Cascade Volcanoes
Range
Mount Rainier as viewed from the Sourdough Ridge trail
Countries	United States, Canada
Provinces/States	Oregon, Washington, California, British Columbia
Highest point	Mount Rainier
- elevation	14,410 ft (4,392 m)
- coordinates	46°51′1.9″N 121°45′35.6″W / 46.850528, -121.759889
Period	Eocene-to-Holocene

The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California, a distance of well over 700 mi (1,100 km). Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanic islands or Mountains formed by Plate tectonics as an oceanic Tectonic plate subducts under British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. The arc has formed due to subduction along the Cascadia subduction zone. In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to Although taking its name from the Cascade Range, this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one, and the Cascade Volcanoes extend north into the Coast Mountains, past the Fraser River which is the northward limit of the Cascade Range proper. The Coast Mountains are a Mountain range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the north western shore of the North American continent extending south For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation.

Some of the major cities along the length of the arc include Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, and the population in the region exceeds 10,000,000. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal All could be potentially affected by volcanic activity and great subduction-zone earthquakes along the arc. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Because the population of the Pacific Northwest is rapidly increasing, the Cascade volcanoes are some of the most dangerous, due to their past eruptive history, potential eruptions and because they are underlain by weak, hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks that are susceptible to failure. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Many large, long-runout landslides originating on Cascade volcanoes have inundated valleys tens of kilometers from their sources, and some of the inundated areas now support large populations.

The Cascade Volcanoes are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions All of the known historic eruptions in the contiguous United States have been from the Cascade Volcanoes. The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District Two most recent were Lassen Peak in 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. It is also the site of Canada's most recent major eruption about 2,350 years ago at the Mount Meager volcanic complex. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly ^[1]

Contents 1 Geology 2 Human history 3 Cascadia subduction zone 4 Eruptions of the Cascades 4.1 Major catastrophic eruptions 4.2 Other eruptions 5 List of Cascade Volcanoes 6 British Columbia 7 Washington 8 Oregon 9 California 10 Notes 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

Geology

The Cascade Arc includes nearly 20 major volcanoes, among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes, and cinder cones, along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas. A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic A shield volcano is a large Volcano with shallow-sloping sides In Volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular Mound -shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of Felsic Lava A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. A tuya is a type of distinctive flat-topped steep-sided Volcano formed when Lava erupts through a thick Glacier or Ice sheet. Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago, however, most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old, and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old. Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in elevation, and the two highest, Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta, exceed 14,000 ft (4,300 m). Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano, which are about 145 mi³ (600 km³) and 108 mi³ (450 km³) respectively. Medicine Lake Volcano is a large Shield volcano in northeastern California about northeast of Mount Shasta. Newberry Volcano is a large Shield volcano located east of the Cascade Range and about southeast of Bend Oregon. Mount Garibaldi and Glacier Peak are the only two Cascade volcanoes that are made exclusively of dacite. Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, Glacier Peak (known in the Sauk Indian dialect of Lushootseed as "Tda-ko-buh-ba" or "Takobia") is the most remote of the five major Volcanoes in the Dacite ( deɪsaɪt) is an igneous, volcanic rock with a high iron content

Over the last 37 million years, the Cascade Arc has been erupting a chain of volcanoes along the Pacific Northwest. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. For the generic cinder cone see Cinder cone. Cinder Cone is a Cinder cone Volcano in Lassen Volcanic National Park (itself in The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean ^[2] Several of the volcanoes in the arc are frequently active. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The volcanoes of the Cascade Arc share some general characteristics, but each has its own unique geological traits and history. Lassen Peak in California, which last erupted in 1917, is the southernmost historically active volcano in the arc, while Mount Meager in British Columbia, which erupted about 2,350 years ago, is generally considered the northernmost member of the arc. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly A few isolated volcanic centers northwest of Mount Meager such as the Silverthrone Caldera, which is a circular 20 km wide, deeply dissected caldera complex, may also be the product of Cascadia subduction, but geologic investigations have been very limited in this remote region. The Silverthrone Caldera is a potentially active Caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located over northwest of the city of A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano is a Volcano with more than one feature. About 5-7 million years ago, the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate broke off along the Nootka Fault to form the Explorer Plate, and there is no definitive consensus among geologists on the relation of the volcanoes north of that fault to the rest of the Cascade Arc. The Juan de Fuca Plate, named after the explorer, is a Tectonic plate arising from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and subducting under the northerly The Nootka Fault is an active Transform fault located off Nootka Island, near Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The Explorer Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. When the Cascade Volcanic Arc resumed 4-5 million years ago after reorganization of the Explorer Plate, there were some apparent changes along the northern end. Where the northern end of the arc originally extended due north from the modern-day location of Glacier Peak - into the Chilliwack Batholith and the Pemberton Volcanic Belt in Canada, it now headed northwest into the Mount Baker - Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. Glacier Peak (known in the Sauk Indian dialect of Lushootseed as "Tda-ko-buh-ba" or "Takobia") is the most remote of the five major Volcanoes in the The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded Miocene Volcanic belt at a low angle near Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of Volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. This apparently reflects a steepening of the subduction zone on the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate. At the same time, the Juan de Fuca Plate assumed a more easterly-directed sense of motion relative to the continent. However, the Pemberton Volcanic Belt is usually merged with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and so is usually part of the arc. Between 18 and 5 million years ago, the southern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate broke off to form the Gorda Plate, and continues to subduct beneath North America. The Gorda Plate, located beneath the Pacific Ocean off the coast of northern California, is one of the northern remnants of the Farallon Plate. ^[3] The Cascade Volcanic Arc appears to be segmented; the central portion of the arc is the most active and the northern end least active.

Lavas representing the earliest stage in the development of the Cascade Volcanic Arc mostly crop out south of the North Cascades proper, where uplift of the Cascade Range has been less, and a thicker blanket of Cascade Arc volcanic rocks has been preserved. Volcanic rock is an Igneous rock of volcanic origin Texture Volcanic rocks are usually fine-grained or Aphanitic to glassy in In the North Cascades, geologists have not yet identified with any certainty any volcanic rocks as old as 35 million years, but remnants of the ancient arc’s internal plumbing system persist in the form of plutons, which are the crystallized magma chambers that once fed the early Cascade volcanoes. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system A magma chamber is a large underground pool of molten rock lying under the surface of the earth's crust The greatest mass of exposed Cascade Arc plumbing is the Chilliwack Batholith, which makes up much of the northern part of North Cascades National Park and adjacent parts of British Columbia beyond. North Cascades National Park is a US National Park located in the state of Washington. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Individual plutons range in age from about 35 million years old to 2. 5 million years old. The older rocks invaded by all this magma were affected by the heat. Around the plutons of the batholith, the older rocks recrystallized. A batholith (from Greek bathos, depth + lithos, rock is a large emplacement of Igneous intrusive (also called plutonic rock that forms This contact metamorphism produced a fine mesh of interlocking crystals in the old rocks, generally strengthening them and making them more resistant to erosion. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Where the recrystallization was intense, the rocks took on a new appearance dark, dense and hard. Many rugged peaks in the North Cascades owe their prominence to this baking. The rocks holding up many such North Cascade giants, as Mount Shuksan, Mount Redoubt, Mount Challenger, and Mount Hozomeen, are all partly recrystallized by plutons of the nearby and underlying Chilliwack Batholith. Mount Shuksan is a glaciated peak in the North Cascades National Park of the United States.

The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded volcanic belt north of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, which appears to have formed during the Miocene before fracturing of the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate. The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded Miocene Volcanic belt at a low angle near Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada. A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Silverthrone Caldera is the only volcano within the belt that appears related to seismic activity since 1975. The Silverthrone Caldera is a potentially active Caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located over northwest of the city of

The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is the northern extension of the Cascade Arc. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of Volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Volcanoes within the volcanic belt are mostly stratovolcanoes along with the rest of the arc, but also include calderas, cinder cones, and small isolated lava masses. A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The eruption styles within the belt range from effusive to explosive, with compositions from basalt to rhyolite. Effusive eruptions are a Volcanic phenomenon in some ways the opposite of Explosive eruptions An effusive eruption is characterized by an outpouring of low Viscosity An explosive eruption is a Volcanic term to describe a violent explosive type of Eruption. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations, many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition, topography, and changing ice configurations. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia Four volcanoes within the belt appear related to seismic activity since 1975, including: Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi and Mount Cayley. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, Mount Cayley is a potentially active Stratovolcano in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of southwestern British Columbia, Canada.

Mount Meager is the most unstable volcanic massif in Canada. Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, Squamish ( 2006 census population 14949 is a community in the Canadian province of British Columbia, located at the north end of Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly It has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Pemberton Valley at least three times during the past 7,300 years. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere The Pemberton Valley is a name used to refer to the region of the valley of the Lillooet River upstream from Lillooet Lake, including the communities of Mount Recent drilling into the Pemberton Valley bed encountered remnants of a debris flow that had travelled 50 kilometers from the volcano shortly before it last erupted 2350 years ago. Debris flows are often referred to as mudslides Mudflows jökulhlaups, or debris Avalanches. About 1,000,000,000 m³ of rock and sand extended over the width of the valley. Two previous debris flows, about 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent debris at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Debris flows are often referred to as mudslides Mudflows jökulhlaups, or debris Avalanches. Debris (ˈdeɪbriː/ /dɛˈbriː is a word used to describe the remains of something that has been otherwise destroyed Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system The possibility of Mount Meager covering stable sections of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at about one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic activity with these events. However scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices

In the past, Mount Rainier has had large debris avalanches, and has also produced enormous lahars due to the large amount of glacial ice present. Mount Cayley is a potentially active Stratovolcano in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically Its lahars have reached all the way to the Puget Sound. Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest Around 5,000 years ago, a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow, which went all the way to the site of present-day Tacoma and south Seattle. This massive avalanche of rock and ice took out the top 1,600 feet (500 m) of Rainier, bringing its height down to around 14,100 feet (4,300 m). About 530 to 550 years ago, the Electron Mudflow occurred, although this was not as large-scale as the Osceola Mudflow.

While the Cascade Volcanoes (a geological term) includes volcanoes such as Mount Meager and Mount Garibaldi, which lie north of the Fraser River, the Cascade Range (a geographic term) is considered to have its northern boundary at the Fraser. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena However this terminology is not universally adhered to; in particular the phrase "the volcanoes of the High Cascades" is sometimes understood to include the peaks north of the Fraser, and sometimes not.

Human history

Native Americans have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own myths and legends concerning the Cascade volcanoes. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to According to some of these tales, Mounts Baker, Jefferson, Shasta and Garibaldi were used as refuge from a great flood. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of For other mountains named Mount Jefferson see Mount Jefferson Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Other stories, such as the Bridge of the Gods tale, had various High Cascades such as Hood and Adams, act as god-like chiefs who made war by throwing fire and stone at each other. The original Bridge of the Gods was created during the eighteenth century by the Bonneville Slide, a major Landslide which Dammed the Columbia River Mount Hood (called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe) is a Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern Mount Adams is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Cascade Range and the second-highest Mountain in the state of Washington War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units St. Helens with its pre-1980 graceful appearance, was regaled as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded. Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Among the many stories concerning Mount Baker, one tells that the volcano was formerly married to Mount Rainier and lived in that vicinity. Then, because of a marital dispute, she picked herself up and marched north to her present position. Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks, the most well-known to non-natives being Tahoma, the Lushootseed name for Mount Rainier. Lushootseed (also xʷəlšucid, dxʷləšúcid, Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish, Skagit-Nisqually) is the language or Dialect Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington

Legends associated with the great volcanoes are many, as well as with other peaks and geographical features of the arc, including its many hot springs and waterfalls and rock towers and other formations. Stories of Tahoma - today Mount Rainier and the namesake of Tacoma, Washington - allude to great, hidden grottos with sleeping giants, apparitions and other marvels in the volcanoes of Washington, and Mount Shasta in California has long been well-known for its associations with everything from Lemurians to aliens to elves and, as everywhere in the arc, Sasquatch or Bigfoot. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the Lemuria (lɨˈmjʊəriə is the name of a hypothetical " lost land " variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans Bigfoot or Sasquatch is alleged to be an Ape -like creature inhabiting remote forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada Bigfoot or Sasquatch is alleged to be an Ape -like creature inhabiting remote forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada

In the spring of 1792 British navigator George Vancouver entered Puget Sound and started to give English names to the high mountains he saw. Captain George Vancouver Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Mount Baker was named for Vancouver's third lieutenant, the graceful Mount St. Helens for a famous diplomat, Mount Hood was named in honor of Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood (an admiral of the Royal Navy) and the tallest Cascade, Mount Rainier, is the namesake of Admiral Peter Rainier. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Mount Hood (called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe) is a Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern For other related uses see Admiral Hood Samuel Hood 1st Viscount Hood ( 12 December 1724 &ndash 27 January Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Peter Rainier may be one of two British naval officers Peter Rainier junior (1741-1808 Peter Rainier (1784-1836 Vancouver's expedition did not, however, name the arc these peaks belonged to. As marine trade in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound proceeded in the 1790s and beyond, the summits of Rainier and Baker became familiar to captains and crews (mostly British and American over all others, but not exclusively). The Strait of Georgia or the Georgia Strait (also known as the Gulf of Georgia) is a Strait between Vancouver Island (as well as its nearby Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of

With the exception of the 1915 eruption of remote Lassen Peak in Northern California, the arc was quiet for more than a century. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. Then, on May 18, 1980, the dramatic eruption of little-known Mount St. Helens shattered the quiet and brought the world's attention to the arc. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Geologists were also concerned that the St. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system Helens eruption was a sign that long-dormant Cascade volcanoes might become active once more, as in the period from 1800 to 1857 when a total of eight erupted. None have erupted since St. Helens, but precautions are being taken nevertheless, such as the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System in Pierce County, Washington. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically Pierce County is the second most populous county in the US state of Washington. ^[4]

Hot springs in the Canadian side of the arc, were originally used and revered by First Nations people. A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated Groundwater from the earth's crust. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The springs located on Meager Creek are called Teiq^[5] in the language of the Lillooet River and were the farthest up the Lillooet River the spirit-beings/wizards known as "the Transformers" reached during their journey into the Lillooet Country, and a "training" place for young First Nations men who would privite themselves at the at the springs to acquire power and knowledge. The Lillooet River is a major river of the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. The Lillooet River is a major river of the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. The Lillooet Country, also referred to as the Lillooet District. In this area, also, was found the blackstone chief's head pipe that is famous of Lillooet artifacts; found buried in volcanic ash, one supposes from the 2350 BP eruption of Mount Meager. Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly

Cascadia subduction zone

Main article: Cascadia subduction zone

The Cascade Volcanoes were formed by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca, Explorer and the Gorda Plate (remnants of the much larger Farallon Plate) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone. The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The Juan de Fuca Plate, named after the explorer, is a Tectonic plate arising from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and subducting under the northerly The Explorer Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. The Gorda Plate, located beneath the Pacific Ocean off the coast of northern California, is one of the northern remnants of the Farallon Plate. The Farallon Plate was an ancient Oceanic plate, which began Subducting under the west coast of the North American Plate &mdash then located in modern The North American Plate is a Tectonic plate covering most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia. The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to This is a 680 mi (1,094 km) long fault, running 50 mi (80 km) off the west-coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The plates move at a relative rate of over 0. 4 inches (10 mm) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone.

Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes, magnitude 9. 0 or greater, if rupture occurred over its whole area. When the "locked" zone stores up energy for an earthquake, the "transition" zone, although somewhat plastic, can rupture. Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 kilometers (about 40 miles) downdip from the deformation front. Further downdip, there is a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding. Geology, aseismic creep is measurable surface displacement along a fault in the absence of notable Earthquakes An example is along the Calaveras

Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no oceanic trench present along the continental margin in Cascadia. The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor The continental margin is the zone of the Ocean floor that separates the thin Oceanic crust from thick Continental crust. ^[3] Instead, terranes and the accretionary wedge have been uplifted to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains. A terrane in Geology is a fragment of crustal material formed on or broken off from one Tectonic plate and accreted — " sutured " A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers (Fraser River, Columbia River, and Klamath River) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench. For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. The Columbia River (known as The Klamath River ( Ishkêesh in Karuk) approximately long is a major River in southern Oregon and northern California in the However, in common with most other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant spring. A spring is a flexible elastic object used to store mechanical Energy. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer TalkMoment magnitude scale#Real world examples please.--> The moment magnitude scale

Eruptions of the Cascades

There have been 11 eruptions in the past 4,000 years, and 7 in just the past 200 years. ^[6] The Cascade volcanoes have had more than 100 eruptions over the past few thousand years, many of them explosive eruptions. An explosive eruption is a Volcanic term to describe a violent explosive type of Eruption. ^[6] However, certain Cascade volcanoes can be dormant for hundreds or thousands of years between eruptions, and therefore the great risk caused by volcanic activity in the regions is not always readily apparent.

When Cascade volcanoes do erupt, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and landslides can devastate areas 10 or more miles away; and huge mudflows of volcanic ash and debris, called lahars, can inundate valleys more than 50 miles (80 km) downstream. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur Mudslide redirects here it is also the name of a cocktail. A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h / 50 mph Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter Debris (ˈdeɪbriː/ /dɛˈbriː is a word used to describe the remains of something that has been otherwise destroyed A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is Falling ash from explosive eruptions can disrupt human activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can cause severe damage to jet aircraft even thousands of miles away. An explosive eruption is a Volcanic term to describe a violent explosive type of Eruption. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as

All of the known historical eruptions have occurred in Washington, Oregon and in Northern California. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. The two most recent were Lassen Peak in 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred, most recently in 2006. ^[7] In contrast, volcanoes in southern British Columbia, central and southern Oregon are currently dormant. The regions lacking new eruptions keep in touch to positions of fracture zones that offset the Gorda Ridge, Explorer Ridge and the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The Gorda Ridge is a Tectonic spreading center located off the coast of Oregon and northern California north of Cape Mendocino. The Explorer Ridge is a Mid-ocean ridge, a Divergent tectonic plate boundary located about west of Vancouver Island, British Columbia The Juan de Fuca Ridge is a Tectonic spreading center located off the coasts of the state of Washington in the United States and the province The volcanoes with historical eruptions include: Mount Rainier, Glacier Peak, Mount Baker, Mount Hood, Lassen Peak, and Mount Shasta. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Glacier Peak (known in the Sauk Indian dialect of Lushootseed as "Tda-ko-buh-ba" or "Takobia") is the most remote of the five major Volcanoes in the Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of Mount Hood (called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe) is a Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the

Renewed volcanic activity in the Cascade Arc, such as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, has offered a great deal of evidence about the structure of the Cascade Arc. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. One effect of the 1980 eruption was a greater knowledge of the influence of landslides and volcanic development in the evolution of volcanic terrain. A vast piece on the north side of Mount St. Helens dropped and formed a jumbled landslide environment several kilometers away from the volcano. Pyroclastic flows and lahars moved across the countryside. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically Parallel episodes have also happened at Mount Shasta and other Cascade volcanoes in prehistoric times. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the

Major catastrophic eruptions

1980 Eruption of Mount St. Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Helens

Main article: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was one of the most closely studied volcanic eruptions in the arc and one of the best studied ever. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. It was a Plinian style eruption with a VEI=5 and was the most significant to occur in the lower 48 U.S. states in recorded history. Plinian eruptions are Volcanic eruptions marked by their similarity to the eruption of Mt The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI was devised by Chris Newhall of the U A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government An earthquake at 8:32 a. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer m. on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) An ash column rose high into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " S. states. The eruption killed 57 people and thousands of animals and caused more than a billion U.S. dollars in damage. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

1914–17 Eruptions of Lassen Peak

Main article: Lassen Peak

On May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash as far away as 200 miles (320 km) to the east. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter ^[8] A huge column of volcanic ash and gas rose more than 30,000 feet (9,100 m) into the air and was visible from as far away as Eureka, California, 150 miles (240 km) to the west. Eureka is the County seat and principal city in Humboldt County, California, United States. A pyroclastic flow swept down the side of the volcano, devastating a 3-square-mile (7. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. 8 km²) area. This explosion was the most powerful in a 1914–17 series of eruptions at Lassen Peak. ^[8]

2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager

Main article: 2350 BP eruption of Mount Meager

Mount Meager produced the most recent major eruption in Canada, sending ash as far away as Alberta. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 ^[9] The eruption was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, sending an ash column approximately 20 km high into the stratosphere. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. An eruption column consists of hot Volcanic ash emitted during an explosive Volcanic eruption. The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere. ^[9] This activity produced a diverse sequence of volcanic deposits, well exposed in the bluffs along the Lillooet River, which is defined as the Pebble Creek Formation. In Geography and Geology, a cliff is a significant vertical or near vertical rock exposure The Lillooet River is a major river of the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Pebble Creek Formation is a volcanic formation in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt created when Mount Meager erupted about 2350 years ago and by two rock ^[10] The eruption was episodic, occurring from a vent on the north-east side of Plinth Peak. Plinth Peak, sometimes called Plinth Mountain, is the highest Satellite cone of Mount Meager, and one of four overlapping volcanic cones which together ^[5] An unusual, thick apron of welded vitrophyric breccia may represent the explosive collapse of an early lava dome, depositing ash several meters in thickness near the vent area. In Volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular Mound -shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of Felsic Lava ^[10]

7700 BP Eruption of Mount Mazama

Main article: Mount Mazama

The 7700 BP eruption of Mount Mazama was a large catastrophic eruption in U. Mount Mazama is a destroyed Stratovolcano in the Oregon part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range. Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Mount Mazama is a destroyed Stratovolcano in the Oregon part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range. Mount Mazama is a destroyed Stratovolcano in the Oregon part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range. S. state of Oregon. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is estimated to have been 42 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. It began with a large eruption column with pumice and ash that erupted from a single vent. An eruption column consists of hot Volcanic ash emitted during an explosive Volcanic eruption. Pumice is a textural term for a volcanic rock that is a solidified frothy lava composed of highly microvesicular glass Pyroclastic with very thin translucent Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter The eruption was so great that most of Mount Mazama collapsed to form a caldera and subsequent smaller eruptions occurred as water began to fill in the caldera to form Crater Lake. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Volcanic ash from the eruption was carried across most of the Pacific Northwest as well as parts of southern Canada. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean

13100 BP Eruption of Glacier Peak

About 13,000 years ago, Glacier Peak generated an unusually strong sequence of eruptions depositing volcanic ash as far away as Wyoming. Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. ^[6]

Other eruptions

Silverthrone Caldera

Most of the Silverthrone Caldera's eruptions occurred during the last ice age and was episodically active during both Pemberton and Garibaldi Volcanic Belt stages of volcanism. The Silverthrone Caldera is a potentially active Caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located over northwest of the city of An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded Miocene Volcanic belt at a low angle near Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of Volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The last eruption from Mount Silverthrone ran up against ice in Chernaud Creek. The lava was dammed by the ice and made a cliff with a waterfall up against it. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees In Geography and Geology, a cliff is a significant vertical or near vertical rock exposure A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water often in the form of a Stream, flowing over an Erosion -resistant rock

Mount Cayley

Mount Cayley last erupted about 20,000 years ago. Mount Cayley is a potentially active Stratovolcano in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It contains several complex features which probably represent multiple eruptions under different conditions and are difficult to classify.

Mount Garibaldi

Mount Garibaldi was last active about 10,700 to 9,300 years ago from a cinder cone called Opal Cone. Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. Opal Cone is a Cinder cone located on the southeast flank of Mount Garibaldi in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada It produced a 15 km long broad dacite lava flow with prominent wrinkled ridges. Dacite ( deɪsaɪt) is an igneous, volcanic rock with a high iron content Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The lava flow is unusually long for a silicic lava flow.

Mount Baker

During the mid-1880s, Mount Baker had volcanic activity for the first time in several thousand years. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of Fumarole activity remains in Sherman Crater, close to the volcano's main peak, became more intense in 1975 and is still energetic. However there is still no proof that an eruption is about to happen at the volcano. ^[6]

Glacier Peak

Glacier Peak last erupted about 200-300 years ago and has erupted about six times in the past 4,000 years. Glacier Peak (known in the Sauk Indian dialect of Lushootseed as "Tda-ko-buh-ba" or "Takobia") is the most remote of the five major Volcanoes in the ^[6]

Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier last erupted between 1824 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882 and in 1894 as well. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Mount Rainier has created at least four eruptions and many lahars in the past 4,000 years. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically ^[6]

Mount Adams

Mount Adams was last active about 1,000 years ago and has created few eruptions during the past several thousand years. Mount Adams is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Cascade Range and the second-highest Mountain in the state of Washington ^[6]

Mount Hood

Mount Hood was last active about 200 years ago, creating pyroclastic flows, lahars, and a well-known lava dome close to its peak called Crater Rock. Mount Hood (called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe) is a Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically In Volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular Mound -shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of Felsic Lava Between 1856 and 1865, a sequence of steam explosions took place at Mount Hood. ^[6]

Newberry Volcano

A great deal of volcanic activity has occurred at Newberry Volcano, which was last active about 1,300 years ago. Newberry Volcano is a large Shield volcano located east of the Cascade Range and about southeast of Bend Oregon. It has one of the largest collections of cinder cones, lava domes, lava flows and fissures in the world. A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. In Volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular Mound -shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of Felsic Lava Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure or simply fissure, is a linear Volcanic vent through which Lava erupts usually without any ^[6]

Medicine Lake Volcano

Medicine Lake Volcano has erupted about 8 times in the past 4,000 years and was last active about 1,000 years ago when rhyolite and dacite erupted at Glass Mountain and associated vents near the caldera's eastern rim. Medicine Lake Volcano is a large Shield volcano in northeastern California about northeast of Mount Shasta. This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. Dacite ( deɪsaɪt) is an igneous, volcanic rock with a high iron content Glass Mountain may refer to One of four mountain summits in the United States: Glass Mountain (Mono County California A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption ^[6]

Mount Shasta

Mount Shasta last erupted in 1786 and has been the most active volcano in California for about 4,000 years, erupting once every 300 years. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. ^[6] The 1786 eruption created a pyroclastic flow, a lahar and three cold lahars, which streamed 7. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically 5 miles (12 km) down Shasta's east flank via Ash Creek. A separate hot lahar went 12 miles (19 km) down Mud Creek.

List of Cascade Volcanoes

Here is a list of Cascade volcanoes, i. Here is a List of Cascade volcanoes, ie Volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. e. , volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean

British Columbia

Name	Type	Elevation		Last eruption (VEI)	Geolocation
		(m)	(ft)
Silverthrone Caldera	Caldera	2,865	9,400	Unknown	51.43° N 126.30° W
Franklin Glacier Volcano	Caldera	2,252	7,388	Pliocene	51.33° N 125.04° W
Bridge River Cones	Volcanic field	2,500	8,500	Unknown	50.80° N 123.40° W
Mount Meager	Complex volcano	2,645	8,678	2,350 BP (5)	50.63° N 123.50° W
Ring Mountain	Tuya	2,192	7,192	Unknown	50.13° N 123.17° W
Mount Brew	Subglacial volcano	1,757	5,764	Pleistocene	50.03° N 123.11° W
Brandywine Mountain	Volcanic plug	2,213	7,260	Pleistocene	50.06° N 123.13° W
Mount Fee	Volcanic plug	2,162	7,093	Pleistocene	50.90° N 123.24° W
Mount Cayley	Stratovolcano	2,385	7,825	20,000 BP	50.12° N 123.28° W
Cinder Cone	Cinder cone	1,910	6,266	Holocene	49.82° N 122.97° W
Black Tusk	Stratovolcano	2,319	7,608	Pleistocene	49.97° N 123.04° W
The Castle	Subglacial volcano	-	-	Pleistocene	49.69° N 123.02° W
Clinker Peak	Stratovolcano	1,992	6,535	9,000 BP	49.93° N 123.04° W
Mount Price	Stratovolcano	2,052	6,732	9,000 BP	49.92° N 123.03° W
The Table	Tuya	2,021	6,631	Pleistocene	49.90° N 123.01° W
Opal Cone	Cinder cone	1,736	5,696	9,300 BP	49.92° N 123.97° W
Garibaldi Lake	Volcanic field	2,316	7,598	Unknown	49.92° N 123.03° W
Mount Garibaldi	Stratovolcano	2,678	8,786	10,700-9,300 (3?)	49.84° N 123.00° W
Watts Point	Subglacial volcano	240	800	90,000 BP	49.39° N 123.13° W

Washington

Name	Type	Elevation		Last eruption (VEI)	Geolocation
		(m)	(ft)
Mount Baker	Stratovolcano	3,286	10,781	1880 (2)	48.777° N 121.813° W
Glacier Peak	Stratovolcano	3,213	10,541	1700 ± 100 years (2)	48.112° N 121.113° W
Mount Rainier	Stratovolcano	4,392	14,411	1894 (1?)	46.853° N 121.760° W
Goat Rocks	Stratovolcano	2,494	8,184	730,000 BP	46.29° N 121.24° W
Mount Adams	Stratovolcano	3,742	12,277	950 AD? (2)	46.206° N 121.490° W
Mount St. Helens	Stratovolcano	2,549	8,363	2007 (continuing) (2)	46.20° N 122.18° W
West Crater	Volcanic field	1,329	4,360	5750 BC? (2?)	45.88° N 122.08° W
Indian Heaven	Shield volcanoes	1,806	5,925	6250 BC ± 100 years	45.93° N 121.82° W

Oregon

Name	Type	Elevation		Last eruption (VEI)	Geolocation
		(m)	(ft)
Mount Hood	Stratovolcano	3,426	11,240	1866 (2)	45.374° N 121.695° W
Mount Jefferson	Stratovolcano	3,199	10,495	950 AD?	44.674° N 121.800° W
Blue Lake Crater	Maar	1,230+	4,035	680 AD ± 200 years	44.411° N 121.774° W
Sand Mountain Field	Cinder cones	1,664	5,459	70 AD ± 150 years	44.38° N 121.93° W
Belknap Crater	Shield volcanoes	2,095	6,873	480 AD? (2?)	44.285° N 121.841° W
Aspen Butte	Shield volcanoes	2,502	8,208	-	44.56° N 122.11° W
Three Sisters	Complex volcano	3,157	10,358	1,600 BP	44.06° N 121.46° W
Davis Lake	Volcanic field	2,163	7,096	2,790 BC?	43.57° N 121.82° W
Mount Bailey	Shield volcano	2,551	8,368	Less than 100,000 BP	43.52° N 122.98° W
Black Butte	Cinder cone	1,937	6,355	-	44.08° N 121.56° W
Black Crater	Shield volcano	2,210	7,251	-	44.58° N 121.50° W
Boring Lava Field	Volcanic field	1,236	4,055	Pleistocene	45.66° N 122.68° W
Broken Top	Stratovolcano	2,797	9,055	100,000 BP	44.58° N 121.59° W
Hayrick Butte	Tuya	1,683	5,523	Pleistocene	44.58° N 121.13° W
Hogg Rock	Tuya	1,548	5,080	Pleistocene	44.20° N 121.33° W
Hoodoo Butte	Cinder cone	1,738	5,702	Holocene	44.07° N 121.29° W
Howlock Mountain	Shield volcano	2,545	8,351	Pleistocene	43.33° N 122.19° W
Lava Butte	Cinder cone	1,529	5,016	7,000 BP	43.05° N 121.17° W
Maiden Peak	Shield volcano	2,383	7,818	-	43.37° N 121.50° W
Newberry Volcano	Shield volcano	2,435	7,989	690 AD (4)	43.722° N 121.229° W
Olallie Butte	Shield volcano	2,199	7,215	-	44.15° N 121.45° W
Pelican Butte	Shield volcano	2,449	8,036	300,000 BP	42.48° N 122.41° W
Pilot Butte	Cinder cone	1,261	4,138	Pleistocene	44.38° N 121.00° W
Powell Butte	Cinder Cone	191	627	Pleistocene	45.13° N 122.14° W
Rocky Butte	Cinder cone	174	571	Pleistocene	45.47° N 122.55° W
Mount Scott	Stratovolcano	2,722	8,929	-	42.61° N -122.72° W
Mount Sylvania	Cinder Cone	292	958	Pleistocene	45.18° N 122.16° W
Mount Thielsen	Stratovolcano	2,799	9,184	-	43.21° N 122.45° W
Three Fingered Jack	Shield volcano	2,390	7,841	Pleistocene	44.42° N 121.29° W
Tumalo Mountain	Shield volcano	2,370	7,775	-	44.19° N 121.29° W
Union Peak	Shield volcano	2,350	7,709	-	42.53° N 122.21° W
Mount Washington	Shield volcano	2,376	7,795	1,330 BP	44.65° N 121.70° W
Yamsay Mountain	Shield volcano	2,498	8,196	-	42.51° N 121.46° W
Mount Bachelor	Stratovolcano	2,764	9,068	8,000-10,000 BP	43.90° N 121.63° W
Devil's Garden	Volcanic field	1,698+	5,571	Unknown	43.512° N 120.861° W
Mount Bailey	Shield volcano	2,551	8,368	Less than 100,000 BP	43.52° N 122.11° W
Diamond Peak	Shield volcano	2,665	8,744	Less than 100,000 BP	43.14° N 122.58° W
Squaw Ridge	Volcanic field	1,711	5,613	Unknown	43.472° N 120.754° W
Four Craters	Volcanic field	1,501	4,924	Unknown	43.361° N 120.669° W
Cinnamon Butte	Cinder cones	1,956	6,417	Unknown	43.241° N 122.108° W
Mount Mazama	Caldera	2,487	8,159	2290 BC ± 300 years	42.93° N 122.12° W
Mount McLoughlin	Stratovolcano	2,894	9,495	20,000 BP	42.10° N 122.23° W

California

Name	Type	Elevation		Last eruption (VEI)	Geolocation
		(m)	(ft)
Mount Shasta	Stratovolcano	4,317	14,163	1786 (3)	41.409° N 122.193° W
Shastina	Stratovolcano	3,758	12,330	-	41.24° N 122.13° W
Medicine Lake Volcano	Shield volcano	2,412	7,913	1080 ± 25 years (3?)	41.611° N 121.554° W
Black Butte	Lava dome	1,902	6,242	9,000-10,000 BP	41.366° N 121.360° W
Brushy Butte	Shield volcano	1,174	3,852	Unknown	41.178° N 121.443° W
Big Cave	Shield volcano	1,259	4,131	Unknown	40.955° N -121.365° W
Twin Buttes	Cinder cones	1,631	5,351	Unknown	40.777° N 121.591° W
Tumble Buttes	Cinder cones	2,549	8,363	Unknown	46.20° N 122.18° W
West Crater	Volcanic field	1,329	4,360	5750 BC?	45.88° N 122.08° W
Cinder Cone	Cinder cone	2,105	6,907	350 BP	40.32° N 121.19° W
Mount Tehama	Stratovolcano	2,815	9,235	600,000 BP	40.26° N 121.33° W
Lassen Peak	Lava dome	3,189	10,462	1917 (3)	40.492° N 121.508° W
Eagle Lake Field	Fissure vents	1,652	5,420	Unknown	40.63° N 120.83° W

Notes

See also

• Cascade Range
• Pacific Ranges
• Coast Mountains
• Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
• List of Cascade volcanoes
• List of volcanoes in the United States of America
• List of volcanoes in Canada
• Volcanism in Canada
• Geology of the Pacific Northwest

References

• Harris, Stephen L. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and The Pacific Ranges are the southernmost subdivision of the Coast Mountains portion of the Pacific Cordillera. The Coast Mountains are a Mountain range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the north western shore of the North American continent extending south The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of Volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Here is a List of Cascade volcanoes, ie Volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. A list of Volcanoes in United States of America and its territories See also List of volcanoes Western Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire, although that is not actually true Canada has examples of almost every type of Volcano found on Earth, including Stratovolcanoes Calderas Cinder cones The geology of the Pacific Northwest refers to the study of the composition (including rock, Minerals, and Soils) structure physical properties and the (2005). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes (3rd ed. ). Mountain Press Publishing Company, 454 pp. Mountain Press Publishing Company is an American book Publishing company based in Missoula Montana. ISBN 0-87842-511-X.  
• Wood, Charles A. ; Jürgen Kienle, eds. (1990). Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge University Press, 354 pp. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0-521-43811-X.  
• Skiing the Cascade Volcanoes - Introduction to the Cascade Volcanoes

External links

• USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
• Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program

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