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See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting. Casein paint, derived from milk, is a fast-drying water-soluble medium used by artists

Casein (from Latin caseus "cheese") is the predominant phosphoprotein (αS1, αS2, β, κ) that account for nearly 80% of proteins in milk and cheese. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Phosphoproteins are a group of proteins which are chemically bonded to a substance containing Phosphoric acid (see Phosphorylation for more Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Milk-clotting proteases act on the soluble portion of the caseins, K-Casein, thus originating an unstable micellar state that results in clot formation. A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link K-Casein (or Kappa-casein k casein kappa casein is a Mammalian Milk Protein involved in a number of important physiological processes When coagulated with rennet, casein is sometimes called paracasein. Rennet (ˈrɛnɪt is a natural complex of enzymes produced in any Mammalian Stomach to digest the mother's milk and often used in the production of Cheese Chymosin (EC 3. Chymosin (or rennin) is an aspartic acid protease Enzyme found in Rennet. 4. 23. 4) is an aspartic protease that specifically hydrolyzes the peptide bond in Phe105-Met106 of κ-casein and is considered to be the most efficient protease for the cheese-making industry (Rao et al. , 1998). British terminology, on the other hand, uses the term caseinogen for the uncoagulated protein and casein for the coagulated protein. As it exists in milk, it is a salt of calcium. A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Casein is not coagulated by heat. It is precipitated by acids and by rennet enzymes, a proteolytic enzyme typically obtained from the stomachs of calves. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Proteolysis is the directed degradation ( digestion) of Proteins by cellular Enzymes called Proteases or by intramolecular digestion Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins A calf (kɑːf plural calves, /kɑːvz/ is the young of various species of Mammal. The enzyme trypsin can hydrolyze off a phosphate-containing peptone. Trypsin ( is a Serine protease found in the Digestive system, where it breaks down Proteins Trypsin predominantly cleaves peptide chains at the carboxyl Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino

Casein consists of a fairly high number of proline peptides, which do not interact. Proline (abbreviated as Pro or P) is an α- Amino acid, one of the twenty DNA -encoded amino acids There are also no disulfide bridges. As a result, it has relatively little secondary structure or tertiary structure. In Biochemistry and Structural biology, secondary structure is the general three-dimensional form of local segments of Biopolymers such as In Biochemistry and Chemistry, the tertiary structure of a Protein or any other Macromolecule is its three-dimensional structure as defined Because of this, it cannot denature. Denaturation is a process in which Proteins or Nucleic acids lose their structure (tertiary structure by application of some external stress or compound for It is relatively hydrophobic, making it poorly soluble in water. In Chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) refers to the physical property of It is found in milk as a suspension of particles called casein micelles which show some resemblance with surfactant-type micellae in a sense that the hydrophilic parts reside at the surface. In Chemistry, A suspension is a Heterogenous fluid containing Solid particles that are sufficiently large for Sedimentation. A micelle (rarely micella, plural micelles) is an aggregate of Surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid Colloid. A micelle (rarely micella, plural micelles) is an aggregate of Surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid Colloid. Hydrophile, from the Greek (hydros "water" and φιλια (philia "friendship" refers to a physical property of a Molecule The caseins in the micelles are held together by calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge There are several models that account for the special conformation of casein in the micelles (Dalgleish, 1998). One of them proposes that the micellar nucleus is formed by several submicelles, the periphery consisting of microvellosities of κ-casein (Walstra, 1979; Lucey, 2002). Another model suggests that the nucleus is formed by casein-interlinked fibrils (Holt, 1992). Finally, the most recent model (Horne, 1998) proposes a double link among the caseins for gelling to take place. All 3 models consider micelles as colloidal particles formed by casein aggregates wrapped up in soluble κ-casein molecules.

The isoelectric point of casein is 4. The isoelectric point (pI is the PH at which a particular Molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. 6. The purified protein is water insoluble. While it is also insoluble in neutral salt solutions, it is readily dispersible in dilute alkalis and in salt solutions such as sodium oxalate and sodium acetate. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal An oxalate (also ethanedioate) is a salt or Ester of Oxalic acid. An acetate, or ethanoate, is either a salt or Ester of Acetic acid.

Contents

Applications

In addition to being consumed in milk, casein is used in the manufacture of adhesives, binders, protective coatings, plastics (such as for knife handles and knitting needles), fabrics, food additives and many other products. Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together A binder is an ingredient used to bind together two or more other materials in mixtures Coating is a Covering that is applied to an object The aim of applying coatings is to improve surface properties of a bulk material usually referred to as a substrate Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products A knitting needle or knitting pin is a Tool in Hand-knitting to produce Knitted fabrics They generally have a long shaft and taper A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance It is commonly used by bodybuilders as a slow-digesting source of amino acids as opposed to the fast-digesting whey protein, and also as an extremely high source of glutamine (post-workout). Bodybuilding is the process of maximizing Muscle hypertrophy. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamate or Glutamic acid) is one of the 20 Another reason it is used in bodybuilding is because of its anti-catabolic effect, meaning that casein consumption inhibits protein breakdown in the body. Casein is frequently found in otherwise nondairy cheese substitutes to improve consistency, especially when melted. An enzymatic hydrolysate of casein to its individual amino acids, called "NZ-Amine" is commonly used as a constituent of agar plates in molecular biology or to supplement the protein content of foods. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of Microorganisms or cells There are different types of media for

Controversy

Opioid

Casein has been documented to break down to produce the peptide casomorphin, an opioid that appears to act primarily as a histamine releaser. Casomorphins are Peptides, ie protein fragments derived from the digestion of milk protein An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter [1] Casomorphine is suspected by some sources to aggravate the symptoms of autism[2] However, a 2006 review concluded that insufficient evidence existed to support the use of elimination diets (i. e. , casein or gluten free) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. [3] More importantly preliminary data from the first and only double-blind randomized control trial - reported in the Journal of autism and developmental disorders - of a gluten- and casein-free diet showed no changes in groups on and off the diet. [4] At this point it is premature to suggest that casein- or gluten-free diets can help children with autism spectrum disorders.

Casein-free diet

Casein has a molecular structure that is quite similar to that of gluten. Thus, most gluten-free diets are combined with casein-free diets and referred to as a gluten-free, casein-free diet. A gluten-free casein-free diet (or GFCF diet) eliminates intake of the naturally-occurring proteins Gluten (found naturally in Wheat, Barley, Casein may also be a trigger of migraines and other types of headaches. Casein may also be linked to the promotion of cancer and other diseases which was discovered in the 1980s by nutrition and health researcher, Dr. T. Colin Campbell, author of The China Study. The China Study (ISBN 1-932100-38-5 is a 2005 book by T Colin Campbell of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University, and one of the directors of the China Casein is often listed as sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate or milk protein. These are often found in energy bars, drinks as well as packaged goods.

Blocking positive effects of tea

A study of Charité Hospital in Berlin showed that adding milk to tea will block some of the normal, healthful effects that tea has in protecting against cardiovascular disease (Lorenz 2007). The Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin is the Medical school for the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin. Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and It does this because casein from the milk binds to the molecules in tea that cause the arteries to relax, especially a catechin molecule called EGCG. Catechins are polyphenolic Antioxidant Plant Metabolites. They belong to the family of Flavonoids and to be more specific flavan-3-ols One of the researchers told New Scientist magazine that "[i]t probably also blocks tea's effect on other things, such as cancer. New Scientist is a weekly International science magazine and website covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English -speaking "[5] However a similar study by Reddy et. al. (2005) suggests that the addition of milk to tea does not alter the antioxidant activity in vivo[6] and the cardiovascular effect remains controversial. [7][8]

Notes

  1. ^ Kurek et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1374738&dopt=Abstract A naturally occurring opioid peptide from cow's milk, beta-casomorphine-7, is a direct histamine releaser in man. ] Retrieved on January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  2. ^ Casein-Free Diet and Children with Autism. Retrieved on January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  3. ^ Christison GW, Ivany K (2006). "Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?". J Dev Behav Pediatr 27 (2 Suppl 2): S162–71. doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00015. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16685183.  
  4. ^ The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. Retrieved on January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  5. ^ Milk wrecks the health benefits of tea. Retrieved on January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  6. ^ Addition of milk does not alter the antioxidant ac...[Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 May-Jun] - PubMed Result
  7. ^ Prabhakar, Vijay R. Milk casein and its benefits on cardiovascular risk. Retrieved on January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  8. ^ Lorenz, Mario. Milk casein and its benefits on cardiovascular risk: reply. Retrieved on January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Sources

See also

External links

A2 Milk is a Trademark of the A2 Corporation which is licensed by Milk distributors to apply to Cows milk which has been tested to ensure it contains a K-Casein (or Kappa-casein k casein kappa casein is a Mammalian Milk Protein involved in a number of important physiological processes Casomorphins are Peptides, ie protein fragments derived from the digestion of milk protein Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books

Dictionary

casein

-noun

  1. (biochemistry) A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom found in milk or in the seeds of leguminous plants.
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