Citizendia

"Cascades" redirects here. For other uses, see Cascades (disambiguation).
Cascade Range
The Cascades
Range
none Mount Rainier in Washington state
Mount Rainier in Washington state
CountriesUnited States, Canada
StatesOregon, Washington, California, British Columbia
Highest pointMount Rainier
 - elevation14,410 ft (4,392 m)
 - coordinates46°51′1.9″N 121°45′35.6″W / 46.850528, -121.759889
Length700 mi (1,100 km), north-south
PeriodPliocene

The Cascade Range is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. It includes both non-volcanic mountains, including the rugged spires of the North Cascades, and the notable volcanoes known as the High Cascades. The North Cascades are a section of the Cascade Range of western North America. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The small part of the range in British Columbia is called the Canadian Cascades or Cascade Mountains; the latter term is also sometimes used by Washington residents to refer to the Washington section of the Cascades in addition to North Cascades, the more usual American term, as in North Cascades National Park. North Cascades National Park is a US National Park located in the state of Washington.

The Cascades are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions All of the known historic eruptions in the contiguous United States have been from Cascade volcanoes. The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District The two most recent were Lassen Peak in 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, a volcano located in Washington state in the United States was a major volcanic eruption. Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred, most recently in 2006. [1]

Contents

Geography

Mount Jefferson in Oregon.
Mount Jefferson in Oregon. For other mountains named Mount Jefferson see Mount Jefferson Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

At its southern end the range is about 30 to 50 miles (50 to 80 km) wide and 4,500 to 5,000 feet (1,370 to 1,520 m) high and 80 miles (130 km) wide in northern Washington. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. At its northern apex at Lytton Mountain (2,049 m) in Canada, near the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers, the range is only 10 miles (16 km) wide. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. The Thompson River is the largest Tributary of the Fraser River The tallest volcanoes of the Cascades are called the High Cascades and dominate their surroundings, often standing twice the height of the nearby mountains. They often have a visual height (height above nearby crestlines) of one mile (1. 6 km) or more. The tallest peaks, such as the 14,411 foot (4,392 m) high Mount Rainier, dominate their surroundings for 50 to 100 miles (80 to 160 km). Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington

Cascade Range-related plate tectonics
Cascade Range-related plate tectonics

The northern part of the range, north of Mount Rainier, is known as the North Cascades. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington The North Cascades are a section of the Cascade Range of western North America. It is extremely rugged, with many of the lesser peaks steep and glaciated. The valleys are quite low, resulting in great local relief, and major passes are only about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high. Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. The southern part of the Canadian Cascades are included in the North Cascades, and have the same geography and geology. The North Cascades are a section of the Cascade Range of western North America. Usage differs as to whether to include the Coquihalla Range, which reaches up to the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers. For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. The Thompson River is the largest Tributary of the Fraser River Its northern reaches have very different terrain and geology, more resembling the plateau country which extends north and east from the range's terminus at Lytton Mountain.

Because of the range's proximity to the Pacific Ocean, precipitation is substantial, especially on the western slopes, with annual accumulations of up to 150 inches (3,800 mm) in some areas—Mount Baker, for instance, recorded the largest single-season snowfall on record in the world in 1999—and heavy snowfall as low as 2,000 feet (600 m). The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of It is not uncommon for some places in the Cascades to have over 200 inches (5,500 mm) of snow accumulation, such as at Lake Helen (near Lassen Peak), one of the snowiest places in the world. Lake Helen is a glacial Lake or a tarn occupying a cirque at around 8200 feet (2500 m) in Lassen Volcanic National Most of the High Cascades are therefore white with snow and ice year-round. The western slopes are densely covered with Douglas-fir, Western Hemlock and Red alder, while the drier eastern slopes are mostly Ponderosa Pine, with Western Larch at higher elevations. Douglas-fir is the common name applied to coniferous Trees of the Genus Pseudotsuga in the family Pinaceae. Tsuga heterophylla ( Western Hemlock) is a species of hemlock native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on the Alnus rubra ( red alder) is a Deciduous Tree native to western North America. Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa) sometimes called Bull Pine or Western Yellow Pine is a widespread and variable Pine native to western North Western Larch ( Larix occidentalis) is a species of Larch native to the mountains of western North America, in Canada in southeastern Annual rainfall drops to 9 inches (200 mm) on the eastern foothills due to a rainshadow effect. Foothills are geographically defined as gradual increases in hilly areas at the base of a Mountain range. For the Australian television series see Rain Shadow (TV series.

Beyond the foothills is an arid plateau that was created 16 million years ago as a coalescing series of layered flood basalt flows. In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Together, these sequences of fluid volcanic rock form a 200,000 square mile (520,000 km²) region out of eastern Washington, Oregon, and parts of Northern California and Idaho called the Columbia River Plateau. Volcanic rock is an Igneous rock of volcanic origin Texture Volcanic rocks are usually fine-grained or Aphanitic to glassy in Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. The Columbia River Plateau is a geologic and geographic region that lies across parts of the U

Mount Shasta from Siskiyou Trail
Mount Shasta from Siskiyou Trail

The Columbia River Gorge is the only major break in the American part of the Cascades. The Siskiyou Trail stretched from California's Central Valley to Oregon's Willamette Valley; modern-day Interstate 5 follows this pioneer path The Columbia River Gorge is a Canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. When the Cascades started to rise 7 million years ago in the Pliocene, the Columbia River drained the relatively low Columbia River Plateau. The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends As the range grew, the Columbia was able to keep pace, creating the gorge and major pass seen today. The gorge also exposes uplifted and warped layers of basalt from the plateau.

History

Cascade eruptions in the last 4000 years
Cascade eruptions in the last 4000 years

Native Americans have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own myths and legends concerning the Cascades. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to According to some of these tales, Mounts Baker, Jefferson, and Shasta were used as refuge from a great flood. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of For other mountains named Mount Jefferson see Mount Jefferson Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Other stories, such as the Bridge of the Gods tale, had various High Cascades such as Hood and Adams, act as god-like chiefs who made war by throwing fire and stone at each other. The original Bridge of the Gods was created during the eighteenth century by the Bonneville Slide, a major Landslide which Dammed the Columbia River Mount Hood (called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe) is a Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern Mount Adams is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Cascade Range and the second-highest Mountain in the state of Washington War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units St. Helens with its pre-1980 graceful appearance, was regaled as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded. Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Among the many stories concerning Mount Baker, one tells that the mountain was formerly married to Mount Rainier and lived in that vicinity. Then, because of a marital dispute, she picked herself up and marched north to her present position. Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks, the most well-known to non-natives being Tahoma, the Lushootseed name for Mount Rainier. Lushootseed (also xʷəlšucid, dxʷləšúcid, Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish, Skagit-Nisqually) is the language or Dialect Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington

The legendary and diverse ethnographic history of the Cascade Range is too complex to recount here, except to say that the spine of the range forms the divide between the Interior Salish and Coast Salish language groupings, and mythographically between the realm of Coyote on the east and that of the Transformers and the spirit-world of the Coast on the west.

Legends associated with the great volcanoes are many, as well as with other peaks and geographical features of the range, including its many hot springs and waterfalls and rock towers and other formations. Stories of Tahoma — today Mount Rainier and the namesake of Tacoma, Washington — allude to great, hidden grottos with sleeping giants, apparitions and other marvels in the volcanoes of Washington, and Mount Shasta in California has long been well-known for its associations with everything from Lemurians to aliens to elves and, as everywhere in the Cascades, Sasquatch or Bigfoot. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the Lemuria (lɨˈmjʊəriə is the name of a hypothetical " lost land " variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans Bigfoot or Sasquatch is alleged to be an Ape -like creature inhabiting remote forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada Bigfoot or Sasquatch is alleged to be an Ape -like creature inhabiting remote forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada

In the spring of 1792 British navigator George Vancouver entered Puget Sound and started to give English names to the high mountains he saw. Captain George Vancouver Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Mount Baker was named for Vancouver's third lieutenant, the graceful Mount St. Helens for a famous diplomat, Mount Hood was named in honor of Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood (an admiral of the Royal Navy) and the tallest Cascade, Mount Rainier, is the namesake of Admiral Peter Rainier. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Mount Hood (called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe) is a Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern For other related uses see Admiral Hood Samuel Hood 1st Viscount Hood ( 12 December 1724 &ndash 27 January Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Peter Rainier may be one of two British naval officers Peter Rainier junior (1741-1808 Peter Rainier (1784-1836 Vancouver's expedition did not, however, name the range these peaks belonged to. As marine trade in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound proceeded in the 1790s and beyond, the summits of Rainier and Baker became familiar to captains and crews (mostly British and American over all others, but not exclusively). The Strait of Georgia or the Georgia Strait (also known as the Gulf of Georgia) is a Strait between Vancouver Island (as well as its nearby Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of

In 1805 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the Cascades by using the Columbia River, which for many years was the only practical way to pass that part of the range. The Columbia River (known as Trade on the lower Columbia River, which skirts the southern end of the range, did not occur until after Lewis and Clark in 1806, more specifically as a result of David Thompson's visit on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company shortly afterwards, and Simon Fraser's journey down the Fraser in 1808. The Columbia River (known as David Thompson ( April 30, 1770 &ndash February 10, 1857) was an English-Canadian fur trader surveyor and map-maker known Simon Fraser ( 20 May 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a Fur trader and an explorer who charted much of what is now the Canadian For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. The Lewis and Clark expedition, and the many settlers and traders that followed, met their last obstacle to their journey at the Cascades Rapids in the Columbia River Gorge, a feature on the river now submerged beneath the Bonneville Reservoir. The Cascades Rapids (sometimes called Cascade Falls or Cascades of the Columbia) were an area of Rapids along North America 's Columbia River The Columbia River Gorge is a Canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Bonneville Lock and Dam (ˈbɑnəvɪl consists of several Dam structures that together complete a span of the Columbia River between the U Before long, the great white-capped mountains that loomed above the rapids were called the "mountains by the cascades" and later simply as the "Cascades" (the earliest attested use of this name is in the writings of botanist David Douglas). David Douglas ( June 25, 1799 &ndash July 12, 1834) was a Scottish Botanist. On their return trip Lewis and Clark's group spotted a high but distant snowy pinnacle that they named for the sponsor of the expedition, U. S. President Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence

Mount Rainier, with Tacoma, Washington in foreground
Mount Rainier, with Tacoma, Washington in foreground

Exploration and settlement of the Cascades region by Europeans and Americans was accelerated by the establishment of a major trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver near today's Portland, Oregon. Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company in the company's Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers From this base, Hudson's Bay Company trapping parties traveled throughout the Cascades in search of beaver and other fur-bearing animals. For example, using what became known as the Siskiyou Trail, Hudson's Bay Company trappers were the first non-natives to explore the southern Cascades in the 1820s and 1830s, establishing trails which passed near Crater Lake, Mount McLoughlin, Medicine Lake Volcano, Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak. The Siskiyou Trail stretched from California's Central Valley to Oregon's Willamette Valley; modern-day Interstate 5 follows this pioneer path Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Mount McLoughlin is a Shield volcano Mount McLoughlin has a number of variant names including Mount Pitt (after the Pit (Pitt river CABig Butte M'laiksini Medicine Lake Volcano is a large Shield volcano in northeastern California about northeast of Mount Shasta. Mount Shasta ( Úytaahkoo, Karuk) or the "White Mountain" in English a 14179-foot (4322 m Stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range.

The course of political history in the Pacific Northwest saw the spine of the Cascade Range being proposed as a boundary settlement during the Oregon Dispute of 1846. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean The Oregon boundary dispute (or Oregon question) arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of The United States rejected the proposal and insisted on the 49th Parallel, which cuts across the range just north of Mount Baker. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 49th Parallel ( is the third film made by the British writer-director team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. Throughout the period of dispute and up to the creation of the Crown Colony of British Columbia in 1858, the edge of the range along the Columbia and Okanogan Rivers formed the main express route of the Hudson's Bay Company's busy traffic, and passes across the range were used by Hudson's Bay Company staff at Fort Nisqually and Fort Puyallup. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Fort Nisqually was an important fur trading and farming post of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Puget Sound area of what is now Washington but The vast majority of non-native residents of the Cascade Range region until about 1840 were British subjects, most of mixed French-native blood and some Hawaiians and blacks as well as Scots who were the backbone of Hudson's Bay Company administration.

American settlement of the flanks of the Coast Range did not occur until the early 1840s, at first only marginally. Following the Oregon Treaty the inward flux of migration from the Oregon Trail intensified and the passes and back-valleys of what is now the state of Washington were explored and populated, and it was not long after that railways followed. The Oregon Treaty, officially known as the Treaty with Great Britain in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains, Buchanan-Packenham Pioneers traveled across the Oregon Trail, one of the main overland migration routes on the North American Continent, in wagons in order to settle new parts of the Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Despite its being traversed by several major freeways and rail lines, and its lower flanks subjected to major logging in recent decades, large parts of the range remain intense and forbidding alpine wilderness. Most of the northern half of the High Cascades, from Rainier north, have been preserved by US national or British Columbia provincial parks (such as E.C. Manning Provincial Park), or other forms of protected area. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C A provincial park (or territorial park) is a Park under the management of a provincial or territrorial government in Canada. EC Manning Provincial Park is a Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, usually referred to as Manning Park.

The Canadian side of the range has a history that includes the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858-60 and its famous Cariboo Road, as well as the older Hudson's Bay Company Brigade Trail from the Canyon to the Interior, the Dewdney Trail, and older routes which connected east to the Similkameen and Okanagan valleys. The Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, (also Fraser Gold Rush) occurred in 1858 after Gold was discovered on the Thompson River in British Columbia The Cariboo Road (also called the Cariboo Wagon Road, the Great North Road or the Queen's Highway) was a project initiated in 1862 by the The Similkameen River runs through southern British Columbia, eventually emptying into the Okanogan River near Oroville Washington in the United States

The southern mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway penetrated the range via the passes of the Coquihalla River, along one of the steepest and snowiest routes in the entire Pacific Cordillera. The Canadian Pacific Railway ( The Coquihalla River (ˌkoʊkwɪˈhælə is located in the Cascade Mountains near the town of Hope British Columbia. Near Hope, B.C., the railway roadbed and the Othello Tunnels, now decommissioned, are popular tourist recreation destinations for hiking and bicycling. Hope is a District municipality with a population of 6185 located at the confluence of the Fraser and Coquihalla rivers in the province of British The Kettle Valley Railway ( KVR) was a subsidiary of Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park, popularly called The Othello Tunnels is a provincial park located near Hope British Columbia focussed on the Canyon The pass is used by the Coquihalla Highway, a government megaproject built as part of the Expo 86 spending boom of the 1980s, which is now the main route from the Coast to the British Columbia interior. Highway 5, also known as Coquihalla Highway Route 5 and the Southern Yellowhead Highway, is a north-south route in southern British Columbia, A megaproject is an extremely large-scale Investment Project. The 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication or simply Expo '86 was a World's Fair held in Vancouver, British Columbia, British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Traffic formerly went via the Fraser Canyon, to the west, or via Allison Pass and Manning Park along Highway 3 to the south, near the border. fountaincanyon10jpg|thumb|400px|right|View of Fraser Canyon looking upstream from Fountain British Columbia Allison Pass (el) is a highway summit along the Crowsnest Highway in British Columbia, Canada. EC Manning Provincial Park is a Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, usually referred to as Manning Park. The Crowsnest Highway, also known as the Interprovincial or in British Columbia the Southern Trans-Provincial, is a 1163 km (722 mile long principal

Lassen Peak in California
Lassen Peak in California

The Barlow Road was the first established land path for U. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Barlow Road (at inception Mount Hood Road) is a historic road in what is now the U S. settlers through the Cascade Range in 1845, and formed the final overland link for the Oregon Trail (previously, settlers had to raft down the treacherous rapids of the Columbia River). Pioneers traveled across the Oregon Trail, one of the main overland migration routes on the North American Continent, in wagons in order to settle new parts of the The Columbia River (known as The Barlow Road left the Columbia at Hood River and passed along the south side of Mount Hood at Government Camp, terminating in Oregon City. There is an interpretive site there now at "The End of The Oregon Trail. " The road was constructed as a toll road — $5/wagon — and was very successful.

In addition, the Applegate Trail was created to allow settlers to avoid rafting down the Columbia River. The Applegate Trail was a wilderness trail through today's US The Applegate Trail used the path of the California Trail to north-central Nevada. The California Trail was a major overland Emigrant route across the Western United States from Missouri to California in the middle 19th Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. From there, the Applegate Trail headed northwest into northern California, and continued northwest towards today's Ashland, Oregon. Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States, near Interstate 5 and the California From there, settlers would head north along the established Siskiyou Trail into the Willamette Valley. The Willamette Valley () is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence

With the exception of the 1915 eruption of remote Lassen Peak in Northern California, the range was quiet for more than a century. Lassen Peak (also known as Mount Lassen) is the southernmost active Volcano in the Cascade Range. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. Then, on May 18, 1980, the dramatic eruption of little-known Mount St. Helens shattered the quiet and brought the world's attention to the range. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Geologists were also concerned that the St. Helens eruption was a sign that long-dormant Cascade volcanoes might become active once more, as in the period from 1800 to 1857 when a total of eight erupted. None have erupted since St. Helens, but precautions are being taken nevertheless, such as the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System in Pierce County, Washington. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically Pierce County is the second most populous county in the US state of Washington. [1]

Human uses

Soil conditions for farming are generally excellent, especially downwind of volcanoes. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture This is largely due to the fact that volcanic rocks are often rich in minerals such as potassium and decay easily. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Volcanic debris, especially lahars, also have a leveling effect and the storage of water in the form of snow and ice is also important. A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Much of that water eventually flows into reservoirs where it is used for recreation before its potential energy is captured to generate hydroelectric power before being used to irrigate crops. A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops

Because of the abundance of powerful streams, many of the major westward rivers off the Cascades have been dammed to provide hydroelectric power. One of these, Ross Dam on the Skagit River, created a reservoir which spans the border southeast of Hope, British Columbia, extending into Canada two miles. The Skagit River Hydroelectric Project is a series of Dams with hydroelectric power-generating stations on the Skagit River in northern Washington The Skagit River (ˈskædʒɨt loosely "skaj-it" is a River in southwestern British Columbia in Canada and northwestern Washington Hope is a District municipality with a population of 6185 located at the confluence of the Fraser and Coquihalla rivers in the province of British At the foot of the southeast flank of Mount Baker, at Concrete, Washington, the Baker River is dammed to form Shannon and Baker Lakes. Concrete is a town in Skagit County, Washington, USA The population was 790 at the 2000 census

In addition, there is a largely untapped amount of geothermal power that can be generated from the Cascades. Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth and therme, meaning heat is energy generated by heat stored in the earth or the collection The USGS Geothermal Research Program has been investigating this potential. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. Some of this energy is already being used in places like Klamath Falls, Oregon where volcanic steam is used to heat public buildings. Klamath Falls is a city in Klamath County, Oregon, United States. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. The highest recorded temperature found in the range is 510 °F (265 °C) at 3,075 feet (937 m) below Newberry Caldera's floor. Newberry Volcano is a large Shield volcano located east of the Cascade Range and about southeast of Bend Oregon.

Cascade Range volcanoes

Further information: Cascade Volcanoes

Mount BakerGlacier PeakMount RainierMount St. HelensMount St. HelensMount AdamsMount HoodMount JeffersonThree SistersNewberry VolcanoMount Mazama (Crater Lake National Park)Mount McLoughlinMedicine Lake VolcanoMount ShastaMount ShastaLassen Peak

Major volcanoes in the Cascade Range (image map)
Major volcanoes in the Cascade Range (image map)

Volcanoes south of the Fraser River in the Cascade Volcanic Belt (a geological term) belong to the Cascade Range (a geographic term). The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of Volcanoes in a Volcanic arc in western For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of Volcanoes in a Volcanic arc in western Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Peaks are listed north to south.

North Cascades and Canadian Cascades

High Cascades

Protected areas

There are four U.S. National Parks in the Cascade Range and many U.S. National Monuments, U.S. Wilderness Areas, and U.S. National Forests. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation A National Monument in the United States is a Protected area that is similar to a National Park except that the President of the United States The US National Wilderness Preservation System protects federally managed land areas that are of a pristine condition "National forest" redirects here for the National Forest in England see National Forest England; for those in Brazil see List of Brazilian National Forests Each classification protects the various glaciers, volcanoes, geothermal fields, rivers, lakes, forests, and wildlife to varying degrees. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. In Geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet

National parks

National monuments

Wilderness Areas

Provincial Parks

See also

References

  1. ^ Mount St. Helens, Washington: Eruption 2004 to Current. USGS. Skagit Valley Provincial Park is a Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, centered on the Skagit River and its tributaries EC Manning Provincial Park is a Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, usually referred to as Manning Park. Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area, usually known as Cathedral Provincial Park and also as Cathedral Park, is a Provincial park in British Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park, popularly called The Othello Tunnels is a provincial park located near Hope British Columbia focussed on the Canyon The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of Volcanoes in a Volcanic arc in western The geology of the Pacific Northwest refers to the study of the composition (including rock, Minerals, and Soils) structure physical properties and the The North Cascades are a section of the Cascade Range of western North America. Methow ( Washington was founded in 1889 by WA Bolinger when he moved his store from the former mining boom-town at Squaw Creek (approx Retrieved on February 1, 2008. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

External links

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