Catherine II's carved, painted and gilded Coronation Coach (Hermitage Museum). Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years The State Hermitage Museum (Государственный Эрмитаж Gosudarstvennyj Èrmitaž) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest

A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people, usually horse-drawn. It is especially designed for private passenger use and for comfort or elegance, though some are also used to transport goods. It may be light, smart and fast or heavy, large and comfortable. Carriages normally have suspension using leaf springs, elliptical springs (in the 19th century) or leather strapping. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, Shock absorbers and linkages that connects a Vehicle to its Wheels Suspension Originally called laminated or carriage spring, a leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in A public passenger vehicle would not usually be called a carriage – terms for these include stagecoach, charabanc and omnibus. For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed A charabanc (pronounced sha-ra-bang) spelt "char-à-banc" is a type of Horse-drawn vehicle or motor coach, usually open-topped common in Britain

The word carriage (abbreviated carr or cge) is from Old Northern French cariage, to carry in a vehicle. Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium ^[1] The word car, then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century;^[1] it was also used for railway carriages, and was extended to cover automobile around the end of the nineteenth century, when early models were called horseless carriages. A Railway coach &mdash also known especially in the UK, as a railway carriage &mdash is a passenger car designed for the conveyance of passengers The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The automotive Brass Era is the first period of automotive manufacturing named for the prominent Brass Fittings used during this time for such things as lights and

A carriage is sometimes called a team, as in "horse and team". A carriage with its horse is a rig. An elegant horse-drawn carriage with its retinue of servants is an equipage. A carriage together with the horses, harness and attendants is a turnout or setout. A procession of carriages is a cavalcade.

History of carriages

A Gala Coupé, 17th century; Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels

Some horsecarts found in Celtic graves show hints that their platform was suspended in a frame, elastically. The Royal Museums of Art and History ( Dutch: Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis, French: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire) is a group Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts ^[2] First century BCE Romans used sprung wagons for overland journeys. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial ^[3] With the decline of the these civilizations these techniques almost disappeared.

In the Middle Ages all travellers who were not walking rode, save the elderly and the infirm. A trip in an unsprung cart over unpaved roads was not lightly undertaken. Closed carriages began to be more widely used by the upper classes in the 16th century. In 1601 a short-lived law was passed in England banning the use of carriages by men, it being considered effeminate. Better sprung vehicles were developed in the 17th century. New lighter and more fashionably varied conveyances, with fanciful new names, began to compete with one another from the mid-18th century. Coachbuilders cooperated with carvers, gilders, painters, lacquerworkers, glazers and upholsterers to produce not just the family's state coach for weddings and funerals but light, smart fast comfortable vehicles for pleasure riding and display. Bus manufacturingA coachbuilder is a manufacturer of bodies for Carriages or Automobiles The trade dates back several centuries Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand (this may be a power tool resulting in a wooden figure or figurine (this may be abstract Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e In a general sense lacquer is a clear or coloured Varnish, that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard durable finish in any A Glazier is a Construction professional that selects cuts installs replaces and removes Residential, commercial, and Artistic Glass Upholstery is the work of providing Furniture, especially seats with Padding, springs Webbing, and fabric or Leather

In British and French coaches, the coachman drove from a raised coachbox at the front. In Spain the driver continued to ride one of the horses, as also in the 1939 state visit procession in Canada.

From the 1860s, few rich Europeans continued to use their posting coaches for long-distance travel: a first-class railway carriage was the faster modern alternative. Then, in the 1890s, just as automobiles came into use, "coaching" became an upper-class sport in Britain and America, where gentlemen would take the reins of the kinds of large vehicles of types generally driven by a professional coachman.

Carriage construction

Body

George VI and Queen Elizabeth in a landau with footmen and an outrider, Canada 1939

Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George ^[4] The top cover four the body of a carriage, called the head or hood, is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. Such a folding top is called a bellows top or calash. A hoopstick forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an imperial. A closed carriage may have side windows called quarter lights (British) as well as windows in the doors. On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called a dashboard intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. A dashboard, dash, and sometimes fascia (chiefly in British English) is a control panel located under the Windshield of an Automobile The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a wing (British). A foot iron or footplate may serve as a carriage step.

A carriage driver sits on a box or perch, usually elevated and small. When at the front it is known as a dickey box, a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A footman might use a small platform at the rear called a footboard or a seat called a rumble behind the body. A footman (plural -men) is a Male Servant, notably as Domestic staff. A rumble seat, dicky seat, dickie seat or dickey seat is an upholstered exterior seat which hinges or otherwise opens out from the Some carriages have a moveable seat called a jump seat. Some seats had an attached backrest called a lazyback.

The shafts of a carriage were called limbers in English dialect. Lancewood, a tough elastic wood of various trees, was often used especially for carriage shafts. A holdback, consisting of an iron catch on the shaft with a looped strap, enables a horse to back or hold back the vehicle. The end of the tongue of a carriage is suspended from the collars of the harness by a bar called the yoke. At the end of a trace, a loop called a cockeye attaches to the carriage.

In some carriage types the body is suspended from several leather straps called braces or thoroughbraces, attached to or serving as springs.

Undergear

Beneath the carriage body is the undergear or undercarriage (or simply carriage), consisting of the running gear and chassis. ^[5] The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the running gear. Most carriages have either one or two pairs of wheels. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the forward part of the running gear, or forecarriage, may be arranged so as to permit the two front wheels to turn independently of the rear wheels. The wheels revolve upon bearings or a spindle at the ends of a fixed bar or beam called an axle or axletree. In some carriages a crank axle, bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows a low body with large wheels. A guard called a dirtboard keeps dirt from the axle arm.

Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a futchel, which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the backstay may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle.

A skid called a drag, dragshoe, shoe or skidpan retards the motion of the wheels. A catch or block called a trigger may be used to hold a wheel on a declivity.

A horizontal wheel or segment of a wheel called a fifth wheel sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. The fifth wheel coupling provides the link between a Semi-trailer and the towing Truck, Tractor unit, leading trailer or dolly. A block of wood called a headblock might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring.

Types of horse-drawn carriages

In Vienna, rentable landaus called Fiacres carry tourists around the old city. Landau, when used in referencing an Automobile, generally means a simulated Convertible.

An almost bewildering variety of horse-drawn carriages existed. Arthur Ingram's Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions. The types of carriage included the following:

The names of many of these have now been relegated to obscurity but some have been adopted to describe automotive car body styles: coupé, victoria, Brougham, landau and landaulet, cabriolet, (giving us our cab), phaeton, and limousine – all these once denoted particular types of carriages. A barouche, developed from the calash of the 18th century was a fashionable type of horse-drawn Carriage in the 19th century A Berlin (or Berline) Carriage was a type of covered fast and light four-wheeled travelling carriage with two interior seats and a separate hooded rear seat for A brake, also spelled break, was a type of horse-drawn Carriage used in the nineteenth and early 20th centuries A britzka (also spelled brichka or britska) is a type of horse-drawn Carriage. Brougham (PSFjpg|thumb|Brougham carriage]] Invented for Scottish jurist Henry Brougham 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, or simply made fashionable A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English) refers to a light simple two-person Carriage of the 19th A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled Carriage drawn by a single horse with a folding hood seating two people facing forward one of whom is the driver A barouche, developed from the calash of the 18th century was a fashionable type of horse-drawn Carriage in the 19th century A Cape cart was a two-wheeled four-seater Carriage, drawn by two horses and formerly used in South Africa. A cariole (also spelled carriole) was a type of Carriage used in the 19th century A carryall is a type of Carriage used in the United States in the 19th century A chaise, sometimes called chay or shay, was a formerly popular light two- or four-wheeled traveling or pleasure Carriage, usually of a chair-backed The chariot that evolved from the ancient Vehicle of this name (see Chariot) took on two main forms A light four-wheeled Horse -drawn A clarence or growler (British was a type of Carriage popular in the 19th century A coach was originally a large usually closed four-wheeled Carriage with two or more horses harnessed as a team, controlled by a Coachman and/or one or A Croydon is a type of horse-drawn two-wheeled Carriage. The first examples were seen around 1850 and were made of Wicker -work but they were later made of Wood A curricle was a smart light two-wheeled Chaise or "chariot" large enough for the driver and a passenger and&mdash most unusual for a vehicle with a single A dos-à-dos is an open Dogcart carriage having four wheels and seats set back to back A wagon (in British English, sometimes waggon) or dray is a heavy four-wheeled Vehicle. A droshky or drosky (дрожки is a term used for several types of Carriage, including A low four-wheeled open carriage used especially in Russia A droshky or drosky (дрожки is a term used for several types of Carriage, including A low four-wheeled open carriage used especially in Russia A fly was a horse-drawn public coach or delivery Wagon, especially one let out for hire A four-in-hand is a Carriage drawn by a team of four horses having the Reins rigged in such a way that it can be driven by a single driver A gharry or gharri is a horse-drawn cab used especially in India. A gig, also called chair or Chaise, is a light two-wheeled Sprung cart pulled by one horse See also Taxicab ||-||-||}A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab or hack) is a Carriage or Automobile A Hansom cab is a kind of Horse -drawn Carriage designed and patented in 1834 by Joseph Hansom, an Architect from York. A herdic is a type of horse-drawn Carriage, used as an omnibus, invented by Peter Herdic of Williamsport, Lycoming County, The Irish form of the Sprung cart, called a jaunting car or jaunty car, was a light horse-drawn two-wheeled open vehicle with seats placed lengthwise A landau is a Coachbuilding term for a type of four-wheeled convertible Carriage. In Great Britain, the mail coach or post coach was a Horse-drawn carriage that carried mail deliveries from 1784 The park drag carriage was a lighter more elegant version of the Road coach. Phaeton is the early 19th-century term for a sporty Carriage drawn by a single horse or a pair typically with four extravagantly large wheels very lightly sprung A chaise, sometimes called chay or shay, was a formerly popular light two- or four-wheeled traveling or pleasure Carriage, usually of a chair-backed Ratha ( Sanskrit rátha, Avestan raθa) is the Indo-Iranian term for the Spoked wheel Chariot Rockaway is a term applied to two types of Carriage: a light low American four-wheel carriage with a fixed top and open sides that may be covered by waterproof curtains and A spider phaeton was a very high Carriage of light construction with a covered seat in front and a Footman 's seat behind For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed The stanhope was a Gig, buggy or light phaeton, typically having a high seat and closed back A sulky is a lightweight Cart having two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body A surrey is a four-wheel two-seated pleasure Carriage with an open spindle seat A tarantass is a type of low horse-drawn Carriage used in Russia. A tilbury is a light open two-wheeled Carriage, with or without a top developed in the early 19th century by the London firm of Tilbury coachbuilders in Mount Street (see A trap or horse trap is a light often sporty two- or four-wheeled horse-drawn Carriage, accommodating usually two to four persons in various seating arrangements The victoria was an elegant French Carriage, possibly based on a phaeton made for King George IV of the United Kingdom. A vis-à-vis is a Carriage in which persons sit face to face The term comes from the French vis-à-vis, meaning face to face Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production while others are of historical interest only Landau, when used in referencing an Automobile, generally means a simulated Convertible. Landau, when used in referencing an Automobile, generally means a simulated Convertible. In Greek mythology, Phaëton or Phaethon (ˈfeɪətn or /ˈfeɪəθən/ (Φαέθων "shining" was the son of Helios ( Phoebus A limousine (or limo) is a longer than normal Luxury car. The chassis may have been extended by the manufacturer or by an independent coach builder traditionally

Carriage miscellany

Carriage at daylight in the traffic of Manhattan, New York, June 14, 2007

A man whose business was to drive a carriage was a coachman. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous A coachman was a man whose business it was to drive a coach, a horse-drawn vehicle designed for the conveyance of more than one passenger — and of mail — and covered for A servant in livery called a footman or piquer formerly served in attendance upon a rider or was required to run before his master's carriage to clear the way. A footman (plural -men) is a Male Servant, notably as Domestic staff. An attendant on horseback called an outrider often rode ahead of or next to a carriage. A carriage starter directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A hackneyman hired out horses and carriages. When hawking wares, a hawker was often assisted by a carriage.

Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as carriage folk or carriage trade.

Carriage passengers often used a lap robe as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet. A buffalo robe, made from the hide of an American bison dressed with the hair on, was sometimes used as a carriage robe; it was commonly trimmed to rectangular shape and lined on the skin side with fabric. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. A carriage boot, fur-trimmed for winter wear, was made usually of fabric with a fur or felt lining. A knee boot protected the knees from rain or splatter.

A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a carriage horse; one for use on a road is a road horse. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. One such breed is the Cleveland Bay, uniformly bay in color with black points and legs, of good conformation and strong constitution. Bay is a hair coat color of Horses characterized by a reddish brown body color with a black Mane, Tail, ear edges and lower Point coloration refers to animal coat coloration with a pale body and relatively darker extremities i Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a break or brake.

A carriage dog or coach dog is bred for running beside a carriage.

A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a carriage porch or porte cochere. A porte-cochere ( French porte-cochère, literally "coach door" also called a carriage porch) is the architectural An outbuilding for a carriage is a coach house.

A livery stable kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A livery stable has come to mean a place where horse owners keep their Horses in return for a fee A range of stables, usually with carriage houses (remises) and living quarters built around a yard, court or street, is called a mews. A carriage house, also called remise or coach house, is an outbuilding which was originally built to house Horse -drawn Carriages and For other uses see Mew. Distinguish from Muse. For a mews in falconry see Mews (falconry.

A kind of dynamometer called a peirameter indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track.

Competitive driving

Main articles: Driving (horse), Combined driving, Draft horse showing, and Roadster

In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage Combined driving also known as Horse Driving Trials is an equestrian sport involving carriage driving. Draft horse showing is a competition like many others Draft horses shows include driving and under saddle competitios in North America where exhibitors present their A roadster, also known as a spyder or spider, is a two-seater car traditionally without a roof (or with a detachable roof and no side or rear windows Many horse shows host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide Show vehicles are usually carriages, carts, or buggies, and occasionally sulkies or wagons. "CARTS" redirects here For the transportation system see Capital Area Rural Transportation System, or Chautauqua CARTS. A sulky is a lightweight Cart having two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body A wagon (in British English, sometimes waggon) or dray is a heavy four-wheeled Vehicle. Terminology varies; the simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the USA, but a "carriage" in Australia.

Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-around test of driving: Combined driving, also known as Horse Driving Trials is an equestrian discipline regulated by the FEI (Federation Equestre Internationale, International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. Combined driving also known as Horse Driving Trials is an equestrian sport involving carriage driving. World Championships take place on alternate years, including Single Horse Championships, Horse Pairs Championships and Four-in-Hand Championships as well as the Four-in-Hand competition at the World Equestrian Games, held every four years. The FEI World Equestrian Games are the major international championships for Equestrianism, considered by many horsemen to be more important than the Olympics and administered

For pony drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand. A pony is a small Horse with a specific conformation and temperament

Carriage collections

Australia

• Cobb + Co Museum - National Carriage Collection, Queensland Museum, Toowoomba, Queensland. The Queensland Museum is a museum at South Bank in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. On-line catalog has photos and text

Austria

• Museen Laa - Carriage Museum - Info - © Museen Laa Projekt-Team, Laa an der Thaya
• Museum of Carriages and Department of Court Uniforms, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

England

• Mossman Collection, Luton, Bedfordshire
  • Website Text
• Royal Mews at Buckingham Palace, London. The Monarchy Today > Ceremony and symbol > Transport > Carriages
• Swingletree Carriage Collection. John Parker Swingletree Carriage Driving, Swingletree, Wingfield, Nr. The Mossman Carriage Collection is a museum housing a collection of horse drawn vehicles in Stockwood Park, Luton, Bedfordshire. Diss, Norfolk

France

• Palace of Versailles
  • The Versailles Stables

Germany

• Museum of Carriages and Sleighs in the former Royal Stables (Marstallmuseum), Nymphenburg Palace, Munich

Portugal

• National Coach Museum (Museu dos Coches), Lisbon
  • NCM - Collection. Illustrations and text

United States

• Austin Carriage Museum, Weirsdale, Florida. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region The Nymphenburg Palace (Schloss Nymphenburg is a Baroque Palace in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The National Coach Museum (Museu Nacional dos Coches is located in the Belém district of Lisbon, in Portugal. Formerly Florida Carriage Museum & Resort. Photos and text: click on The Carriage Museum, then on Classification of Carriages
• The Carriage Collection of the Owls Head Transportation Museum, Owls Head, Maine. Celebrating Transportation History for 30 Years
• The Carriage Museum Washington, Kentucky
• Carriage Museum of America, Lexington, Kentucky
  • Carriage Museum Library Online catalog of extensive research library on animal-drawn vehicles; illustrations and text
  • Carriage museums Descriptions and Web links, searchable by country and state
• Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan
  • Horse Drawn Vehicles Exhibit samples (photos and text)
• The Long Island Museum of American Art, History & Carriages, Stony Brook, New York
  • Collection Database Searchable illustrations and text
• Pioneer Village, Farmington, Utah. Carriage Hall
• Thrasher Carriage Museum :: Make The Journey :: Frostburg, Maryland

See also

• Harness
• Driving (horse)
• Horse-drawn vehicle

Bibliography

• Bean, Heike, & Sarah Blanchard (authors), Joan Muller (illustrator), Carriage Driving: A Logical Approach Through Dressage Training, Howell Books, 1992. The Henry Ford, a National Historic Landmark, (also known as the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, and more formally as the Edison Institute Pioneer Village is located inside of the Lagoon Amusement Park in Farmington Utah. Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage Horse -drawn vehicles were once common worldwide but they have mostly been replaced by Automobiles and other forms of self-propelled transport ISBN 978-0764572999
• Berkebile, Don H. , American Carriages, Sleighs, Sulkies, and Carts: 168 Illustrations from Victorian Sources, Dover Publications, 1977. ISBN 978-0486233284
• Bristol Wagon Works Co. , Bristol Wagon & Carriage Illustrated Catalog, 1900, Dover Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-0486281230
• Elkhart Manufacturing Co. , Horse-Drawn Carriage Catalog, 1909 (Dover Pictorial Archives), Dover Publications, 2001. ISBN 978-0486415314
• Hutchins, Daniel D. , Wheels Across America: Carriage Art & Craftsmanship, Tempo International Publishing Company, 1st edition, 2004. ISBN 978-0974510606
• Ingram, Arthur, Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour, Blandford Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0713708202
• Kinney, Thomas A. , The Carriage Trade: Making Horse-Drawn Vehicles in America (Studies in Industry and Society), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0801879463
• Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee, Carriages and Sleighs: 228 Illustrations from the 1862 Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee Catalog, Dover Publications, 1998. ISBN 978-0486402192
• Museums at Stony Brook, The Carriage Collection, Museums, 2000. ISBN 978-0943924090
• Richardson, M. T. , Practical Carriage Building, Astragal Press, 1994. ISBN 978-1879335509
• Ryder, Thomas (author), Rodger Morrow (editor), The Coson Carriage Collection at Beechdale, The Carriage Association of America, 1989. ASIN B0017RSRJ6
• Wackernagel, Rudolf H. , Wittelsbach State and Ceremonial Carriages: Coaches, Sledges and Sedan Chairs in the Marstallmuseum Schloss Nymphenburg, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt GmbH, 2002. ISBN 978-3925369865
• Walrond, Sallie, Looking at Carriages, J A Allen & Co Ltd, 1999. ISBN 978-0851315522
• Ware, I. D. , Coach-Makers' Illustrated Hand-Book, 1875: Containing Complete Instructions in All the Different Braches of Carriage Building, Astragal Press, 2nd edition, 1995. ISBN 978-1879335615

References

External links

• 19th century American carriages: Their manufacture, decoration and use. By Museums at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 1987. Long Island Digital Books Project, CONTENTdm Collection, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York.
• 19th Century Transportation-Carriages. University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
• All About Romance Novels - Carriages in Regency & Victorian Times.
• Appendix to Cadillac "Styling" section (coaching terminology). The Classic Car-Nection: Yann Saunders, Cadillac Database. Drawings and text
• CAAOnline: Carriage Tour Carriage Association of America. Photos and text.
• Calisphere - A World of Digital Resources. Search carriage. University of California. Hundreds of photos.
• Carriage House and Carriage parts. ThinkQuest Library. Illustrations and text.
• Colonial Carriage Works - America's Finest Selection of Horse Drawn Vehicles. Columbus, Wisconsin.
• Driving for Pleasure, Or The Harness Stable and its Appointments by Francis Underhill, 1896. Carnegie Mellon University. A comprehensive overview, with photographs of horse drawn carriages in use at the turn of the 19th century. Full text free to read, with free full text search.
• An Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy, Comprising Subjects Connected with the Interests of Every Individual..., by Thomas Webster and William Parkes, 1855. Book XXIII, Carriages. Google Book Search.
• Doctor Brown with horses and carriage, Charters Towers, ca. 1890 This photo is held by John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland.
• English Pleasure Carriages: Their Origin, History, Varieties, Materials, Construction, Defects, Improvements, and Capabilities : With an Analysis of the Construction of Common Roads and Railroads, and the Public Vehicles Used on Them ; Together with Descriptions of New Inventions by William Bridges Adams, 1837. Google Book Search.
• Four wheeled vehicles. The Guild of Model Wheelwrights.
• Galaxy of Images | Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Carriages and sleighs.
• Georgian Index - Carriages. Georgian Index. Illustrations and text.
• The History of Coaches, by George Athelstane Thrupp, 1877. Google Book Search.
• Horse-drawn Transportation Clipart etc. Educational Technology Clearinghouse, University of South Florida. Drawings.
• JASNA Northern California Region. Jane Austen Society of North America. Illustrations and text.
• The Kinross Carriageworks, Stirling (Scotland), 1802-1966.
• Lexique du cheval! Lexikon of Carriage driving.
• Modern carriages, by W. Gilbey, 1905. The University of Hong Kong Libraries, China–America Digital Academic Library (CADAL).
• Online Information article about carriage Originally appearing in the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
• Passenger Vehicles The Guild of Model Wheelwrights. Illustrations and text.
• Science and Society Picture Library - Search Illustrations and text.
• Treatise on Carriages. Comprehending Coaches, Chariots, Phaetons, Curricles, Whiskeys, &c. Together with Their Proper Harness. In Which the Fair Prices of Every Article are Accurately Stated, by William Felton, coachmaker, 1794. Google Book Search.
• TTM web Texas Transportation Museum, San Antonio. Photos and text.
• Wheeled vehicles. The New York Times, October 29, 1871, page 2.