense rate of less than 2. 3% vs. 80% in the untreated control group, according to a large 1963 study involving a total of 1036 sex offenders by the German researcher A. Langelüddeke, among others [7], much lower than what was otherwise expected. Compare to overall sex offender recidivism rates. A sex offender is a person who has been criminally charged and convicted of or has pled guilty to or pled Nolo contendere to a Sex crime.

Sexual

Castration play is one of many fetishes within the BDSM community although it is not as well known by the mainstream. This article concerns the concept of fetishism in Anthropology. In castration play, one simulates the effects of castration without going all the way to castration.

For religious reasons

In Europe, when women were not permitted to sing in church or cathedral choirs in the Roman Catholic Church, boys were sometimes castrated to prevent their voices breaking at puberty and to develop a special high voice. Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. In Music, a register is the relative "height" or range of a Note, set of pitches or Pitch classes Melody The first documents mentioning castrati are Italian church records from the 1550s. A castrato is a man with a singing voice equivalent to that of a Soprano, Mezzo-soprano, or Contralto voice produced either by Castration [8] In the baroque music era these singers were highly appreciated by Opera composers as well. Famous castrati include Farinelli, Senesino, Carestini, and Caffarelli. Farinelli ( January 24, 1705 &ndash September 16, 1782) was the Stage name of Carlo Maria Broschi, one of the most famous Senesino ( Francesco Bernardi) ( October 31 1686 &ndash November 27 1758) was a celebrated Italian alto Castrato Giovanni Carestini (born Filottrano, near Ancona, circa 1704 — died Filottrano (? circa 1760) was an Italian Castrato Gaetano Majorano (b Bitonto, 12 April 1710 d Naples, 31 Jan 1783 was an Italian Castrato and Opera singer who took his stage The last castrato was Alessandro Moreschi (1858-1922) who served in the Sistine Chapel Choir. Alessandro Moreschi (November 11 1858 - April 21 1922 was the most famous Castrato Singer of the late 19th century and the only castrato of the classic Bel The Sistine Chapel Choir is a Choir based in Vatican City and is one of the oldest religious choirs in the World. [9] However, in the late 1800s, the Roman Catholic Church, which had always considered castration to be mutilation of the body and therefore a severe sin, condemned the production of castrati; their castrations had been performed clandestinely in contravention of Church law.

A number of religious cults have included castration as a central theme of their practice. This article discusses cult in the original and typically ancient sense of "religious practice" (cultus These include:

While Deuteronomy 23:1 expels castrated men from the assembly of Israel, Isaiah 56:3, gives a much more accepting view of eunuchs, and in Acts 8:34-39, a eunuch is baptized. The Skoptsy (скопцы also transliterated as Skoptzy, Skoptzi, Skoptsi, Scoptsy and other spellings were a secret Sect of Heaven's Gate was an American UFO religion based in San Diego California and led by Marshall Applewhite (1932-1997 and Bonnie Nettles (1927-1985 Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament The Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew: Sefer Y'sha'yah ספר ישעיה is a book of the Bible traditionally attributed to the Prophet Isaiah, who lived

Chemical

Main article: Chemical castration

In the case of chemical castration, ongoing regular injections of anti-androgens are required. Chemical castration is a form of Castration caused by hormonal Medication. An antiandrogen, or androgen antagonist, is any of a group of Hormone Receptor antagonist compounds that are capable of preventing or inhibiting the biologic

Chemical castration seems to have a greater effect on bone density than physical castration. Since the development of teriparatide, this severe bone loss has been able to be reversed in nearly every case. Teriparatide ( Forteo) is a Recombinant form of Parathyroid hormone, used in the treatment of advanced Osteoporosis. At this time there is a limitation on the use of this medication to 24 months until the long-term use is better evaluated.

With the advent of chemical castration, physical castration is not generally recommended by the medical community unless medically necessary or desired.

Medical consequences

A subject of castration who is castrated before the onset of puberty will retain a high voice, non-muscular build, and small genitals. They may well be taller than average, as the production of sex hormones in puberty—particularly testosterone—stops long bone growth. The person may not develop pubic hair and will have a small sex drive or none at all. Pubic hair is Hair in the frontal Genital area the crotch, and sometimes at the top of the inside of the legs these areas form the pubic region Castrations after the onset of puberty will typically reduce the sex drive considerably or eliminate it altogether. Also castrated people are automatically sterile, because the testes (for males) and ovaries (for females) produce sex cells needed for sexual reproduction. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. Germ cells are progenitors of the Gametes. These singled out cells move through the gut to the developing Gonads and undergo mitotic proliferation followed The Evolution of sexual reproduction is a major puzzle The first Fossilized evidence of sexually reproducing Organisms is from Eukaryotes of the Stenian Once removed the subject is infertile. The voice does not change. Some castrates report mood changes, such as depression or a more serene outlook on life. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Body strength and muscle mass can decrease somewhat. Body hair sometimes may decrease. Castration prevents male pattern baldness if it is done before hair is lost; however, castration will not restore hair growth after hair has already been lost due to male pattern baldness. Androgenic Alopecia (also known as androgenetic alopecia or alopecia androgenetica) is a common form of hair loss in both male and female [11] Castration eliminates the risk of testicular cancer.

Historically, eunuchs who additionally underwent a penectomy reportedly suffered from urinary incontinence associated with the removal of the penis, and they had their own specialist doctors. Penectomy is the practice of surgical removal of the penis for medical reasons [12]

Without Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), typical symptoms (similar to those experienced by menopausal women) include hot flashes; gradual bone-density loss, resulting in osteopenia or osteoporosis; potential weight gain or redistribution of body fat to the hips/chest. Replacement of testosterone in the form of gel, patches, or injections can largely reverse these effects, although breast enlargement has also been reported as a possible side effect of testosterone usage [13].

Castration in psychoanalysis and literary theory

The concept of castration plays an important role in psychoanalysis; see, e. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior g. , castration anxiety. Castration anxiety is an idea put forth by Sigmund Freud in his writings on the Oedipus complex; it posits a deep-seated fear or Anxiety in boys and men

Castration also plays an important role in psychoanalytically-influenced literary theory, for example Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence. Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations The Anxiety of Influence A Theory of Poetry (ISBN 0-19-511221-0 is a book by Harold Bloom, published in 1973. Poetry can also be seen as castrating, with male poets either being castrated through being outdone by their male predecessors (as in Bloom), or male poets (and even mere readers) being castrated by the force of the female sublime as conveyed to them through poetry (as in Maxwell). Catherine Maxwell identifies Philomela as being castrated by Tereus when he rapes and mutilates her. In Greek mythology, Philomela (Φιλομήλα was a daughter of Pandion I ( King of Athens) and Zeuxippe, and a sister of Procne

Castration in veterinary practice

Castration is commonly performed on domestic animals not intended for breeding. Domestic animals are usually castrated in order to avoid unwanted or uncontrolled reproduction; to reduce or prevent other manifestations of sexual behaviour such as territorial behaviour or aggression (eg. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced fighting between groups of entire (uncastrated) males of a species); or to reduce other consequences of sexual behaviour that may make animal husbandry more difficult, such as boundary/fence/enclosure destruction when attempting to get to nearby females of the species.

Male horses are usually castrated (gelded) using emasculators, because stallions are rather aggressive and troublesome. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. A gelding is a castrated animal &mdash in English the term specifically refers to a castrated male Horse or other Equine such as a Donkey An emasculator is a tool used in the Castration of Livestock. The same applies to male mules, although they are sterile. In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. Male cattle are castrated to improve muscling and docility for use as oxen. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Oxen (singular ox) are Cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult castrated males

Breeding individuals are kept entire and used for breeding: they may fetch higher prices when sold. This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals In Animal fancy and Animal husbandry, entire indicates that an animal has not been desexed i

Livestock may be castrated when used for food in order to increase growth or weight or both of individual male animals and because of the undesirable taste and odor of the meat from sexually mature males. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food In domestic pigs the taint is caused by androstenone and skatole concentrations stored in the fat tissues of the animal after sexual maturity. The domestic Pig (or in some areas hog) is normally given the scientific name Sus scrofa scrofa, though some taxonomists use the term Androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-4-one is a Steroid found in both Male and Female Sweat and Urine. Skatole or 3-methylindole is a mildly Toxic White Crystalline Organic compound belonging to the Indole family [14] It is released when the fat is heated and has a distinct odor and flavor that is widely considered unpalatable to consumers. [15] Consequently, in commercial meat production, male pigs are either castrated shortly after birth or slaughtered before they reach sexual maturity. [15] Recent research in Brazil has shown that castration of pigs is unnecessary because most pigs do not have the 'boar taint'. This is due to many breeds of pigs simply not having the heredity for the boar taint and the fact that pigs are normally slaughtered at a young market weight. [16]

In the case of pets, castration is usually called neutering, and is encouraged to prevent overpopulation of the community by unwanted animals, and to reduced certain diseases such as prostate disease and testicular cancer in male dogs (oophorectomy in female pets is often called spaying). Neutering, from the Latin neuter (of neither sex is the removal of an animal's Reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part Neutering, from the Latin neuter (of neither sex is the removal of an animal's Reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part Testicular cancer is rare in dogs, but prostate problems are somewhat common in unaltered male dogs when they get older. Neutered individuals have a much lower risk of developing prostate problems in comparison. Unaltered male cats are more likely to develop an obstruction in their urethra, preventing them from urinating to some degree; however neutering does not seem to make much difference statistically because many neutered toms also have the problem. A specialized vocabulary has arisen for neutered animals of given species:

Methods of veterinary castration include instant surgical removal, the use of an elastrator tool to secure a band around the testicles that disrupts the blood supply, the use of a Burdizzo tool or emasculators to crush the spermatic cords and disrupt the blood supply, pharmacological injections and implants and immunological techniques to inoculate the animal against its own sexual hormones. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times A capon is a Rooster whose reproductive organs were removed at a young age A gelding is a castrated animal &mdash in English the term specifically refers to a castrated male Horse or other Equine such as a Donkey Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Elastration is a method of Castration commonly used for Livestock. The Burdizzo is a Castration device which employs a large clamp designed to break the Blood vessels leading into the Testicles. An emasculator is a tool used in the Castration of Livestock. The spermatic cord is the name given to the cord-like structure in males formed by the Vas deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the Abdomen down to each Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs An injection is an infusion method of putting Liquid into the Body, usually with a hollow needle and a Syringe which is pierced through Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical Science that covers the study of all aspects of the Immune system in all Organisms It deals with Inoculation is the placement of something to where it will grow or reproduce and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum Vaccine, or antigenic substance Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body

Certain animals, like horses and swine, are usually surgically treated with a scrotal castration (which can be done with the animal standing while sedated and after local anaesthetic has been applied), while others, like dogs and cats, are anaesthetised and recumbent when surgically castrated with a pre-scrotal incision in the case of dogs, or a pre-scrotal or scrotal incision used for cats. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic

In veterinary practice an "open" castration refers to a castration in which the inguinal tunic is incised and not sutured. A "closed" castration refers to when the procedure is performed so that the inguinal tunic is sutured together after incision.

Miscellaneous

See also

External links

On religious castration

Notes

  1. ^ On Target, July 27 2003. On Target (newsletter). Target Health, Inc. (2003-07-27). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Section II: HISTORY OF MEDICINE
  2. ^ The eunuchs of the Chinese court
  3. ^ MaleCare.com
  4. ^ In Darfur, My Camera Was Not Nearly Enough
  5. ^ Katherine Amlin. Chemical Castration: The Benefits and Disadvantages Intrinsic to Injecting Male Pedophiliacs with Depo-Provera. Retrieved on 2007-06-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
  6. ^ 'Chemical castration' OK'd for Montana inmates. N. Y. Times News Service (1997). Retrieved on 2007-06-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
  7. ^ http://www.brainphysics.com/research/ocpara_bradford99.html "THE PARAPHILIAS, OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SPECTRUM DISORDER, AND THE TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY DEVIANT BEHAVIORS" by J. M. W. Bradford
  8. ^ John Rosselli, "Castrato" article in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001.
  9. ^ "All Mouth and No Trousers" from The Guardian, Aug 5 2002.
  10. ^ NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine
  11. ^ Hamilton JB. Effect of castration in adolescent and young adult males upon further changes in the proportion of bare and hairy scalp. J Clin Endocrinol metab 1960; 20:1309-1315.
  12. ^ http://www.medspe.fr/site/templates/template.php?identifiant_article=2166&surlignage=2&PHPSESSID=bd0a2427de5e5665b9c541ca8a6ecc71
  13. ^ http://www.healthandage.com/public/health-center/28/article/3047/gm=20!gid2=2824 "HRT for Men Is Risky, Too" by Robert W. Griffith, MD.
  14. ^ Genetics of Boar Taint: Implications for the Future Use of Intact Males
  15. ^ a b Genetic Inhibition of Boar Odor in Meat
  16. ^ Sugar Mountain Farm: To Cut or Not?

Dictionary

castration

-noun

  1. The act of removing the testicles.
  2. (figuratively) Any act that removes power from a person (particularly a man) or entity.
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