Casablanca
A poster for the original release.
Directed by	Michael Curtiz
Produced by	Hal B. Wallis
Written by	Play: Murray Burnett Joan Alison Screenplay: Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch Casey Robinson (uncredited)
Starring	Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid
Music by	Max Steiner
Cinematography	Arthur Edeson, ASC
Editing by	Owen Marks
Distributed by	Warner Bros.
Release date(s)	November 26 1942 (NYC premiere) January 23 1943 (US general)
Running time	102 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$1,039,000
Gross revenue	$3. Michael Curtiz ( December 24, 1886 - April 10, 1962) was an Academy Award -winning Hungarian-American Film director Hal B Wallis, CBE ( September 14, 1899 &ndash October 5, 1986) was an Academy Award -winning American Murray Burnett ( 1911 - September 23, 1997) was a high school teacher and playwright from New York City. Joan Alison ( 1902 - 31 March, 1992) was an American writer who co-wrote the play Everybody Comes to Rick's (with Murray Burnett) Julius J Epstein (born August 22, 1909, New York City New York; died December 30, 2000, Los Angeles California) Philip G Epstein ( August 22, 1909 – February 7, 1952) was an American screenwriter most known for his adaptation in partnership with his twin Howard Koch ( December 2, 1902 - August 17, 1995) was an American Screenwriter who was blacklisted by the Casey Robinson ( October 17, 1903 - December 6, 1979) was an American producer and director of mostly B (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy Paul Georg Julius Hernried Freiherr von Wassel-Waldingau, (January 10 &ndashMarch 29) known professionally as Paul Henreid, was an Austrian actor and film director This article is about the film composer For other persons with the same name see Max Steiner. Arthur Edeson ( October 24, 1891 – February 14, 1970) was a film Cinematographer, born in New York City. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" The year 1942 in film involved some significant events in particular the release of a film consistently rated as one of the greatest films of all time Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor The year 1943 in film involved some significant events Events Top grossing films (U United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 7 million (US 1st rel. ) $4,145,200 (US rentals)
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Casablanca (1942) is an American romance film directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman and Paul Henreid and featuring Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sidney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre. The year 1942 in film involved some significant events in particular the release of a film consistently rated as one of the greatest films of all time The United States of America —commonly referred to as the While most films have some aspect of romance between characters (at least as a Subplot) a romance film can be loosely defined as any Film in which the central Michael Curtiz ( December 24, 1886 - April 10, 1962) was an Academy Award -winning Hungarian-American Film director (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy Paul Georg Julius Hernried Freiherr von Wassel-Waldingau, (January 10 &ndashMarch 29) known professionally as Paul Henreid, was an Austrian actor and film director William Claude Rains (10 November &ndash30 May) was an English award-winning Actor and Film star whose career spanned 47 years Conrad Veidt ( January 22 1893 &ndash April 3 1943) was a German Actor, well known for his roles in such films as Sydney Hughes Greenstreet ( December 27 1879 &ndash January 18 1954) was an English Actor, best known for his work with Peter Lorre ( June 26 1904 &ndash March 23 1964) born László Löwenstein, was a Hungarian - Austrian It is set in the Vichy-controlled Moroccan city of Casablanca during World War II and focuses on a man's conflict between, in the words of one character, love and virtue: he must choose between his love for a woman and doing the right thing, helping her and her Resistance leader husband escape from Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means ranging from non-cooperation disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German

Although it was an A-list movie, with established stars and first-rate writers – Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch received credit for the screenplay – no one involved with its production expected Casablanca to be anything out of the ordinary;^[1] it was just one of dozens of pictures being churned out by Hollywood every year. Julius J Epstein (born August 22, 1909, New York City New York; died December 30, 2000, Los Angeles California) Philip G Epstein ( August 22, 1909 – February 7, 1952) was an American screenwriter most known for his adaptation in partnership with his twin Howard Koch ( December 2, 1902 - August 17, 1995) was an American Screenwriter who was blacklisted by the United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century The film was a solid, if unspectacular, success in its initial run, rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier. Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British - American invasion of French North Africa in World War II ^[2]

Despite a changing assortment of screenwriters frantically adapting an unstaged play and barely keeping ahead of production, and Bogart attempting his first romantic lead role, Casablanca won three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working Its characters, dialogue, and music have become iconic, and Casablanca has grown in popularity to the point that it now consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time. While there is no agreement upon the greatest Film of all time many publications and organizations have tried to determine the films considered the greatest ever.

Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Direction 2.3 Cinematography 2.4 Music 3 Cast 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Interpretation 4.3 Influence 5 Awards and nominations 6 Sequels and other versions 7 Rumors 8 Errors 9 Quotations 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links

Plot

Rick Blaine (Bogart) is a bitter, cynical American expatriate in Casablanca. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا He owns and runs "Rick's Café Américain", an upscale nightclub and gambling den that attracts a mixed clientèle of Vichy French and Nazi officials, refugees and thieves. A nightclub (or "night club" or "club" is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters, it is later revealed that he had run guns to Ethiopia to combat the 1935 Italian invasion, and fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco's Nationalists. Illegal arms trafficking, also known as Gunrunning is trafficking in ( Smuggling) contraband Weapons and Ammunition. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid

Ugarte (Peter Lorre), a petty criminal, arrives in Rick's club with "letters of transit" obtained through the murder of two German couriers. Peter Lorre ( June 26 1904 &ndash March 23 1964) born László Löwenstein, was a Hungarian - Austrian The papers allow the bearer to travel freely around German-controlled Europe and to neutral Portugal, and from there to the New World. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The letters are almost priceless to any of the continual stream of refugees who end up stranded in Casablanca. Ugarte plans to make his fortune by selling them to the highest bidder, who is due to arrive at the club later that night. However, before the exchange can take place, Ugarte is arrested by the local police, under the command of Captain Louis Renault (Claude Rains), a corrupt opportunist who says of himself, "I have no convictions . William Claude Rains (10 November &ndash30 May) was an English award-winning Actor and Film star whose career spanned 47 years . . I blow with the wind, and the prevailing wind happens to be from Vichy. " Unbeknownst to Renault and the Nazis, Ugarte had entrusted the letters to Rick because ". . . somehow, just because you despise me, you are the only one I trust. "

At this point, the reason for Rick's bitterness re-enters his life. His ex-lover Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman) arrives with her husband Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid), a fugitive Czech Resistance leader long sought by the Nazis. (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy Paul Georg Julius Hernried Freiherr von Wassel-Waldingau, (January 10 &ndashMarch 29) known professionally as Paul Henreid, was an Austrian actor and film director Czech resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II is a scarcely documented subject by and large a result of little formal resistance and an effective German Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means ranging from non-cooperation disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots The couple need the letters to leave Casablanca to "reach America and continue [his] work. " German Major Strasser (Conrad Veidt) arrives to ensure that Laszlo does not succeed. Conrad Veidt ( January 22 1893 &ndash April 3 1943) was a German Actor, well known for his roles in such films as

When Laszlo speaks with Signor Ferrari (Sidney Greenstreet), a major figure in the criminal underworld and Rick's business rival, Ferrari divulges his suspicion that Rick has the letters. Sydney Hughes Greenstreet ( December 27 1879 &ndash January 18 1954) was an English Actor, best known for his work with Laszlo meets with Rick privately, but Rick refuses to part with the documents, telling Laszlo to ask his wife for the reason. They are interrupted when a group of Nazi officers led by Strasser begins to sing "Die Wacht am Rhein", a German patriotic song. For other uses of "die Wacht am Rhein" see Watch on the Rhine (disambiguation. Infuriated, Laszlo tells the house band to play "La Marseillaise", the French national anthem. " La Marseillaise " (la maʁsɛˡjɛz in English The Song of Marseille) is the National anthem of France. When the band leader looks to Rick for permission, he nods his head. Laszlo starts singing, alone at first, then long-suppressed patriotic fervor grips the crowd and everyone joins in, drowning out the Germans. In retaliation, Strasser orders Renault to close the club.

That night, Ilsa confronts Rick in the deserted cafe. When he refuses to give her the letters, she threatens him with a gun, but is unable to shoot, confessing that she still loves him. She explains that when she first met and fell in love with him in Paris, she believed that her husband had been killed trying to escape from a Nazi concentration camp. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Later, with the German army on the verge of capturing the city, she learned that Laszlo was in fact alive and in hiding. She left Rick without explanation to tend to an ill Laszlo.

With the revelation, Rick's bitterness dissolves and the lovers are reconciled. Rick agrees to help, leading her to believe that she will stay behind with him when Laszlo leaves. When Laszlo unexpectedly shows up, after having narrowly escaped a police raid on a Resistance meeting, Rick has Ilsa hide while the two men talk.

Laszlo reveals that he is aware of Rick's love for Ilsa and tries to get Rick to use the letters to take her to safety. However, the police arrive and arrest Laszlo on a petty charge. Rick convinces Renault to release Laszlo by promising to set him up for a much more serious crime: possession of the letters of transit. To allay Renault's suspicions about his motives, Rick explains that he and Ilsa will be leaving for America.

However, when Renault tries to arrest Laszlo for accepting the letters, Rick double crosses Renault, forcing him at gunpoint to assist in the escape. At the last moment, Rick makes Ilsa board the plane to Lisbon with her husband, telling her that she would regret it if she stayed. "Maybe not today. Maybe not tomorrow, but soon and for the rest of your life. "

Major Strasser drives up by himself, having been tipped off by Renault, but Rick shoots him when he tries to intervene. When police reinforcements arrive, Renault briefly considers his options, then saves Rick's life by telling his men to "round up the usual suspects. " When they are alone, Renault suggests that he and Rick leave Casablanca and join the Free French at Brazzaville. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces ||-||} Brazzaville is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River. They walk off into the fog with one of the most memorable exit lines in movie history: "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship. "

Production

The film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison's then-unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick's. Murray Burnett ( 1911 - September 23, 1997) was a high school teacher and playwright from New York City. Joan Alison ( 1902 - 31 March, 1992) was an American writer who co-wrote the play Everybody Comes to Rick's (with Murray Burnett) A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters ^[3] The Warner Bros. story analyst who read the play, Stephen Karnot, called it (approvingly) "sophisticated hokum",^[4] and story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal Wallis to buy the rights for $20,000,^[5] the most anyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproduced play. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and This article refers to a particular song type of American Blues music and a comedic style prevalent in Blues and Country music. Irene Diamond ( May 7 1910 &ndash January 21, 2003) was a Hollywood talent scout and later in life a prominent Philanthropist A film producer is a person who creates the conditions for making movies. Hal B Wallis, CBE ( September 14, 1899 &ndash October 5, 1986) was an Academy Award -winning American ^[6] The project was renamed Casablanca, apparently in imitation of the 1938 hit Algiers. Algiers is a 1938 film directed by John Cromwell and starring Charles Boyer, Sigrid Gurie, and Hedy Lamarr. ^[7] Shooting began on May 25, 1942 and was completed on August 3. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. The film cost a total of $1,039,000 ($75,000 over budget),^[8] not exceptionally high, but above average for the time. ^[9]

The entire picture was shot in the studio, except for the sequence showing Major Strasser's arrival, which was filmed at Van Nuys Airport. Van Nuys Airport is a public Airport located in Van Nuys in the San Fernando Valley section of the city limits of Los Angeles, California The street used for the exterior shots had recently been built for another film, The Desert Song,^[10] and redressed for the Paris flashbacks. The Desert Song is an Operetta with Music by Sigmund Romberg and Book and Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and Set dressers arrange objects on a Film set before shooting They work under the direction of a Leadman, a Set decorator and a Production designer Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In history film television and other media a flashback (also called analepsis) is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current It remained on the Warners backlot until the 1960s. A backlot is an area behind or adjoining a Movie studio with space to build or with permanent exterior sets for outdoor scenes in motion picture and/or The set for Rick's was built in three unconnected parts, so the internal layout of the building is indeterminate. In a number of scenes, the camera looks through a wall from the cafe area into Rick's office. The background of the final scene, which shows a Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior airplane with personnel walking around it, was staged using midget extras and a proportionate cardboard plane. The Lockheed 12 Electra Junior was an eight-seat six passenger all-metal transport designed for use by smaller airlines and private owners Midget is a term used to describe an exceptionally short person An extra is a Performer in a Film, Television show, stage musical opera or ballet production who appears in a nonspeaking nonsinging or nondancing capacity Fog was used to mask the model's unconvincing appearance. ^[11] Nevertheless, the Disney-MGM Studios theme park in Orlando, Florida purchased a Lockheed 12A for its Great Movie Ride attraction, and initially claimed that it was the actual plane used in the film. Disney's Hollywood Studios is a Theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. The Great Movie Ride is an attraction at Walt Disney World 's Disney's Hollywood Studios Theme park. ^[12] Film critic Roger Ebert calls Wallis the "key creative force" for his attention to the details of production (down to insisting on a real parrot in the Blue Parrot bar). Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. ^[13]

Bergman's height caused some problems. She was some two inches (5 cm) taller than Bogart, and claimed Curtiz had Bogart stand on blocks or sit on cushions in their scenes together. ^[14]

Wallis wrote the final line ("Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship") after shooting had been completed. Bogart had to be called in a month after the end of filming to dub it.

Later, there were plans for a further scene, showing Rick, Renault and a detachment of Free French soldiers on a ship, to incorporate the Allies' 1942 invasion of North Africa; however it proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for the shoot, and the scene was finally abandoned after David O. Selznick judged "it would be a terrible mistake to change the ending. Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British - American invasion of French North Africa in World War II David O Selznick, born David Selznick ( May 10, 1902 &ndash June 22, 1965) was one of the iconic Hollywood producers "^[15]

Writing

The original play was inspired by a 1938 trip to Europe by Murray Burnett, during which he visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss, as well as the south coast of France, which had uneasily coexisting populations of Nazis and refugees. The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi The latter locale provided the inspirations for both Rick's cafe (the nightclub Le Kat Ferrat) and the character of Sam (a black piano player Burnett saw in Juan-les-Pins). Juan-les-Pins is a town in the commune of Antibes, in the Alpes-Maritimes, in southeastern France, on the Côte d'Azur, which is part ^[16] In the play, the Ilsa character was an American named Lois Meredith and did not meet Laszlo until after her relationship with Rick in Paris had ended; Rick was a lawyer.

The first writers to work on the script were the Epstein twins, Julius and Philip, who removed Rick's background and added more elements of comedy. Julius J Epstein (born August 22, 1909, New York City New York; died December 30, 2000, Los Angeles California) Philip G Epstein ( August 22, 1909 – February 7, 1952) was an American screenwriter most known for his adaptation in partnership with his twin The other credited writer, Howard Koch, came later, but worked in parallel with them, despite their differing emphases; Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements. Howard Koch ( December 2, 1902 - August 17, 1995) was an American Screenwriter who was blacklisted by the ^[17] The uncredited Casey Robinson contributed to the series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the cafe. Casey Robinson ( October 17, 1903 - December 6, 1979) was an American producer and director of mostly B ^[18] Curtiz seems to have favored the romantic parts, insisting on retaining the Paris flashbacks. Despite the many writers, the film has what Ebert describes as a "wonderfully unified and consistent" script. Koch later claimed it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz's which accounted for this: "Surprisingly, these disparate approaches somehow meshed, and perhaps it was partly this tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave the film a certain balance. "^[19] Julius Epstein would later note the screenplay contained "more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined. But when corn works, there's nothing better. "^[20]

The film ran into some trouble from Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration (the Hollywood self-censorship body), who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from his supplicants, and that Rick and Ilsa had slept together in Paris. For the television broadcasting term please see Production code number. Both, however, remained strongly implied in the finished version. ^[21]

Direction

Wallis' first choice for director was William Wyler, but he was unavailable, so Wallis turned to his close friend Michael Curtiz. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. William Wyler ( July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a four-time Academy Award -winning motion picture director Michael Curtiz ( December 24, 1886 - April 10, 1962) was an Academy Award -winning Hungarian-American Film director ^[22] Curtiz was a Hungarian Jewish émigré; he had come to the U. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ S. in the 1920s, but some of his family were refugees from Nazi Europe. Roger Ebert has commented that in Casablanca "very few shots . Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. . . are memorable as shots", Curtiz being concerned to use images to tell the story rather than for their own sake. ^[13] However, he had relatively little input into the development of the plot: Casey Robinson said Curtiz "knew nothing whatever about story. . . he saw it in pictures, and you supplied the stories". ^[23] Critic Andrew Sarris called the film "the most decisive exception to the auteur theory",^[24] to which Aljean Harmetz responded, "nearly every Warner Bros. Andrew Sarris, born on October 31, 1928 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, is a U Aljean Harmetz is a Hollywood journalist and film historian She has written as a Hollywood film correspondent for the New York Times since 1981 picture was an exception to the auteur theory". ^[25] Other critics give more credit to Curtiz; Sidney Rosenzweig, in his study of the director's work, sees the film as a typical example of Curtiz's highlighting of moral dilemmas. ^[26]

The second unit montages, such as the opening sequence of the refugee trail and that showing the invasion of France, were directed by Don Siegel. In Film, the second unit is a team that shoots Footage which is of lesser importance for the final Motion picture, as opposed to the first unit which shoots Film editing is an art of storytelling practiced by connecting two or more shots together to form a sequence, and the subsequent connecting of sequences to form an Donald Siegel ( October 26, 1912 - April 20, 1991) was an influential American Film director and producer ^[27]

Cinematography

The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson, a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein. Arthur Edeson ( October 24, 1891 – February 14, 1970) was a film Cinematographer, born in New York City. The Maltese Falcon is a 1930 Detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally serialized in the magazine " Black Mask " Frankenstein is a Horror film from Universal Pictures directed by James Whale and very loosely based on the novel of the same name Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman. She was shot mainly from her preferred left side, often with a softening gauze filter and with catch lights to make her eyes sparkle; the whole effect was designed to make her face seem "ineffably sad and tender and nostalgic". Catch light or catchlight is a Photography term used to describe either the Specular highlight in a subject's eye from a light source or the light ^[13] Bars of shadow across the characters and in the background variously imply imprisonment, the crucifix, the symbol of the Free French and emotional turmoil. A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces ^[13] Dark film noir and expressionist lighting is used in several scenes, particularly towards the end of the picture. Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize moral ambiguity and sexual motivation Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style, along with the fluid camera work and the use of the environment as a framing device. ^[28]

Music

The music was written by Max Steiner, who was best known for the score for Gone with the Wind. This article is about the film composer For other persons with the same name see Max Steiner. A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American dramatic - romantic - War film adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 The song "As Time Goes By" by Herman Hupfeld had been part of the story from the original play; Steiner wanted to write his own composition to replace it, but Bergman had already cut her hair short for her next role (María in For Whom the Bell Tolls) and could not re-shoot the scenes which incorporated the song,^[29] so Steiner based the entire score on it and "La Marseillaise", the French national anthem, transforming them to reflect changing moods. " As Time Goes By " is a song written by Herman Hupfeld for the 1931 Broadway musical, Everybody's Welcome. Herman Hupfeld ( February 1, 1894 – June 8, 1951) was an American Songwriter. For Whom the Bell Tolls is a 1943 film in Technicolor based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. " La Marseillaise " (la maʁsɛˡjɛz in English The Song of Marseille) is the National anthem of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's ^[30] Particularly notable is the "duel of the songs", in which "La Marseillaise" is played by a full orchestra, rather than just the small band actually present in Rick's club, competing against a small group of Germans singing "Die Wacht am Rhein" ("The Watch on the Rhine") at the piano. Originally, the piece intended for the iconic sequence was the "Horst Wessel Lied", the de facto second national anthem of Nazi Germany, which was still under international copyright in non-Allied countries. The Horst-Wessel-Lied ("Horst Wessel Song" also known as Die Fahne hoch ("The flag on high" from its opening line was the anthem of the

Other songs in the film include "It Had to Be You" from 1924 (music by Isham Jones, lyrics by Gus Kahn), "Knock on Wood" (music by M. "It Had to Be You" is a popular Song written by Isham Jones with lyrics by Gus Kahn, and was first published in 1924. Isham Jones ( 31 January, 1894 &ndash 19 October, 1956) was a United States bandleader violinist bassist and Songwriter Gustav Gerson Kahn ( November 6, 1886 – October 8, 1941) was a Musician, Songwriter and Lyricist. K. Jerome, lyrics by Jack Scholl), and "Shine" from 1910 (music by Ford Dabney, lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown). " Shine " (originally titled " That's Why They Call Me Shine " is a Jazz song with lyrics by Cecil Mack and Tin Pan Alley songwriter Cecil Mack (November 6 1883 Norfolk VA &ndash August 1 1944 New York NY was an American composer lyricist and music publisher Lew Brown ( December 10, 1893 - February 5, 1958) was a Lyricist for Popular songs in the United States.

Cast

The cast is notable for its internationalism: only three of the credited actors were born in the U. S. The three top-billed actors were:

• Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine. The New York City-born Bogart became a star with Casablanca. The City of New York Earlier in his career, he had been typecast as a gangster, playing characters called Bugs, Rocks, Turkey, Whip, Chips, Gloves and Duke (twice). For other meanings see Typecasting. Typecasting is the process by which a film TV or stage Actor is strongly identified with a specific For other uses see Gangsta. A gangster is a criminal who is or at some point almost invariably becomes a member of a persistent violent High Sierra (1941) had allowed him to play a character with some warmth, but Rick was his first truly romantic role. High Sierra ( 1941) is an early Heist film and Film noir written by John Huston and W

• Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund. (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy Bergman's official website calls Ilsa her "most famous and enduring role". ^[31] The Swedish actress's Hollywood debut in Intermezzo had been well received, but her subsequent films were not major successes—until Casablanca. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Intermezzo (also called Intermezzo A Love Story) ( 1939) is a Romantic film made in the USA by Selznick International Ebert calls her "luminous", and comments on the chemistry between her and Bogart: "she paints his face with her eyes". ^[13] Other actresses considered for the role of Ilsa had included Ann Sheridan, Hedy Lamarr and Michèle Morgan; Wallis obtained the services of Bergman, who was contracted to David O. Ann Sheridan ( February 21, 1915 &ndash January 21, 1967) was an American Film actress. Hedy Lamarr ( November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian born American actress Michèle Morgan (born 29 February, 1920) is a French Actress active in both film and television between 1935 and 1999 Selznick, by loaning Olivia de Havilland in exchange. Olivia Mary de Havilland (born July 1, 1916) is a two-time Academy Award -winning actress. ^[32]

• Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo. Paul Georg Julius Hernried Freiherr von Wassel-Waldingau, (January 10 &ndashMarch 29) known professionally as Paul Henreid, was an Austrian actor and film director Henreid, an Austrian actor who left Austria in 1935, was reluctant to take the role (it "set [him] as a stiff forever", according to Pauline Kael^[33]), until he was promised top billing along with Bogart and Bergman. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Pauline Kael (June 19 1919 &ndash September 3 2001 was an American Film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991 Henreid did not get on well with his fellow actors; he considered Bogart "a mediocre actor", while Bergman called Henreid a "prima donna". ^[34]

The second-billed actors were:

• Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault. William Claude Rains (10 November &ndash30 May) was an English award-winning Actor and Film star whose career spanned 47 years Rains was an English actor, born in London. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He had previously worked with Michael Curtiz on The Adventures of Robin Hood. The Adventures of Robin Hood is an American swashbuckler film released in 1938 and directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley

• Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari, a rival clubowner. Sydney Hughes Greenstreet ( December 27 1879 &ndash January 18 1954) was an English Actor, best known for his work with Another Englishman, Greenstreet had previously starred with Lorre and Bogart in his film debut in The Maltese Falcon. The Maltese Falcon is a 1930 Detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally serialized in the magazine " Black Mask "
• Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte. Peter Lorre ( June 26 1904 &ndash March 23 1964) born László Löwenstein, was a Hungarian - Austrian Lorre was a Hungarian character actor who left Germany in 1933.
• Conrad Veidt as Major Strasser of the Luftwaffe. Conrad Veidt ( January 22 1893 &ndash April 3 1943) was a German Actor, well known for his roles in such films as ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. He was a German actor who had appeared in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) before fleeing from the Nazis and ending his career playing Nazis in U. Caligari redirects here For the company see Caligari Corporation. S. films.

Also credited were:

• Dooley Wilson as Sam. Arthur "Dooley" Wilson ( April 3 1886 &ndash May 30 1953) was an African American Actor and Singer He was one of the few American members of the cast. A drummer, he could not play the piano. A drummer is a Musician who plays a Drum or drums particularly a Drum kit ("drum set" or "trap set" Marching percussion Hal Wallis had considered changing the role of Sam to a female character (Hazel Scott and Ella Fitzgerald were candidates), and even after shooting had been completed, Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs. Hazel Dorothy Scott ( June 11, 1920 – October 2, 1981) was a Jazz and classical Pianist and Singer Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25 1917 &ndash June 15 1996 also known as " Lady Ella " and the "First Lady of Song" is considered one of the most influential ^[35]
• Joy Page as Annina Brandel, the young Bulgarian refugee. Joy Page ( November 9, 1924 - April 18, 2008) was an American actress best known for her role as the Bulgarian The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The third credited American, she was studio head Jack Warner's stepdaughter. This article is about Jack Warner the head of Warner Brothers
• Madeleine LeBeau as Yvonne, Rick's soon-discarded girlfriend. Madeleine LeBeau (born either Marie Madeleine Berthe Lebeau on June 10 1923, in Antony Hauts-de-Seine, France or as Marie The French actress was Marcel Dalio's wife until their divorce in 1942. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage.
• S.Z. (or S. K.) "Cuddles" Sakall as Carl, the waiter. Szőke Szakáll known as SZ Sakall (born Gerő Jenő, February 2 1883 in Budapest - died February 12 1955 He was a Hungarian actor who fled from Germany in 1939. A friend of Curtiz's since their days in Budapest, his three sisters died in a concentration camp.
• Curt Bois as the pickpocket. Curt Bois (5 April 1901&ndash25 December 1991 was a German actor Bois was a German Jewish actor and another refugee. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ He may have a claim to the longest film career of any actor other than Mickey Rooney, making his first appearance in 1907 and his last in 1987. Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule Jr; September 23, 1920) is an American Film Actor and Entertainer whose
• John Qualen as Berger, Laszlo's Resistance contact. John Qualen ( December 8, 1899 - September 12, 1987) was a Canadian film Character actor. He was born in Canada, but grew up in America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page He appeared in many of John Ford's movies.
• Leonid Kinskey as Sascha, whom Rick assigns to escort Yvonne home. Leonid Kinskey ( April 18, 1903 - September 8, 1998) was a Russian -born movie and television actor who enjoyed a long career He was born in Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Notable uncredited actors were:

• Marcel Dalio as Emil the croupier. Marcel Dalio, born Israel Moshe Blauschild ( 17 July 1900 in Paris, France &ndash 20 November 1983 in Paris A croupier or dealer is a Casino employee who takes and pays out bets or otherwise assists at a gaming table He had been a star in French cinema, appearing in Jean Renoir's La Grande Illusion and La Regle de Jeu, but after he fled the fall of France, he was reduced to bit parts in Hollywood. Jean Renoir (French ʁəˈnwaʁ ( September 15, 1894 – February 12, 1979) born in the Montmartre district of Paris Grand Illusion (French La Grande Illusion) is a 1937 war Film directed by Jean Renoir (1894–1979 the son of artist Pierre-Auguste The Rules of the Game (original French title La Règle du jeu) is a 1939 Film directed by Jean Renoir about He had a key role in another of Bogart's films, To Have and Have Not. To Have and Have Not ( 1944) is a thriller romance war Adventure film directed by Howard Hawks and starring
• Helmut Dantine as Jan Brandel, the Bulgarian roulette player. Helmut Dantine ( October 7, 1917 &ndash May 2, 1982) was a film actor remembered for playing many Nazis in thriller films of the 1940s Another Austrian, he had spent time in a concentration camp after the Anschluss. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi
• Norma Varden as the befuddled Englishwoman whose husband has his wallet stolen. Norma Varden ( 20 January 1898 - 19 January 1989) was an English actress with a long film career in Hollywood. She was a famous English character actress.
• Jean Del Val as the French police radio announcer who opens Casablanca by reporting the news of the murder of the two German couriers. Jean Del Val ( November 17, 1891 – March 13, 1975) was a French -born Actor.
• Torben Meyer a Dutch banker who is seated at a baccarat table in Rick's. Torben Emil Meyer (1 December &ndash22 May was a Danish Character actor who appeared in over 190 films in a 55 year career He tells Carl, "Perhaps if you told him I ran the second largest banking house in Amsterdam. " Meyer was a Danish actor.
• Dan Seymour as Abdul, the doorman. Dan Seymour (1915-1993 was a Warner Bros Character actor who was in Casablanca, To Have and Have Not, and He was an American actor, who at 265 pounds often played villains.
• Gregory Gaye as the German banker who is refused entry to the casino by Rick. Gregory Gaye ( October 10, 1900 - August 23, 1993) was born in St Gaye was a Russian-born actor who came to the United States in 1917 after the Russian Revolution. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them

Part of the emotional impact of the film has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees among the extras and in the minor roles. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return A witness to the filming of the "duel of the songs" sequence said he saw many of the actors crying, and "realized that they were all real refugees". ^[36] Harmetz argues that they "brought to a dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a desperation that could never have come from Central Casting". ^[37] The German citizens among them nevertheless had to keep curfew as enemy aliens. A curfew can be one of the following An order by a Government for certain persons to return home daily before a certain time In Law an enemy alien is a citizen of a country which is in a state of conflict with the land in which he or she is located Ironically, they were frequently cast as the Nazis from whom they had fled.

Some of the exiled foreign actors were:

• Wolfgang Zilzer who is shot in the opening scene of the movie, was a silent movie actor in Germany who left when the Nazis took over. He later married Casablanca actress Lotte Palfi.
• Hans Twardowski as a Nazi officer who argues with a French officer over Yvonne. Hans Heinrich von Twardowski ( May 5, 1898 &ndash November 19 1958) was a German film Actor. Born in Stettin, Germany (today Szczecin, Poland), he fled Germany because he was a homosexual. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
• Ludwig Stössel as Mr. Ludwig Stössel ( February 12, 1883 - January 29, 1973) Stössel was born in Lockenhaus, Austria. Leuchtag, the German refugee whose English is "not so good". Born in Austria, the Jewish actor was imprisoned following the Nazi Anschluss. The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi When he was released, he left for England and then America. Stössel became famous for doing a long series of commercials for Italian Swiss Colony wine producers. Dressed in an Alpine hat and lederhosen, Stössel was their spokesman with the slogan, "That Little Old Winemaker, Me!"
• Ilka Grünig as Mrs. Lederhosen ("leather trousers" in German; singular "Lederhose" are knee-breeches ( knickerbockers or Shorts) made of Leather Ilka Grünig ( September 4, 1876 - November 11, 1964) Born in Vienna in the old Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Leuchtag. Born in Vienna, she was a silent movie star in Germany who came to America after the Anschluss. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.
• Lotte Palfi as the refugee trying to sell her diamonds. Born in Germany, she played stage roles at a prestigious theater in Darmstadt, Germany. Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland She journeyed to America after the Nazis came to power in 1933. She later married another Casablanca actor, Wolfgang Zilzer.
• Trude Berliner as a baccarat player in Rick's. Trude Berliner ( February 28, 1903 - February 26, 1977) Born Gertrude Berliner in Berlin, Germany. Baccarat is a casino Card game. It is believed to have been introduced into France from Italy during the reign of Charles VIII of France Born in Berlin, she was a famous cabaret performer and film actress. Being Jewish, she left Germany in 1933.
• Louis V. Arco as another refugee in Rick's. Louis V Arco was an Austrian born actor ( July 24, 1899 - April 3, 1975) who was born Lutz Altschul Born Lutz Altschul in Austria, he moved to America shortly after the Anschluss and changed his name.
• Richard Ryen as Strasser's aide, Colonel Heinze. Richard Ryen (1885 - 1965 was an Hungarian born actor who was expelled from Germany by the Nazis prior to World War II. The Austrian Jew acted in German films, but fled the Nazis.

Reception

The film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26, 1942, to coincide with the Allied invasion of North Africa and the capture of Casablanca;^[2] it went into general release on January 23, 1943, to take advantage of the Casablanca conference, a high-level meeting between Churchill and Roosevelt in the city. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Casablanca Conference (codenamed SYMBOL was held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, then a French Protectorate, from January 14 to Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 It was a substantial but not spectacular box-office success, taking $3. 7 million on its initial U. S. release (making it the seventh best-selling film of 1943). ^[38] Initial critical reaction was generally positive, with Variety describing it as "splendid anti-Axis propaganda";^[39] as Koch later said, "it was a picture the audiences needed. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman . . there were values. . . worth making sacrifices for. And it said it in a very entertaining way. "^[40] Other reviews were less enthusiastic: The New Yorker rated it only "pretty tolerable". The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry ^[41] The Office of War Information prevented screening of the film to troops in North Africa, believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region. The United States Office of War Information (OWI was a US government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services ^[42]

At the 1944 Oscars, the film won three awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay is one of the Academy Awards, the most prominent Film awards in the United States The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working Wallis was resentful when Jack Warner, rather than he, collected the best picture award; the slight led to Wallis severing his ties with the studio in April that year. This article is about Jack Warner the head of Warner Brothers ^[43]

The film has grown in popularity. Murray Burnett has called it "true yesterday, true today, true tomorrow". ^[44] By 1955, the film had brought in $6. 8 million, making it only the third most successful of Warners' wartime movies (behind Shine On, Harvest Moon and This is the Army). "Shine On Harvest Moon" is the name of a popular early-1900s song credited to Jack Norworth and his wife Nora Bayes. This Is the Army is a 1943 American Motion picture produced by Hal B ^[45] On April 21, 1957, the Brattle Theater of Cambridge, Massachusetts showed the film as part of a season of old movies. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The Brattle Theatre is a repertory movie theater located in Harvard Square in Cambridge Massachusetts in the United States of America. It was so popular that it began a tradition of screening Casablanca during the week of final exams at Harvard University which continues to the present day, and is emulated by many colleges across the United States. Todd Gitlin, a professor of sociology who himself attended one of these screenings, had said that the experience was, "the acting out of my own personal rite of passage". Todd Gitlin (born 1943 is an American sociologist, political writer novelist and cultural commentator ^[46] The tradition helped the movie remain popular while other famous films of the 1940s have faded away, and by 1977, Casablanca was the most frequently broadcast film on American television. ^[47]

However, there has been anecdotal evidence that Casablanca may have made a deeper impression among film-lovers than within the professional movie-making establishment. In the November/December 1982 issue of American Film, Chuck Ross claimed that he retyped the screenplay to Casablanca, only changing the title back to Everybody Comes to Rick's and the name of the piano player to Dooley Wilson, and submitted it to 217 agencies. Arthur "Dooley" Wilson ( April 3 1886 &ndash May 30 1953) was an African American Actor and Singer Eighty-five of them read it; of those, thirty-eight rejected it outright, thirty-three generally recognized it (but only eight specifically as Casablanca), three declared it commercially viable, and one suggested turning it into a novel. ^[48]

Critical response

According to Roger Ebert, Casablanca is "probably on more lists of the greatest films of all time than any other single title, including Citizen Kane" because of its wider appeal; while Citizen Kane is "greater", Casablanca is more loved. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. Citizen Kane ( 1941) is an American Dramatic film, and the first Feature film directed by Orson Welles, who also co-authored ^[13] Ebert said that he has never heard of a negative review of the film, even though individual elements can be criticized, citing unrealistic special effects and the stiff character/portrayal of Laszlo. The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called ^[23] Rudy Behlmer emphasized the variety in the picture: "it's a blend of drama, melodrama, comedy [and] intrigue". ^[23] Leonard Maltin has stated that this is his favorite movie of all time. Leonard Maltin (born December 18, 1950) is an American Film critic and Film Historian.

Ebert has said that the film is popular because "the people in it are all so good". As the Resistance hero, Laszlo is ostensibly the most noble, although he is so stiff that he is hard to like. ^[13] The other characters, in Behlmer's words, are "not cut and dried": they come into their goodness in the course of the film. Renault begins the film as a collaborator with the Nazis, who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed. Rick, according to Behlmer, is "not a hero, . . . not a bad guy": he does what is necessary to get along with the authorities and "sticks his neck out for nobody". Even Ilsa, the least active of the main characters, is "caught in the emotional struggle" over which man she really loves. By the end of the film, however, "everybody is sacrificing. "^[23]

A dissenting note comes from Umberto Eco, who wrote that "by any strict critical standards. Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best . . Casablanca is a very mediocre film. " He viewed the changes the characters undergo as inconsistency rather than complexity: "It is a comic strip, a hotch-potch, low on psychological credibility, and with little continuity in its dramatic effects. " However, he argued that it is this inconsistency which accounts for the film's popularity by allowing it to include a whole series of archetypes: unhappy love, flight, passage, waiting, desire, the triumph of purity, the faithful servant, the love triangle, beauty and the beast, the enigmatic woman, the ambiguous adventurer and the redeemed drunkard. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** A love triangle is a romantic relationship involving three people Beauty and the Beast ( French: La Belle et la Bête) is a traditional Fairy tale (type 425C -- search for a lost husband -- in the Aarne-Thompson Drunkenness or inebriation is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of Alcoholic beverages to a degree that mental and physical faculties are noticeably Centermost is the idea of sacrifice: "the myth of sacrifice runs through the whole film. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" "^[49] It was this theme which resonated with a wartime audience that was reassured by the idea that painful sacrifice and going off to war could be romantic gestures done for the greater good. ^[50]

Interpretation

Critics have subjected Casablanca to many different readings. William Donelley, in his Love and Death in Casablanca, argues that Rick's relationship with Sam, and subsequently with Renault, is, "a standard case of the repressed homosexuality that underlies most American adventure stories". ^[51] Harvey Greenberg presents a Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind, in which the transgressions which prevent Rick from returning to the U. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded S. constitute an Oedipus complex, which is resolved only when Rick begins to identify with the father figure of Laszlo and the cause which he represents. The Oedipus complex, in Freudian Psychoanalysis, is named after the Greek mythical character Oedipus, who unknowingly kills his father ^[52] Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive, and that the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity, above all in the central character of Rick; he cites the different names which each character gives Rick (Richard, Ricky, Mr Rick, Herr Blaine and so on) as evidence of the different meanings which he has for each person. ^[53]

Influence

Many subsequent films have drawn on elements of Casablanca. Passage to Marseille reunited Bogart, Rains, Curtiz, Greenstreet and Lorre in 1944, while there are many similarities between Casablanca and two later Bogart films, To Have and Have Not (1944) and Sirocco (1951). Passage to Marseille is a 1944 War film made by Warner Brothers, directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal B The year 1944 in film involved some significant events Events July 20 - Since You Went Away is released To Have and Have Not ( 1944) is a thriller romance war Adventure film directed by Howard Hawks and starring Sirocco ( 1951) is a American Film noir directed by Curtis Bernhardt and written by A The year 1951 in film involved some significant events Events Sweden - May Britt is scouted by Italian Parodies have included the Marx Brothers' A Night in Casablanca (1946), Neil Simon's The Cheap Detective (1978), Barb Wire (1996), and Out Cold (2001), while it provided the title for the 1995 hit The Usual Suspects. The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling Comedians who appeared in Vaudeville, stage plays film and television A Night in Casablanca ( 1946) was the twelfth Marx Brothers ' movie. The year 1946 in film involved some significant events Events Top grossing films (U Marvin Neil Simon (born July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City) is an American Playwright and Screenwriter The Cheap Detective is a 1978 Columbia Pictures spoof comedy Film, written by Neil Simon and directed by Robert Moore The year 1978 in film involved some significant events Top grossing films (U Barb Wire is a 1996 film based on the Dark Horse comic book series Barb Wire. The year 1996 in film involved some significant events Major releases this year included Fargo, Trainspotting, The English Patient Out Cold is a 2001 Comedy film about a group of snowboarders in Alaska. The year 2001 in film involved some significant events (For more about non-English films check sources in those languages The year 1995 in film involved some significant events Events March 22 - The Dogme 95 movement is officially announced in Paris The Usual Suspects is a 1995 American Neo-noir Film written by Christopher McQuarrie and directed by Bryan Singer. Woody Allen's Play It Again, Sam (1972) appropriated Bogart's Casablanca persona as the fantasy mentor for Allen's nebbishy character. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and This article is about the 1972 Woody Allen film For other uses of the phrase see Play it again Sam. The year 1972 in film involved some significant events Events Top grossing films (U This is a list of English language words of Yiddish language origin many of which have entered the language by way of American English or Cockney.

Casablanca itself was a plot device in the science-fiction television movie Overdrawn at the Memory Bank (1983), based on John Varley's story, and made a similar, though much less pivotal, appearance in Terry Gilliam's dystopian Brazil (1985). Overdrawn at the Memory Bank was a 1983 television movie It was produced by Canada ’s RSL Productions in Toronto. Events February 11 - The Rolling Stones concert film Let's Spend the Night Together opens in New York John Herbert Varley (born August 9, 1947 in Austin Texas) is an American Science fiction Author. Terrence Vance Gilliam (born 22 November 1940) is an American -born British Writer, Filmmaker, Animator and member A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society Brazil is a 1985 Dystopian Black comedy film directed by Terry Gilliam. Events 3 December - Roger Moore steps down from the role of James Bond after twelve years and seven films Warner Bros. produced its own parody of the film in the homage Carrotblanca, a 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon included on the special edition DVD release. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Carrotblanca is a 1995 8-minute Looney Tunes cartoon It was originally shown in cinemas alongside The year 1995 in film involved some significant events Events March 22 - The Dogme 95 movement is officially announced in Paris Clyde Rabbit (uncleMrs Bugs Bunny (wifePapa Bunny (fatherMama Bunny (motherRugs Bunny The word cartoon has various meanings based on several very different forms of Visual art and Illustration. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is

Steven Soderbergh paid homage to Casablanca with The Good German (2006), a post-World War II Berlin-set murder mystery shot in black and white using technology from the period in which Casablanca was made. Steven Andrew Soderbergh (born January 14 1963 is an American Film producer, Screenwriter, Cinematographer, editor, and The Good German is a 2006 feature film adaptation of the novel by Joseph Kanon. The year 2006 in film involved some significant events Releases of sequels took place with Superman Returns, Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man's Chest World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Crime fiction is the Genre of Fiction that deals with Crimes their detection criminals and their motives It is usually distinguished from Black-and-white is a number of Monochrome forms in Visual arts. The film ends with a scene between two former lovers (played by George Clooney and Cate Blanchett) at an airport. George Timothy Clooney (born May 6 1961 is an Academy Award - and Golden Globe award-winning American actor director, producer, Catherine Élise "Cate" Blanchett (born 14 May 1969 is an Academy Award -winning Australian Actress and Stage director. The film's poster echoes the iconic one for Casablanca.

Television has also drawn on the fame of this film. For example, an episode of the American TV series Moonlighting, parodied Casablanca, with Curtis Armstrong as "Rick" and Allyce Beasley as "Agnes". A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U Moonlighting is an American Television series that first aired on ABC from 1985 to 1989 with a total of 67 episodes Curtis Armstrong (born November 27, 1953) is an American Actor. Allyce Beasley (born July 6, 1954) is a Golden Globe -nominated American actress

In literature, Robert Coover's short story "You Must Remember This" (from the book A Night at the Movies or, You Must Remember This) uses exact quotes from the movie and includes an explicit sex scene between Rick and Ilsa, while the science-fiction novella "The Children's Hour" in the series The Man-Kzin Wars, created and edited by Larry Niven, has a plot which draws many elements from Casablanca. Robert Lowell Coover (born February 4, 1932) is an American author and professor in the Literary Arts program at Brown University. Sex in film refers to the presentation in motion pictures of sex acts including love scenes. The Man-Kzin Wars is a series of Military science fiction short story collections (and is the name of the first collection as well as the Eponymous conflicts Laurence van Cott Niven (born April 30, 1938 Los Angeles California) is a US Science fiction author.

Awards and nominations

Casablanca won three Oscars:

• Academy Award for Best Picture – Warner Bros. (Hal B. Wallis, producer)
• Academy Award for Best Director – Michael Curtiz
• Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch

It was also nominated for another five Oscars:

• Academy Award for Best Actor – Humphrey Bogart
• Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Claude Rains
• Academy Award for Best Cinematography, black-and-white – Arthur Edeson
• Academy Award for Film Editing – Owen Marks
• Academy Award for Original Music Score – Max Steiner

In 1989, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Hal B Wallis, CBE ( September 14, 1899 &ndash October 5, 1986) was an Academy Award -winning American The Academy Award for Achievement in Directing (Best Director is one of the Awards of Merit presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to Michael Curtiz ( December 24, 1886 - April 10, 1962) was an Academy Award -winning Hungarian-American Film director The Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay is one of the Academy Awards, the most prominent Film awards in the United States Julius J Epstein (born August 22, 1909, New York City New York; died December 30, 2000, Los Angeles California) Philip G Epstein ( August 22, 1909 – February 7, 1952) was an American screenwriter most known for his adaptation in partnership with his twin Howard Koch ( December 2, 1902 - August 17, 1995) was an American Screenwriter who was blacklisted by the Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts William Claude Rains (10 November &ndash30 May) was an English award-winning Actor and Film star whose career spanned 47 years The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a Cinematographer for work in one particular Motion picture. Arthur Edeson ( October 24, 1891 – February 14, 1970) was a film Cinematographer, born in New York City. The Academy Award for Film Editing was first given for films issued in 1934 The Academy Award for Original Music Score is presented to the best substantial body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring written specifically This article is about the film composer For other persons with the same name see Max Steiner. The National Film Registry is the registry of Films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of In 1999, it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the second greatest American film ever made, behind only Citizen Kane. The American Film Institute ( AFI) is an independent Non-profit organization created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was established in 1967 The first of the AFI 100 Years series of cinematic milestones AFI's 100 Years Citizen Kane ( 1941) is an American Dramatic film, and the first Feature film directed by Orson Welles, who also co-authored The 2007 revised AFI list moved it down to third, after Citizen Kane and The Godfather. The Godfather is a 1972 Crime drama film based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Mario Puzo and directed In 2005, it was named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of com (the selected films were not ranked).

In 2006, the Writers Guild of America, west voted the screenplay of Casablanca the best of all time in its list of the 101 Greatest Screenplays. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Writers Guild of America West ( WGAW) is a labor union representing See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television ^[54]

Sequels and other versions

Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit, talk began of producing a sequel. One titled Brazzaville (in the final scene, Renault recommends fleeing to that Free French-held city) was planned, but never produced. ||-||} Brazzaville is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River. Since then, no studio has seriously considered filming a sequel or outright remake. François Truffaut refused an invitation to remake the film in 1974, citing its cult status among American students as his reason. François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific area of Pop culture. ^[55] However, it has been reported that Bollywood filmmaker Rajeev Nath is remaking the film, describing it as a "tribute to the original. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India "^[56]

The novel, As Time Goes By, written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998, was authorized by Warner. Michael A Walsh (born October 23, 1949) is a music critic Author and screenwriter ^[57][58] The novel picks up where the movie leaves off, and also tells of Rick's mysterious past in America. The book met with little success. ^[59] David Thomson provided an unofficial sequel in his 1985 novel Suspects. David Thomson (b 1941 London UK) is a noted Film critic in the United States and the author of more than 20 books including The New

There have been two short-lived television series based upon Casablanca, both considered prequels to the movie. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U A prequel is a work that portrays events and/or aspects of a previously completed narrative but is set prior to the existing narrative The first aired from 1955 to 1956, with Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio, who played Emil the croupier in the movie, as Renault; it aired on ABC as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents. Charles Butters ( May 10, 1914, Des Moines Iowa - July 30, 1980, Studio City California) best known by his stage name Marcel Dalio, born Israel Moshe Blauschild ( 17 July 1900 in Paris, France &ndash 20 November 1983 in Paris A croupier or dealer is a Casino employee who takes and pays out bets or otherwise assists at a gaming table The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. A wheel series is a term applied in the broadcast Television industry to a television program in which two or more regular series are rotated with the same time slot Warner Bros Presents is the Umbrella title for three Television series which were aired as part of the 1955-56 season on ABC: ^[60] It produced a total of 10 hour-long episodes. Another series, briefly broadcast on NBC in 1983, starred David Soul as Rick, Ray Liotta as Sacha and Scatman Crothers as a somewhat elderly Sam. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's David Soul (born 28 August 1943) is an American born Actor and singer and best known for his role as the "seat-of-the-pants" Raymond Liotta (born December 18, 1954) is an Emmy Award -winning and Golden Globe -nominated American Actor, best known Not to be confused with Scatman John. Benjamin Sherman "Scatman" Crothers ( May 23, 1910 – November 22, 1986 ^[61] A total of 5 hour-long episodes were produced

There were several radio adaptations of the film. The two best-known were a thirty-minute adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater on April 26, 1943, starring Bogart, Bergman and Henreid, and an hour-long version on the Lux Radio Theater on January 24, 1944, featuring Alan Ladd as Rick, Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa, and John Loder as Victor Laszlo. The Screen Guild Theater was a popular radio Anthology series during the Golden Age of Radio broadcast from 1939 until 1952 with leading Hollywood Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lux Radio Theater, one of the genuine classic radio Anthology series (NBC Blue Network (1934-1935 CBS (1935-1954 NBC Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alan Walbridge Ladd ( September 3, 1913 – January 29, 1964) was an American film Actor. Hedy Lamarr ( November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian born American actress John Loder ( 3 January 1898 – 26 December 1988) was an English actor best known for his tall debonair and suave looks and his marriage Two other thirty-minute adaptations were aired: on the Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3, 1943 and on the Theater of Romance on December 19, 1944, in which Dooley Wilson reprised his role as Sam. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into a Broadway musical, in 1951 and 1967, but neither made it to the stage. Julius J Epstein (born August 22, 1909, New York City New York; died December 30, 2000, Los Angeles California) Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located ^[62] The original play, Everybody Comes to Rick's, was produced in Newport, Rhode Island in August 1946, and again in London in April 1991, but met with no success. Newport is a city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km south of Providence ^[63]

Casablanca was also part of the film colorization controversy during the 1980s,^[64] when a colorized version aired on television. Film colorization is any process that involves adding Color to Black and white, sepia or monochrome moving-picture images This was briefly available on home video, but it was unpopular with purists. Bogart's son Stephen said, "if you're going to colorize Casablanca, why not put arms on the Venus de Milo?"^[65]

Rumors

Several rumors and misconceptions have grown up around the film, one being that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick. The Aphrodite of Milos (Greek "Αφροδίτη της Μήλου" better known as the Venus de Milo is an ancient Greek statue This originates in a press release issued by the studio early on in the film's development, but by that time the studio already knew that he was due to go work for the army, and he was never seriously considered. A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. ^[66]

Another well-known story is that the actors did not know until the last day of shooting how the film was to end. The original play (set entirely in the cafe) ended with Rick sending Ilsa and Victor to the airport. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land During scriptwriting, the possibility was discussed of Laszlo being killed in Casablanca, allowing Rick and Ilsa to leave together, but as Casey Robinson wrote to Hal Wallis before filming began, the ending of the film "set up for a swell twist when Rick sends her away on the plane with Victor. For now, in doing so, he is not just solving a love triangle. He is forcing the girl to live up to the idealism of her nature, forcing her to carry on with the work that in these days is far more important than the love of two little people. "^[67] It was certainly impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick, as the production code forbade showing a woman leaving her husband for another man. For the television broadcasting term please see Production code number. Such dispute as there was concerned not whether Ilsa would leave with Laszlo, but how this result could be engineered. ^[68] The confusion was most probably caused by Bergman's later statement that she did not know which man she was meant to be in love with. While rewrites did occur during the filming, Aljean Harmetz' examination of the scripts has shown that many of the key scenes were shot after Bergman knew how the film would end: any confusion was, in Ebert's words, "emotional", not "factual". ^[13]

Errors

The film has several logical flaws, the foremost being the two "letters of transit" which enable their bearers to leave Vichy French territory. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 According to the audio (help·info), Ugarte says the letters had been signed by (depending on the listener) either Free French General Charles de Gaulle or Vichy General Maxime Weygand. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Maxime Weygand ( 21 January 1867 - 28 January 1965) (vɛgɑ̃ was a French military commander in World War I and World The English subtitles on the official DVD read de Gaulle, while the French subtitles specify Weygand. Weygand had been the Vichy Delegate-General for the North African colonies until a month before the film is set (and a year after it was written). France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world De Gaulle was the head of the Free French government in exile, the enemy of the Vichy regime controlling Morocco. A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power and instead resides in a foreign A Vichy court martial had convicted De Gaulle of treason in absentia and sentenced him to life imprisonment on August 2, 1940, so a letter signed by him would have been of no benefit. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[8] A classic MacGuffin, the letters were invented by Joan Allison for the original play and never questioned. A MacGuffin (sometimes McGuffin) is a Plot device that motivates the characters or advances the story but the details of which are of little or no importance ^[69] Even in the film, Rick suggests to Renault that the letters would not have allowed Ilsa to escape, let alone Laszlo: "People have been held in Casablanca in spite of their legal rights. "

In the same vein, though Laszlo asserts that the Nazis cannot arrest him as "This is still unoccupied France; any violation of neutrality would reflect on Captain Renault," Ebert points out that "It makes no sense that he could walk around freely. . . . He would be arrested on sight. "^[13] Harmetz, however, suggests that Strasser intentionally allows Laszlo to move about, hoping that he will tell them the names of Resistance leaders in occupied Europe in exchange for Ilsa being allowed to leave for Lisbon.

Other mistakes include the wrong version of the flag for French Morocco, Renault's claim that "I was with them [the Americans] when they 'blundered' into Berlin in 1918" (the German capital was not captured in World War I), and no uniformed German troops ever set foot in Casablanca during the Second World War. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[8] There are also the inevitable continuity errors; for example, in the final scene, Major Strasser's military overcoat is seen both with and without epaulets. In Fiction, continuity (also called time-scheme) is consistency of the characteristics of persons plot, objects places and events seen by the reader or Epaulette (ˈɛpǝlɛt is a French word meaning "little shoulder" (from épaule, meaning "shoulder" Also, during the scene where Rick leaves Paris on the train, it can clearly be seen that Rick's coat gets sopping wet from the heavy rain, but when he boards the train, the coat suddenly appears dry. Curtiz's attitude towards such details was clear: he said "I make it go so fast, nobody notices. "^[23]

Quotations

One of the lines most closely associated with the film—"Play it again, Sam"—is a misquotation. A misquotation is an accidental or intentional misrepresentation of a person's speech or writing involving one or more of Omission of important context: The When Ilsa first enters the Café Americain, she spots Sam and asks him to "Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake. " When he feigns ignorance, she responds, "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By. " As Time Goes By " is a song written by Herman Hupfeld for the 1931 Broadway musical, Everybody's Welcome. ' " Later that night, alone with Sam, Rick says, "You played it for her and you can play it for me. " and "If she can stand it, I can! Play it!"

Rick's remark to Ilsa, "Here's looking at you, kid. ", is not in the draft screenplays, and has been attributed to the poker lessons Bogart was giving Bergman between takes. Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into ^[70] It was voted in the 2005 poll by the American Film Institute as the fifth most memorable line in cinema history. Part of the AFI 100 Years series, AFI's 100 Years 100 Movie Quotes is a list of the top 100 movie quotations in American cinema ^[71] Six lines from Casablanca appeared in the top 100, by far the most of any film (Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz were next, with three apiece). Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American dramatic - romantic - War film adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical - Fantasy film mainly directed by Victor Fleming and based on the 1900 children’s The others were: "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship. "(20th), "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By. '" (28th), "Round up the usual suspects. " (32nd), "We'll always have Paris. " (43rd), and "Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine. " (67th).

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Behlmer, Rudy (1985). Inside Warner Bros. (1935–1951). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297792423.  
• Casablanca (Two-Disc Special Edition DVD) (1942) (with audio commentaries by Roger Ebert and Rudy Behlmer and documentary Casablanca 50th Anniversary Special: You Must Remember This, narrated by Lauren Bacall). Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter.
• Eco, Umberto (1994). Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best Signs of Life in the USA: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers (Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon, eds. ) Bedford Books. ISBN 0-312-25925-5.
• Harmetz, Aljean (1993). Aljean Harmetz is a Hollywood journalist and film historian She has written as a Hollywood film correspondent for the New York Times since 1981 Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca. Warner Books Inc. ISBN 1-56282-761-8.
• Robertson, James C. (1993). The Casablanca Man: The Cinema of Michael Curtiz London:Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06804-5
• Rosenzweig, Sidney (1982). Casablanca and Other Major Films of Michael Curtiz. Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1304-0
• The Official Ingrid Bergman Web Site. The Family of Ingrid Bergman. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.

External links

• Casablanca at the Internet Movie Database
• Casablanca at the TCM Movie Database
• Casablanca at Allmovie
• Casablanca at Rotten Tomatoes
• Radio adaptation of Casablanca April 26, 1943 on The Screen Guild Theater; 30 minutes, with the original stars (MP3)
• Radio adaptation of Casablanca January 24, 1944 on Lux Radio Theater; 56 minutes, hosted by Cecil B. DeMille (MP3)
• Casablanca movie posters at MoviePosterDB.com

Awards
Preceded by Mrs. Miniver	Academy Award for Best Picture 1943	Succeeded by Going My Way

Turner Classic Movies ( TCM) is a cable television channel featuring commercial -free classic movies mostly from the Turner Entertainment and Warner Allmovie (previously All Movie Guide) is a commercial database of information about Movie stars movies and television shows. Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Screen Guild Theater was a popular radio Anthology series during the Golden Age of Radio broadcast from 1939 until 1952 with leading Hollywood MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lux Radio Theater, one of the genuine classic radio Anthology series (NBC Blue Network (1934-1935 CBS (1935-1954 NBC Cecil Blount DeMille ( August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression Mrs Miniver is a 1942 Drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Greer Garson in the title role The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working Going My Way, a 1944 Academy Award winning film directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby.

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