| Ǎ | ǎ |
| Č | č |
| Ď | ď |
| DŽ | Dž dž |
| Ě | ě |
| Ǧ | ǧ |
| Ȟ | ȟ |
| Ǐ | ǐ |
| J̌ | ǰ |
| Ǩ | ǩ |
| Ľ | ľ |
| Ň | ň |
| Ǒ | ǒ |
| Ř | ř |
| Š | š |
| Ṧ | ṧ |
| Ť | ť |
| Ǔ | ǔ |
| Ǚ | ǚ |
| Ž | ž |
| Ǯ | ǯ |
A caron ( ˇ ) or háček (pronounced [ˈhɑːt͡ʃɛk] or [ˈɦaːt͡ʃɛk]), also known as a wedge, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, is a diacritic placed over certain letters to indicate present or historical palatalization, iotation, or postalveolar pronunciation in the orthography of some Baltic, Slavic, Finno-Lappic, and other languages. Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike Ğ, or ğ, is a letter known as g- Breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Berber, Crimean Dž ( titlecase form all- capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Bosnian The Grapheme Ě, ě ( E with Háček) is used in the Czech alphabet. Ǧ / ǧ ( G with Caron, Unicode code points U+01E6 and U+01E7 is a letter used in several Latin orthographies Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular J̌ ( minuscule: ǰ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from J with the addition of a Háček. J̌ ( minuscule: ǰ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from J with the addition of a Háček. Ǩ ( K with a Caron) is a letter used in the Romany alphabet, Laz language and in the Skolt Sami language where it represents Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular The Grapheme Š, š (Latin S with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar fricative, including Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean The grapheme Ž ( minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of Háček. Ǯ ( minuscule: ǯ) is a modified letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from ezh (ʒ with the addition of a Caron. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process Iotation is a form of Palatalization which occurs in Slavic languages. Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and
It looks similar to a breve, but has a sharp tip, like an inverted circumflex (^), while a breve is rounded. Length The breve sign indicates a short vowel as opposed to the Macron ¯ which indicates long vowels in academic transcription Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Compare the caron: Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ to the breve: Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ.
The left (downward) stroke is usually thicker than the right (upward) stroke in serif typefaces. Origins & etymology Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with inscriptional lettering —words carved into stone in Roman antiquity
The caron is also used as a symbol or modifier in mathematics.
Contents |
Names
Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic. In the field of typography, the term "caron" seems to be more popular. In linguistics, the tendency is to use háček.
The term caron is used in the official names of Unicode characters (e. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's g. , "Latin capital letter Z with caron"). Its earliest known use was in computing references in the mid-1980s. [1] Its actual origin remains obscure, but some have suggested that it may derive from a fusion of caret and macron. Caret is the name for the symbol ^ in ASCII and some other Character sets Its Unicode code point is U+005E and its ASCII code in hexadecimal is 5E A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally Though this may be folk-etymology, it is plausible, particularly in the absence of other suggestions. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology.
The name háček appears in most English dictionaries; the Oxford English Dictionary gives its earliest citation as 1953. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English In Czech, háček means "little hook", the diminutive form of hák. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Czech plural form is háčky.
In Slovak it is called mäkčeň (i. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" e. "softener" or "palatalization mark"), in Slovenian strešica ("little roof") or kljukica ("little hook"), in Croatian and Serbian kvaka or kvačica (also "small hook"), in Lithuanian paukščiukas ("little bird"}, katus ("roof") in Estonian, and hattu ("hat") in Finnish. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Vietnam roofjpg|thumb|The roofs of Vietnam.]] A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a Building. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside
Origin
The caron evolved from the dot above diacritic, which was introduced into Czech orthography (along with the acute accent) by Jan Hus in his De Ortographia Bohemica (1412). Overdot See also Anusvara Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark In Arabic romanization Czech orthography is a system of rules for correct writing ( Orthography) in the Czech language. History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Jan Hus ( (ˈjan ˈɦus alternative spellings John Hus, Jan Huss, John Huss) (c Today the caron is also used by the Slovaks, Slovenians, Croats, Bosniaks; Serbs and Macedonians (when romanizing the official Cyrillic); Upper Sorbian language and Lower Sorbian language Sorbs, Lithuanians, Latvians, and Belarusians (formerly in the Łacinka Latin alphabet, now only in romanization of the official Cyrillic). } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Lower Sorbian (dsb ''Dolnoserbski'' is a Slavic Minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Latvians or Letts (latvieši the indigenous Baltic people of Latvia, occasionally refer to themselves by the ancient name of Latvji, which Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also The Belarusian Latin alphabet (also known as Latsinka (in BGN/PCGN) or Łacinka (in itself from лацінка, informal for the Latin alphabet The original form still exists in Polish ż. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Ż is a letter in the Polish, Kashubian and Maltese alphabets
Usage
For the fricatives š [ʃ], ž [ʒ], and the affricate č [tʃ] only, the caron is used in the Finno-Lappic languages which use the Latin alphabet, such as Estonian, Finnish, Karelian and some Sami languages. Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Karelian is a language closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily Mutually intelligible. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway In Finnish and Estonian, it is limited to transcribing foreign names and loanwords (albeit common loanwords such as šekki 'cheque'); the sounds (and letters) are native and common in Karelian and Sami.
The caron is also used in the Romany alphabet. The Romany language has for most of its history been an entirely oral language with no written form in common use The Faggin-Nazzi writing system for the Friulian language makes use of the caron over the letters c, g, and s. The Faggin-Nazzi writing system is an orthographic system proposed to write the Friulian language, named after its creators Gianni Nazzi and Giorgio Faggin Friulian ( or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian friulano in Italian) (also Eastern Ladin) is a Romance language belonging
The caron is also often used as a diacritical mark on consonants for romanization of text from non-Latin writing systems, particularly in the scientific transliteration of Slavic languages. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Scientific transliteration, also called the International Scholarly System, is a system for Transliteration of text from the Cyrillic to the Latin Philologists—and the standard Finnish orthography—often prefer using it to express the sounds that in English require a digraph (sh, ch, and zh) because most Slavic languages use only one character to spell these sounds (the key exceptions are Polish sz and cz). Sz is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian, Polish, Kashubian, and formerly in German. Cz is a digraph of the Latin alphabet. Polish In Polish, cz represents t͡ʂ the Voiceless retroflex affricate. Its use for this purpose can even be found in America, because certain atlases use it in romanization of foreign place names. An atlas is a collection of Maps typically of Earth or a region of Earth but there are atlases of the other planets (and their satellites in the solar system Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. The Italian Wikipedia has an article about Karkemiš, an ancient city in Southeast Asia; the English Wikipedia has an article about Aržang, a holy book. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between The Arzhang (Aržang - a Parthian word meaning "Worthy" is the holy book of Manichaeism, written and illustrated by its prophet Mani On the typographical side, Š/š and Ž/ž are likely the easiest among non-Western European diacritic characters to adopt for Westerners because the two are part of the Windows-1252 character encoding. Windows-1252 (also known as WinLatin1) is a Character encoding of the Latin alphabet, used by default in the legacy components of Microsoft Windows
It is also used as an accent mark, that is, to indicate a change in the pronunciation of a vowel. The main example is in Pinyin for Chinese, where it represents a falling-rising tone. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use It is used in transliterations of Thai to indicate a rising tone. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and
The caron represents a rising tone in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic It is used in Americanist phonetic notation as a diacritic to indicate various types of pronunciation. Americanist phonetic notation (variously called American Phonetic Alphabet or APA is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and Euro-American
Writing and printing carons
In printed text, the caron combined with certain letters (lower-case ť, ď, ľ, and upper-case Ľ) is reduced to a small stroke. This only rarely happens in handwritten text. Although the stroke looks similar to an apostrophe, there is a significant difference in kerning. In Typography, kerning —less commonly mortising (referring to the process of physically removing material from the cast character—is the process of adjusting letter Using apostrophe in place of a caron looks very unprofessional though it can be found on goods produced in foreign countries and imported to Slovakia or the Czech Republic (compare t' to ť, L'ahko to Ľahko). (Apostrophes appearing as palatalization marks in some Finnic languages, such as Võro and Karelian, are not forms of caron either. The Võro language ( võro kiil) is a language belonging to the Baltic-Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. Karelian is a language closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily Mutually intelligible. ) Foreigners also sometimes mistake the caron for the acute accent (compare Ĺ to Ľ, ĺ to ľ). History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.
List of letters
| Diacritical marks |
accent
breve ( ˘ )
hook / dấu hỏi ( ̉ ) |
| Marks sometimes used as diacritics |
apostrophe ( ’ ) |
A complete list of Czech and Slovak letters and digraphs with the háček/caron:
- Č/č (pronounced [tʃ] — similar to 'ch' in cheap, e. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. The double acute accent ( ˝) is a Diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the See also Grave accent Double acute accent International Phonetic Alphabet Length The breve sign indicates a short vowel as opposed to the Macron ¯ which indicates long vowels in academic transcription Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Overdot See also Anusvara Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark In Arabic romanization Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. This article is about chandrabindu the character in several Brahmi derived scripts See also Horn (diacritic Ɓ ɓ Ƈ ƈ Ɗ ɗ Ɠ ɠ See also Ơ Ư Hook (diacritic Acute accent Apostrophe A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the A ring Diacritic may appear above or below letters It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts The spiritus asper ( Latin for "rough breathing" δασὺ πνεῦμα dasỳ pneûma or daseîa) is a diacritical mark used in A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. A comma ( , is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus Titlo is an extended Diacritic symbol first used in Old Cyrillic manuscripts e Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike g. Československo which means Czechoslovakia)
- Š/š (pronounced [ʃ] — similar to 'sh' in she, e. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Grapheme Š, š (Latin S with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar fricative, including g. in Škoda listen )
- Ž/ž (pronounced [ʒ] — similar to 's' in treasure, e. The grapheme Ž ( minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of Háček. g. žal which means "sorrow")
- Ř/ř (only in Czech: special fricative trill /r̝/, transcribed as /ɼ/ in pre-1989 IPA, pronounced roughly as a compound of trilled /r/ and /ʒ/, e. Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular g. Antonín Dvořák listen )
- Ď/ď, Ť/ť, Ň/ň (palatals, pronounced [ɟ], [c], [ɲ], slightly different from palatalized consonants as found in Russian): Ďábel a sťatý kůň which means "The Devil and a beheaded horse")
- Ľ/ľ (only in Slovak: pronounced as palatal [ʎ]: podnikateľ means "businessman")
- DŽ/Dž/dž (considered a single letter in Slovak, where both parts should be preferably capitalized: pronounced [dʒ] džungle means "jungle" - almost identical to the "j" sound in jungle and the "g" sound in genius. Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( (often pronounced in English as; DVOR-zhahk; September 8 1841 – May 1 1904 was a Czech composer of Romantic music, who employed Ğ, or ğ, is a letter known as g- Breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Berber, Crimean Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Dž ( titlecase form all- capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Bosnian It is somewhat rare. )
- Dž/dž (considered a digraph in Czech where letters are capitalized separately: pronounced [dʒ] džungle means "jungle" - almost identical to the "j" sound in jungle and the "g" sound in genius. Dž ( titlecase form all- capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Bosnian Somewhat rare)
- Ě/ě (only in Czech) indicates mostly palatalization of preceding consonant: "dě", "tě", "ně" is pronounced [ɟɛ], [cɛ], [ɲɛ]; but mě is [mɲɛ], and "bě", "pě", "vě", "fě" are [bjɛ, pjɛ, vjɛ, fjɛ]. The Grapheme Ě, ě ( E with Háček) is used in the Czech alphabet.
A complete list of Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian letters and digraphs with the háček/caron:
- Č/č (pronounced [tʃ]) — similar to 'ch' in cheap
- Š/š (pronounced [ʃ]) — similar to 'sh' in she
- Ž/ž (pronounced [ʒ]) — similar to 's' in treasure
- Ř/ř (only in Upper Sorbian: pronounced [ʃ]) - similar to 'sh' in she
- Tř/tř (digraph, only in Upper Sorbian) - soft [ts] sound
- Ě/ě (pronounced [e]) - similar to 'e' in bed
Of the Baltic and Slavic languages, Serbian (latin alphabet), Croatian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž. Lower Sorbian (dsb ''Dolnoserbski'' is a Slavic Minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Latvian language (latviešu valoda is the official state language of Latvia. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. The digraph Dž/dž is also used in these languages, but only considered a separate letter in Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian. The Belarusian Lacinka alphabet also contains the digraph (as a separate letter), and Latin transctiptions of Bulgarian and Macedonian may also use them at times for transcription of the letter-combination ДЖ (Bulgarian) and the letter Џ (Macedonian). The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova The Belarusian Latin alphabet (also known as Latsinka (in BGN/PCGN) or Łacinka (in itself from лацінка, informal for the Latin alphabet Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages.
Of the Finno-Ugric languages, Estonian (and transcriptions to Finnish) use Š/š and Ž/ž, and Karelian and some Sami languages use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž — Dž is not a separate letter. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Karelian is a language closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily Mutually intelligible. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway (Skolt Sami has more, see below. ) Č is present because it may be phonemically geminate: in Karelian, the phoneme 'čč' is found, and is distinct from 'č', which is not the case in Finnish or Estonian, where only one length is recognized for 'tš'. In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant. (Incidentally, in transcriptions, the Finnish orthography has to employ complicated notations like mettšä or even the mettshä to express Karelian meččä. ) On some Finnish keyboards, it is possible to write these letters by typing s or z while holding right Alt key or AltGr key. For a list of keyboard shortcuts see Table of keyboard shortcuts The Alt key on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate the function AltGr is a Modifier key on PC keyboards used to type many characters primarily ones that are unusual for the locale of the Keyboard layout, such
Notice that these are not palatalized, but postalveolar consonants. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process For example, Estonian Nissi (palatalized) is distinct from nišši (postalveolar). Palatalization is typically ignored in spelling, but some Karelian and Võro orthographies use an apostrophe (') or an acute accent (´). Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process In Finnish and Estonian, š and ž (and in Estonian, very rarely č) appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and, when not available, can be substituted with 'h', e. "A proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic g. , 'sh' for 'š', in print.
Skolt Sami uses Ʒ/ʒ (ezh) to mark the alveolar affricate [dz], thus Ǯ/ǯ (ezh-caron or edzh (edge)) marks the postalveolar affricate [dʒ]. In addition to Č, Š, Ž and Ǯ, Skolt Sami also uses the caron – inconsistently – to mark the palatal stops Ǧ [ɟ] and Ǩ [c]. More often than not, these are geminated, e. g. , vuäǯǯad "to get".
Other uses
The caron is also used in Mandarin Chinese pinyin romanization and orthographies of several other tonal languages to indicate the "falling-rising" tone (third tone in Mandarin). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use A tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words The caron can be placed over the vowels ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ, ǚ.
The caron is used in the New Transliteration System of D'ni in the symbol š to represent the sound [ʃ] ("sh"). The D'ni language (pronounced) was the language spoken by the D'ni, as presented in various games and novels of the Myst franchise The D'ni language (pronounced) was the language spoken by the D'ni, as presented in various games and novels of the Myst franchise
Many alphabets of African languages use the caron for marking rising tone as in the African reference alphabet. An African reference alphabet was first proposed in 1978 by a UNESCO -organized conference held in Niamey, Niger, and the proposed Alphabet
The characters Ě/ě are a part of the Unicode Latin Extended-A set because they occur in Czech, while the rest are in Latin Extended-B, which often causes an inconsistent appearance. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's
Software
Unicode
For legacy reasons most letters which can carry carons exist as precomposed characters in Unicode, but a caron can also be added to any letter (often with rather ugly results due to deficiencies in font rendering) by using the combining character U+030C COMBINING CARON, for example: b̌ q̌ J̌. A precomposed character (alternatively decomposable character) is a Unicode entity that can be decomposed into an equivalent string of several other characters In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's In Digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters
TeX
In TeX, a caron can be inserted using the control sequence \v in text, or \check in mathematics. TeX (ˈtɛx as in Greek, often /ˈtɛk/ in English; written with a lowercase 'e' in imitation of the logo is a Typesetting system designed and mostly For example:
- $\check{x}$
Special arrangement is necessary to get the alternate versions of the háček above l, d and t, such as (in LaTeX) \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}, or \usepackage[czech]{babel}. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ
Macintosh
On Mac OS X's U. Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently S. Extended and Irish Extended keyboard layouts, the caron is typed by pressing option+v+(letter). The 'Option key' is a Modifier key present on Apple keyboards It is located between the Control key and Command key on a typical Mac keyboard
Microsoft Word
In Microsoft Word, you can usually find letters with carons by clicking Insert → Symbol → Symbols. Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software. Select "(normal text)".
XFree86 and X. Org
In recent versions of XFree86/X.Org servers, letters with carons can be typed as a compose sequence <compose> c <letter>, e. XFree86 is an implementation of the X Window System. It was originally written for Unix-like Operating systems on IBM PC compatibles and is now The XOrg Server (officially the XOrg Foundation Open Source Public Implementation of X11) is the X server in the official reference implementation of the X On some Computer systems a compose key is a key which is designated to signal the Software to interpret the next keystrokes as a combination in order to produce a g. pressing compose-key c e yields the letter ě.
References
See also
| The ISO basic Latin alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
Letters using caron sign history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dictionary
caron
-noun
- A háček or inverted circumflex; a diacritical mark (ˇ) placed over a letter; on consonants indicates palatalization, and from its shape is used on pinyin vowels to mark the third (falling-rising) tone.
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