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For other places with the same name, see Cartagena (disambiguation).
Cartagena de Indias
Partial view of Bocagrande
Partial view of Bocagrande
Flag of Cartagena de Indias
Flag		 Official seal of Cartagena de Indias
Seal
Nickname: The Heroic City
The Door of the Americas
Capital of the Caribbean
The Mother City
The Walled City
The Key of the West Indies
The Fort of the Kingdom
Best Fortified City of the Americas
Coordinates: 10°24′N 75°30′W / 10.4, -75.5
Department Bolívar Department
Region Caribbean Region
Foundation 1533
Government
 - Mayor Judith Pinedo
Area
 - City 572 km² (220. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments ( Spanish: departamentos, sing The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight Departments located contiguous to A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi)
Elevation 1 m (3 ft)
Population (2006)
 - City 1,239,430
 - Urban 1,090,127
 - Metro 149,303
Website:
(Spanish) Government of Cartagena official website
Tourism Office Official Site

Cartagena de Indias (pronounced [kartaˈçena de ˈindias] in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is IPA: /ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs/), is a large city seaport on the northern coast of Colombia. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Capital of the Bolívar Department, it has a population of 1,240,000 in its Metropolitan Area, and 1,090,000 in the city (2005 Census), being the fifth largest urban area in Colombia. Founded in 1533 by Spaniard Don Pedro de Heredia, and named after the port of Cartagena in Spain's Murcia region, it was a major center of early Spanish settlement in the Americas which had impressive development in the XVIII century as the de facto capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and as the main hub of commerce and transportation in the late viceroyal era, situation that is reflected in its alternative capitality today. Pedro de Heredia, Spanish conqueror founder of the city Cartagena de Indias, in Colombia. Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Nowadays continues to be the economic hub of the Caribbean region as well as a popular tourist destination.

Cartagena's colonial walled city and fortress were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 along with Lima. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking

Contents

History

Main article: History of Cartagena de Indias

Precolombian Era - 7000 BC - 1500 AD

The Caribbean region, particularly in the area from the Sinu river delta to the Cartagena de Indias bay, appeared the first documented human community in today's Colombia: the Puerto Hormiga Culture. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.

In the Caribbean Colombian coast, lived until the Spanish colonization many cultures derivative from the Karib, Malibu and Arawak language families and in the late pre-Columbian era, in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, lived the Tayrona people, closely related with the Chibcha family language. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Tairona is a group of Chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Chibcha, also known as Muisca or Mosca, is "officially" an extinct Chibchan language of Colombia, formerly spoken by [1]

Approximately around the 7000 BC, archaeologists calculate the settlement of the formative Puerto Hormiga Culture, located in the limits between today's departments of Bolívar and Sucre. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Sucre (population 247300 in 2006 is the constitutional Capital of Bolivia, seat of the Supreme Court ( Corte Suprema de Justicia In this archaeological zone, has been found the most ancient ceramic rests in the Americas, dated from 4000 BC. The reasons for the sedentarization of societies in this area is the progressive mildness of the temperatures and then, the possibility of continuous hunting in a determined geographic zone. [2]

In today's villages of Maria la Baja, Sincerín, El Viso and Mahates, have been also found clear testimonies of organized societies and maloka type buildings, which are directly related to the early Puerto Hormiga settlements. El Viso is a city located in the province of Córdoba, Spain. Mahates is a river town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.

Archaeological investigations date around 3000 BC the decadence of the Puerto Hormiga culture and its related settlements and the rise of a much more developed culture, the Monsú, which lived precisely in the end of the Dique Canal, near today's neighborhood of Pasacaballos and Ciénaga Honda, in the northernmost part of Barú Island. The Monsú culture, inherited the Puerto Hormiga art of pottery but developed a mixed economy, and based mostly their alimentation on seashells, river and sea fish.

The ethnologists who discovered Monsú, the Reichel-Dolmatoff marriage, found an interesting artificial mount created by them consisting in vases and rests of skeletons. After the first excavations, the Monsú mount resulted to be a communal hut, that had strong wood logs around it and different levels, being each of them from a different period, being the most ancient, the Turbana[3] Period, from 3350 BC. This archaeological zone, less than 6 miles from Cartagena de Indias's downtown contained the most ancient complete ceramic instruments of today's Colombia, and until now, all the American continent. [4] The ceramic patterns found in Monsú, are tour de force for all specialized studies of archeology in all the Caribbean sea basin and most of northern South America.

The Reichel-Dolmatoff's found later other artificial mounts, dating from 3200 until 1000 BC, making the suburban areas of today's Cartagena the seat of the first organized societies in today's Colombia, and one of the most ancient in the Americas. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.

The development of the Sinú society in today's department of Cordoba and Sucre, eclipsed this first developments in the Cartagena de Indias Bay area. And around 1500, was inhabited by different tribes of the Karib language family, precisely the Mocanae sub-family. This were:

Some subsidiary tribes of the Kalamari lived in today's neighborhood of Pie de la Popa, and other subsidiaries from the Cospique lived in the Membrillal and Pasacaballos area. Turbaco is a Municipality in the Bolívar department of Colombia. Among these, according to the first chronicles the Kalamarí Tribe had preeminence.

These tribes, though physically and administratively separated shared common architecture, like the hut structure: circular with tall roofs, inside a wooden palisade. [5]

First Sightings - 1500 - 1533

Since the failed foundation of Antigua del Darién in 1506 by Alonso de Ojeda, and the subsequent failed city of San Sebastian de Urabá in 1517 by Diego de Nicuesa, the southern Caribbean coast became a bit unattractive to colonizers, which preferred the more known Hispaniola and Cuba. Alonso de Ojeda (c 1465 &ndash 1515 was a Spanish explorer born of noble parentage in Cuenca. Diego de Nicuesa was a Spanish Conquistador and explorer In 1506 he was given the job of governing Costa Rica, but ran aground off the coast of Panama Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Though, the Casa de Contratación gave permission to Rodrigo De Bastidas to again, conduct an expedition as adelantado to this areas. La Casa de Contratación ( The House of Trade) was a government agency under the Spanish Empire from the 16th to the 18th centuries which attempted to control Adelantado was a military title held by some Spanish Conquistadors of the 15th 16th and 17th centuries Bastidas, explored the coast and discovered the Magdalena River delta in his first journey from Guajira to the south in 1527, trip that ended in the Urabá gulf, seat of the failed first settlements. The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running De Nicuesa and De Ojeda noted the existence of a big bay on the way from Santo Domingo to Urabá and Panama isthmus, encouraging De Bastidas to investigate. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the The Isthmus of Panama, also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien, is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific

In this first trip, he passed away Cartagena de Indias's bay but noted that in future voyages he will investigate this "immense bay, perfect for ships. " This second trip was made in 1530, and the calculations were true: it was an enormous bay of 9 sq mi. with profound waters. After the discovery, De Bastidas returned to Santa Marta, recently founded by him in 1528. Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of [6]

Colonial Era - 1533-1717

Cannons from the Colonial times over city walls
Cannons from the Colonial times over city walls

Cartagena de Indias was founded the 1st of June, 1533 by Spanish commander Pedro de Heredia, in the former seat of the indigenous Caribbean Calamarí village. | NOTE Throughout this article "cannon" is used as BOTH the || singular and plural Pedro de Heredia, Spanish conqueror founder of the city Cartagena de Indias, in Colombia. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting See Juan de la Cosa)

The dramatically increasing fame of the prosperous city turned it an atractive plunder site for pirates and corsaries. Juan de la Cosa (c 1460 &ndash February 28, 1510) was a Spanish cartographer, Conquistador and explorer. Just 30 years after its foundation, it was pillaged by French Pirate Robert Baal and since then the city began to rebuild itself in more noble materials (stone and similars) and surrounded by walled compounds and castles. Martin Cote attacked years later.

The initial life in the city was quite bucolic, less than 2000 inhabitants and only one church. A few months after the disaster of the invasion of Cote, a fire took the city to its grounds and forced the creation of a Firefighting Squad, the first in the Americas.


Many pirates intended the same on Cartagena who was more and more notorious in the thieves guilds in europe:

Other important events in the XVI-XVII century were:

XVI century:

1. The Royal Houses of Customs: Technically the Main directorate for Customs policy in the New Grenada and its dependencies. Today's Cartagena de Indias's mayors office is there. 2. The Royal Houses of Accountance: Most of its competence was in the State Finance area, making it analogous to a Ministry of Finance or a Secretary of the Treasury. This office was in today's Mapfre House (La Inquisicion Street) 3. The Royal Mail House: More developed in the XVIII century, began in 1540 and stayed permanently in the City until 1821 when renamed, delivered most of the post in the New Grenada and to Europe. Todays SUDEB house occupies its original place. 4. The Royal Consulate of Commerce of Cartagena de Indias: A private runned institution with public charter, the Consulates of Commerce were express courts for trading quarrels and to promote trade and developement in its area. Until 1790 was the only in the area, then succeded by Caracas (1790), Mompox (1793), Panamá (1798), Santafé (1805) and others. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. For Mompox the Paraguayan peasant leader see Revolt of the Comuneros. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. 5. The Hospital of the Navies: First and Only military hospital in the area, and until the foundation of the San Juan De Dios Hospital in Bogota the only in New Grenada, in its first floor a Poor people's Hospital worked until was developed the San Carlos Hospital in 1730 and the Poor people's was opened up in the Santa Clara convent. The Hospital worked in today's Naval Museum, the poor's Hospital in its first floor and the later ones in Gastelbondo Street (San Carlos), and today's Sofitel Santa Clara Hotel (Poor people's Hospital of Santa Clara of Assisi). 6. Royal Headquarters of the Regular Armies of Cartagena de Indias: In the New grenada, like in most Spanish America, military presence was at least nule and when present was quite concentrated in the important hubs: Havana, Mexico City, Lima, Panama and Cartagena de Indias. The only Regular (always present) army in the New Grenada has its Headquarters in today's Judges Offices in Cuartel Street. This made Cartagena de Indias also the seat to something similar to a Ministry of Defense in a modern Country.

XVII century:

The fame of this prosperous city turned it into the plunder site for pirates and thieves; the legions for the country’s defence soon became insufficient, which is why the kings of Spain decided to approve the construction of castles, forts, and walls that surrounded the city.


In order to resist these attacks, during the 17th century the Spanish Crown hired the services of prominent European military engineers to carry out the construction of fortresses, which are nowadays one of Cartagena's clearest signs of identity. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries This construction took 208 years, and ended with some eleven kilometres of walls surrounding the city, the San Felipe de Barajas Castle, named in honor of Spain's King Philip IV and its most decided public servant in the construction: Gov. Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and Pedro Zapata de Mendoza, Marquis of Barajas, constructed to repel land attacks, equipped with sentry boxes, buildings for food and weapons storage, underground tunnels;

The complex was completed with: 1. The San Sebastián del Pastelillo Fort: in today's neighborhood of Manga, called del Pastelillo (the cupcake) because of its low altitude to avoid being affected by the Castle of San Felipe whose cannons may have destroyed it if made taller. The fort replaced the first defense of the city: The Tower of Boquerón, a medievalesque tower that dominated the bay and city, similar to Torre del Homenaje in Santo Domingo, but round. 2. The Santa Cruz de Castillogrande Fort: in today's neighborhood of Castillogrande, specifically in the Naval Club, a cross shaped fort which controlled the entry in the inner bay. 3. The San Juan de Manzanillo Fort: smaller than its brother in Castillogrande, in order to not crossfiring it, but in the oposite side of the strait. 4. The San Luis de Bocachica fort: Beautifully finished cross shaped fort, an exponent of the renaissance military architecture, dominated alone the Bocachica strait which lead to the ocean but was destroyed by Vernon in the XVIII century, only some remains are over some places of Bocachica, near its succesor, the San Fernando fort. 5. The San Fernando de Bocachica fort: Built nearer to the Sea than its older brother, the San Luis, it was more modern and state-of-the-art, being more roundly shaped, with space for more musketeers rather than massive cannons, and fare more neoclassical and delicate in its outer layers, revealing the tendency in military architecture in the XVIII century. 6. The San José de Bocachica batteries: Built with the new plan of the San Fernando Fort, was designed to point to the line of flotation of the ships, and that's why its almost under sea level. 7. The Angel San Rafael Battery: A masterpiece of the History of Military Architecture, its the only exponent in the world of "inside defense" The battery has few cannons to the outside, only the necessary to support the defense of San Fernando but its use was to atract the sieging forces to enter in a tunnel that appear as accidentally opened 500 meters away from the fort, so they are atracted to take it easily to siege the castle of San Fernando. When the tunnel ends, it enters to a dry moat inside the battery and where if fully equipped more than 400 muskets are pointing just at the first entrance, the design of the "devil holes" where the muskets are, avoid to the invader to see them and death is automatic. No one ever intended catch the trap but to prove it tests were done with cattle in the late XVIII century and the theory was confirmed. Recently the battery, a jewel of the crown in the military architecture history, was rebuilt after years of abandon. 8. The Santa Barbara Battery: Designed near the tunnel entrance to Angel San Rafael was a small battery used as a decoy and to support fire to the Bocachica system, its most important object was to atract the siegers to the mainland so they can see the tunnel entrance and die at the Angel San Rafael death moat. The Santa Barbara battery disapeared with the years, only its founding stones remain over the seas. 9. The Batteries of Chamba and Santiago: Mainly designed as support batteries for San Luis fort, but after the destruction of it by a resented Vernon he brutalized evern more these forts that had the unfortunate luck of being in a very deep sea area which made easy to destroy from a small distance. Ruins remain of both in the oceanic shore of the Tierrabomba Island, no plans exist to rebuild them. 10. The Batteries of Mas, Crespo and the Revellín of El cabrero. : Destroyed by erosion and the desperate efforts of the XIX century administrations to dinamize the city's building industry were support forts for the massive San Lucas and Santa Catalina fortresses in the city Walls. 11: The walls of the old city. 11 Km of walls, more than 20 mini forts within it, 4 auxiliary doors, only one bridge-fort to conect the city to the mainland.

Explanations are innecesary: the city when the defenses were finished in 1756 was simply impossible to take over. There is a legend, that when looking Charles III of Spain to the costs of the defenses of Spain in Havana and Cartagena de Indias in an effort to reform the chronical spending of his predecessors, he, in his famed ironical style said while taking his spyglass: "This is outrageous! For this price those castles should be seen from here! (Peninsular Spain). Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and "


Cartagena was a major trading port, specially for precious metals. Gold and silver from the mines in New Granada and Peru were loaded in Cartagena on the galleons bound for Spain via Havana. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Cartagena was also a slave port; Cartagena and Veracruz (México) were the only cities authorized to trade with black people. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the The first slaves arrived with Pedro de Heredia and they worked as cane cutters to open roads, in the desecration of tombs of the aboriginal population of Sinu, and in the construction of buildings and fortresses. Pedro de Heredia, Spanish conqueror founder of the city Cartagena de Indias, in Colombia. Sinú River (Río Sinú is a river in northwestern Colombia that flows mostly through the Cordoba Department and into the Caribbean Sea. The agents of the Portuguese company Cacheu distributed human 'cargos' from Cartagena for mine exploitation in Venezuela, the West Indies, the Nuevo Reino de Granada and the Viceroyalty of Perú. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The New Kingdom of Granada (Nuevo Reino de Granada was the name given to a group of 16th century Spanish colonial provinces in northern South America governed Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled

On 5 February 1610, the Catholic Monarchs established from Spain the Inquisition Holy Office Court in Cartagena de Indias by a Royal Decree issued by King Philip II. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Inquisition Palace, finished in 1770, is still there with its original features of colonial times. When Cartagena declared its complete independence from Spain on November 11, 1811, the inquisitors were urged to leave the city. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Inquisition operated again after the Reconquest in 1815, but it disappeared definitely when Spain surrendered six years later before the patriotic troops led by Simón Bolívar. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash

In March 1741 the city endured a large-scale attack by British and American colonial troops led by admiral Edward Vernon, who arrived at Cartagena with a massive fleet of 186 ships and 23,600 men against only 6 Spanish ships and 3,600 men, in an action known as the Battle of Cartagena de Indias. Edward Vernon ( "Old Grog") (12 November 1684 &ndash 30 October 1757 was an English naval officer The Battle of Cartagena de Indias was the decisive battle of a massive amphibious expedition by the forces of Britain under Vice-Admiral Edward After weeks of intense fighting, the siege was repelled by the Spanish and native forces led by commander General Blas de Lezo, who inflicted heavy casualties on the English troops. Blas de Lezo y Olavarrieta ( 3 February 1689 &ndash 7 September, 1741) also known as " Patapalo " ( Pegleg) and This victory prolonged Spain's control of the Caribbean waters, which helped secure its large Empire until the 19th century. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Admrial Vernon was accompanied by American Colonial trooops, including George Washington's brother, Lawrence, who was so impressed with Vernon he named Mount Vernon after him.

For more than 250 years, Cartagena was part of the Spanish Crown. On November 11th, 1811, Cartagena declared its independence, and began another chapter in its history that has been anything but easy, its title ‘The Heroic City’ is well earned and reflects the life of the city.

Geography

Location

Cartagena Peninsula looking towards the Old City
Cartagena Peninsula looking towards the Old City

Cartagena faces the Caribbean Sea to the west. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere To the south is the Cartagena Bay, which has two entrances: Bocachica (Small Mouth) in the south, and Bocagrande (Big Mouth) in the north. Cartagena is located at 10°25' Norths, 75°32' West (10. 41667, -75. 5333). 1

Climate

Due to Cartagena's tropical location, the climate changes little, with an average high of 32 °C (88. 6 °F) and an average low of 25 °C (77 °F) throughout the year. Cartagena also averages around 90% humidity, with a rainy season typically in October. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. Cartagena receives about 1000 mm (40 inches) of rain per year. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to

Government

Administrative divisions

The Metropolitan area of Cartagena is formed by:

Saint Pedro Claver Square
Saint Pedro Claver Square

Northern area

In this area find the Rafael Núñez International Airport, in the neighborhood of Crespo, only ten minutes away from downtown or the old part of the city and fifteen minutes away from the modern area. Saint Peter Claver ( June 26, 1580 – September 8, 1654) (San Pedro Claver Corberó was a Jesuit who due to his remarkable life Rafael Núñez International Airport is an Airport located in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. It must be said that this large area is that with the greatest long-term urban development. Here you will find the majestic Coralia Américas Hotel, and several educational institutions.

If you decide you'd like to relive the history of Cartagena, go to the Ciudad Amurallada (Walled City), also called "Centro Histórico" and "Corralito de Piedra", where you will find four sectors, each one with a peculiar story to tell: San Diego, La Matuna, Getsemaní and Santo Domingo.

Downtown

House of Teresita Román de Zurek and family
House of Teresita Román de Zurek and family

Downtown is undoubtedly the heart of the city and the most evident testimony of its history. Teresita Román de Zurek is a Colombian writer and chef She was born in Cartagena Colombia on December 29, 1925. It has a varied architecture, mainly of a colonial style, but there are also republican and Italian style buildings, such as the Cathedral's bell tower. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

The official entrance to downtown is through Puerta del Reloj (Clock Gate), which comes out onto Plaza de los Coches (Square of the Carriages). A few steps from there there is the Plaza de la Aduana (Customs Square), next to the mayor's office. Nearby is San Pedro Claver Square, and his namesake's church, as well as the Museum of Modern Art.

Nearby is the Plaza de Bolívar (Bolívar's Square) and the Palace of the Inquisition to one side. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and Not to far is the office of Historical Archives which holds Cartagena's history. Next to the archives is the Government Palace, the office building of the Governor of the Department of Bolivar. Across from the palace is the Cathedral of Cartagena which dates back to the 16th century.

San Pedro Claver square at night
San Pedro Claver square at night

There is another religious temple that you should take time to admire: The restored Santo Domingo Church, in front of Plaza Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo Square). The square was decorated with the sculpture Mujer Reclinada ("Reclining Woman"), a gift from the renowned Colombian artist Fernando Botero. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.

Another notable building is the Teatro Heredia (Heredia Theater), an architectural jewel located in front of the Plaza de la Merced. A few meters away is the Calle de la Factoría (Factory Street); on it is the Marquis of Valdehoyos House which now functions as the Historical Photographic Library.

A little bit further on is Augustinian Fathers Convent is the University of Cartagena. This university is a higher education center, opened to the public in the late 19th century. The Claustro de Santa Teresa (Saint Theresa Cloister), which has been remodeled into a hotel, operated by Charleston Hotels became an upscale Colombian hotel chain. It has its own square, protected by the San Francisco Bastion.

San Diego

Beach of Bocagrande
Beach of Bocagrande

It was named after San Diego Convent, nowadays the Beaux Arts School Building. In front of it you will find Convent of the Nuns of the Order of Saint Claire, now the beautiful Hotel Santa Clara. In the surrounding area you will find Santo Toribio Church, the last church built in the Walled City, and next to it, Fernández de Madrid Square, in honor of Cartagena's hero José Fernández de Madrid, whose statue can be seen here.

Inside the Old City, you have to go to Las Bóvedas (The Vaults), a construction attached to the walls in the Santa Catalina Bastion. From the top of this construction you will be able to view the Caribbean Sea.

The Matuna

The Matuna is the commercial and financial area par excellence in the city. Here you can also find affordable hotels, like Saint Philip Hotel, and affordable restaurants with good service.

Getsemaní neighborhood

This is one of the most representative neighborhoods in Cartagena. African people who were brought as slaves used to live here. Parque Centenario (Centennary Park) is the most prominent place in this area; built in 1911, it commemorates a century of independence. Inside, often obscured, you will find some interesting monuments, including one dedicated to the military. Parque Centenario also serves as a local police station and a mid afternoon pulpit for aspiring evangelists. Over the years, the park has acquired, through various means, a sloth, two Gila Monsters and a few monkeys. The Eastern edge of the park is split between a really good used book pavilion (with English books stowed away for the industrious traveller) and a selection of Seafood joints. Their seafood kiosks are often stocked by homeless folk fishing and bringing them to the various kiosks. This would cause a wary traveller to think twice before eating at one of these. On the other hand, these kiosks all run 24 hours, so there is always food available. In this very same area you will find Cartagena's Convention Center, Third Order Church and San Francisco Cloister. You will also see San Roque and of the Trinity churches, in the square with the same name. Note that the entirety of the Old City has the same architectural styles as the area surrounded by The Walls.

Bocagrande skyline
Bocagrande skyline

There is a great boutique hotel in this neighborhood called Casa El Carretero. It has been featured on the New York times and Travel & Leisure.

Bocagrande

Bocagrande (Big Mouth) is the most modern area of the city, with many hotels, shops, restaurants, nightclubs and art galleries. It forms part of a land extension delimited by Cartagena Bay to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the west, where you will find El Laguito (The Little Lake) and Castillogrande (Big Castle), two renowned neighborhoods. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Its particular appeal are the beaches and nightlife. All over Avenida San Martín (Saint Martin Avenue), which is the backbone of the area, you will find several business premises, restaurants and hotels. Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. Bocagrande (Big Mouth) is the most modern area of the city, with many hotels, shops, restaurants, nightclubs and art galeries. It forms part of a land extension delimited by Cartagena Bay to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the west, where you will find El Laguito (The Little Lake) and Castillogrande (Big Castle), two renowned neighborhoods. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Its particular appeal are the beaches and nightlife. All over Avenida San Martín (Saint Martin Avenue), which is the backbone of the area, you will find several business premises, restaurants and hotels. Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico.

The beaches of BocaGrande, laying along the Northern shore, are muddy affairs. There are breakwaters about every two hundred yards and the desired azure of the Caribbean is lost by the almost sea level rise of the beach and the lack of proper waste disposal in the city. It takes about seven minutes worth of a boat ride out to sea to see the color that you desire of the Caribbean.

On the bay side of the pensinsula of Boca Grande is a spectacular seawalk. The centre of the Bay holds a statue of the Virgin Mary. The seawalk is the site of an interesting showing of the various contestants of the Miss Colombia Pageant during that festival.

Originally constructed for foreign oil workers, the majority of the land which makes up Bocagrande was established through land reclamation. Bocagrande is now considered the city's most popular area for tourists.

Touristic Sites and Attractions

Cartagena walls
Cartagena walls
El Reloj
El Reloj

Architecture

Cartagena has experienced heavy urban development in recent years, particularly with the construction of new skyscrapers. Hard Rock Cafe was founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, and their first Hard Rock Cafe opened near Hyde Park Corner in London, Las Bóvedas were built to be Dungeons. They are located between the forts of Santa Clara and Santa Catalina. As of October 2007, there were 42 high-rises under construction, including an effort to create Colombia's tallest, the Torre de la Escollera. Torre de la Escollera was a 206 metres tall skyscraper with 58 floors in Cartagena, Colombia, whose construction started in 2005 The new high-rise, extraordinarily narrow, was expected to be completed in early 2007, and was planned to stand at 676 ft (206 m) and have 58 floors. However, a construction defect, accentuated by the strong Caribbean winds, has led to its dismantling. A new, twenty-story building will be constructed in its place. The building reached the 56th floor (in girders, solely) before the wind bent the structure severely.

Transportation

Culture

World Heritage site

Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
San Felipe de Barajas Fortresses
State Party Flag of Colombia Colombia
Type Cultural
Criteria iv, vi
Reference 285
Region† Latin America and the Caribbean
Inscription history
Inscription 1980  (8th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
† Region as classified by UNESCO.

The Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments of Cartagena were selected in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for being located in a bay by the Caribbean Sea, having the most extensive fortifications in South America. Rafael Núñez International Airport is an Airport located in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a A system of zones that divides the city into three neighborhoods: San Pedro, with the cathedral and many Andalusian-style palaces; San Diego, where merchants and the middle class lived; and Getsemani, the 'popular quarters'. [7]

In Popular Culture

Sister cities

References

  1. ^ "X Cátedra de Historia Ernesto Restrepo Tirado - "El Caribe en la Nación Colombiana" Guerra, Langbaek et al. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Coral Gables (sometimes referred to as The Gables) is a City in Miami-Dade County, Florida, southwest of Miami, in the United The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the San Juan (saŋ hwaŋ (from the Spanish San Juan Bautista, " Saint John the Baptist " is the Capital and largest municipality in Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Cancún (pronounced as kanˈkun is a coastal city in Mexico 's easternmost state Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Ed. Aguilar, Bogotá, 2007.
  2. ^ Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango
  3. ^ The names of the periods of these monticles were put randomly according to the name of the townships nearby
  4. ^ Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango
  5. ^ Lemaitre, Eduardo; Historia Extensa de Cartagena de Indias, Ed. Aguilar 1976.
  6. ^ ^ Lemaitre, Eduardo; Historia Extensa de Cartagena de Indias, Ed. Aguilar 1976.
  7. ^ UNESCO: Cartagena, Colombia

External links

Cartagena travel guide from Wikitravel

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