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For the Costa Rican soccer player, see Carlos Santana (footballer); for the Mexican academic, see Carlos Santana Morales. Carlos Santana is considered one of the best Costa Rican freeballen Midfielders during the 1970s and 1980s Carlos Santana Morales founded the Comité Permanente de Enseñanza de la Ingeniería (COPEI in Mexico in 1980
Carlos Santana

Background information
Birth name Carlos Augusto Alves Santana
Born June 20, 1947 (1947-18-20) (age 60)
Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico
Genre(s) Latin rock, blues-rock, garage rock, jazz fusion, hard rock, rock en espanol
Occupation(s) Musician, songwriter
Instrument(s) Guitar
Years active 1966–present
Label(s) Arista, Polydor, Columbia/CBS
Associated acts Shakira, Santana, Chad Kroeger, Michelle Branch
Website http://www.santana.com
Notable instrument(s)
PRS Santana II

Gibson SG

Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a Grammy Award-winning Mexican-American Latin rock musician and guitarist. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Autlán de Navarro is a city and its surrounding municipality of the same name in the Costa Sur region of the southwestern part of the state of Jalisco Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Chicano rock is a rock music performed by Mexican American ( Chicano) groups or music with themes derived Blues-rock is a hybrid musical genre combining Bluesy improvisations over the 12-bar blues and extended Boogie jams with Rock Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Hard rock (also referred to as heavy rock) is a variation of Rock music which has its earliest roots in mid-1960s garage and Psychedelic rock Rock en Español ( Spanish for Rock in Spanish) refers to the Spanish-language Rock music. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A songwriter is someone who writes the Lyrics to songs the Musical composition (chords or Melody to songs or both A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music Arista Records (ˈɛərɪstə is an American Record label. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment and operates under the Polydor Records is a Record label currently headquartered in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Universal Music Group. Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2 1977 known simply as Shakira Santana is a flexible number of musicians accompanying Carlos Santana since the late 1960s Chad Kroeger (born November 15, 1974 in Hanna Alberta) is the Lead singer and Rhythm guitarist for the Canadian rock band Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau (born July 2, 1983) is an American Singer, Songwriter and Guitarist She made her PRS Guitars is an American guitar manufacturer based in Stevensville Maryland. The Gibson SG is a popular model of solid-bodied Electric guitar that was introduced in the early 1960s Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Rock en Español ( Spanish for Rock in Spanish) refers to the Spanish-language Rock music. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A guitarist is a Musician who plays the Guitar. Guitarists may perform solo pieces or play with ensembles and bands of a wide variety of genres He became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which created a highly successful blend of salsa, rock, blues, and jazz fusion. Santana is a flexible number of musicians accompanying Carlos Santana since the late 1960s Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Latin American Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos abroad Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Their sound featured his melodic, blues based guitar lines set against Latin percussion such as timbales and congas. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Timbales (or tymbales) are shallow single-headed Drums shallower in shape than single-headed tom-toms, and usually much higher tuned The conga is tall narrow single-headed Cuban Drum of African origin probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums or Sikulu Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades, and experienced a sudden resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. Rolling Stone also named Santana number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003. [1]

Contents

Biography

Early life and career

Carlos Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico, with two brothers and four sisters and a father who was a mariachi violinist. Autlán de Navarro is a city and its surrounding municipality of the same name in the Costa Sur region of the southwestern part of the state of Jalisco Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. MARIACHI, the Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic-rays of High Ionization, is an apparatus for the detection of Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Carlos began playing the violin at five years of age, occasionally performing with his father's mariachi orchestra. When his family moved to Tijuana when he was nine, he became interested in the guitar, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and blues music and soon was performing in bands in the Tijuana area. Tijuana (ˌtiːəˈwɑːnə Spanish, ti'xwana|ti'ʍana is the largest city of the Mexican state of Baja California, situated on the U The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression When his family emigrated to San Francisco, California, thirteen year old Carlos refused to leave, preferring his independence as a working musician. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city After being convinced to stay in San Francisco with his family, he graduated from Mission High School in 1965. Mission High School is an American Public high school located in San Francisco California. [2] Santana helped the family out by working as a dishwasher and grew to enjoy the San Francisco music scene, often sneaking into music promoter Bill Graham's Fillmore Auditorium to listen to his favorite musical artists, including Muddy Waters, and The Grateful Dead. Bill Graham ( January 8, 1931 &ndash October 25, 1991) was an American Impresario and rock Concert promoter For the San Francisco neighborhood see Fillmore District. For other venues named Fillmore see Fillmore#Music venues. For the album by Redman, see Muddy Waters (album. For the college football coach see Muddy Waters (football coach. The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in the San Francisco Bay Area.

At the end of 1966, guitarist Tom Frazier wanted to form his new rock band. Frazier joined Santana (on guitar/vocals), Mike Carabello (on percussion), Rod Harper (on drums), Gus Rodriguez (on bass guitar), and Seattle native Gregg Rolie (on organ/vocals), to form the Santana Blues Band. Gregg Alan Rolie (born June 17, 1947 in Seattle Washington) is an American Keyboardist, Organist, and Singer Santana is a flexible number of musicians accompanying Carlos Santana since the late 1960s Santana has maintained that it was he and Rolie who were the most serious about music and pursuing it further, while the others were only interested in hanging out and being part of the scene. Santana himself was not viewed by the group as the actual leader of the band that had his name. The group operated as a collective, as it would through the early 1970s. A collective is a group of people who share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together on a specific project(s to achieve a common objective The name of the band was agreed upon due to a local musicians union requirement that there be a designated leader and a name. He met Stan 'Moon' Marcum who acted as the group's manager.

After a while the group came to be known simply as 'Blues Band'. At this time it comprised Carlos Santana, Rolie, David Brown on bass guitar, Bob 'Doc' Livingston on drums, and Marcus Malone on percussion. [2] Santana's recording debut occurred as a guest on The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper. Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper is a Double album documenting performances from two of Blues-rock 's most notable American musicians of

There has always been speculation about how the band picked up its Latin influence, since ironically neither Santana nor Gregg Rolie had any affinity for the style in the first place. It is known they hung out often at San Francisco's Aquatic Park where conga players would get together and jam. The San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park is located in San Francisco, California, USA. A jam session is a Musical act where Musicians gather and play (or "jam") without extensive preparation or predefined Arrangements Also, around this time Santana was exposed to other types of music for the first time in this creative, musically fertile city. Bay Area jazz guitarist Gabor Szabo became a favorite of Santana and featured congas on his 1966 album, Spellbinder. Gábor Szabó ( March 8, 1936 - February 26, 1982) was a Jazz Guitarist, one of the most original 1960s guitarists mixing

Santana to Caravanserai

Santana was signed to CBS Records, and went into the studio to record their first album. Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company They were not satisfied with the results, and realized changes needed to be made. This resulted in the dismissal of Livingston. Santana replaced him with Mike Shreive, who had a strong background in both jazz and rock. Marcus Malone was forced to quit the band due to personal problems and the band re-enlisted Michael Carabello. Carabello brought with him percussionist José Chepito Areas, who was already well known in his country, Nicaragua, and with his skills and professional experience, was a major contributor to the band. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America

Bill Graham, who had been a fan of the band from the start, convinced the promoters of the Woodstock Music and Art Festival to let them appear before their first album was even released. They were one of the surprises of the festival; their set was legendary, and later the exposure of their eleven-minute instrumental "Soul Sacrifice" in the Woodstock film and IJIIsoundtrack albums vastly increased Santana's popularity. Graham also gave the band some key advice to record the Willie Bobo song "Evil Ways", as he felt it would get them radio airplay. Willie Bobo was the Stage name of William Correa ( February 28, 1934 – September 15, 1983) an American Their first album, simply titled Santana, became a huge hit, reaching number four on the U. Santana is the debut album released 1969 of the San Francisco rock group Santana. S. album charts, and the catchy single "Evil Ways" reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100.

In 1970, the group reached its early commercial peak with their second album, Abraxas, which reached number one on the album charts and went on to sell over four million copies. Abraxas is the second album by Santana, the Latin rock n' roll group led by guitarist Carlos Santana. Instrumental in the production of the album was pianist Alberto Gianquinto, who advised the group to stay away from lengthy percussion jams and concentrate on tighter song structures. The innovative Santana musical blend made a number-four hit out of the English band Fleetwood Mac's "Black Magic Woman" and a number-thirteen hit out of salsa legend Tito Puente's "Oye Como Va". Fleetwood Mac are a British / American " Black Magic Woman " is a song written by Peter Green that first appeared as a Fleetwood Mac single in various countries in 1968 subsequently appearing Tito Puente Sr, ( April 20, 1923 &ndash May 31, 2000) born Ernesto Antonio Puente Jr " Oye Como Va " is a song written and composed by Latin jazz and mambo musician Tito Puente in 1963 and popularized by Santana 's Carlos Santana, alongside the classic Santana lineup of their first two albums, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States He performed "Black Magic Woman" with the writer of the song, Fleetwood Mac's founder Peter Green. Peter Green (born Peter Allen Greenbaum, 29 October 1946, in Bethnal Green, London) is a British Blues-rock Green was inducted the same night.

However, Woodstock and the band's sudden success put pressure on the group, highlighting the different musical directions in which Rolie and Santana were starting to go. Rolie, along with some of the other band members, wanted to emphasize a basic hard rock sound which had established the band in the first place. Santana on the other hand, was growing musically beyond his love of blues & rock and wanted more jazzy, ethereal elements in the music which were influenced by his fascination with Miles Davis and John Coltrane, as well as his growing interest in spirituality and meditation. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness To further complicate matters, Chepito Areas was stricken with a near fatal brain hemorrhage, and Santana wanted the band to continue performing by finding a temporary replacement, (first Willie Bobo, then Coke Escovedo) while many in the band, especially Michael Carabello, felt it was wrong to perform publicly without Areas. Cliques formed and the band started to disintegrate.

Teenage San Francisco Bay Area guitar prodigy Neal Schon was asked to join the band in 1971, though at the time he was also invited by Eric Clapton to join Derek and the Dominos. The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, or the Bay, is a geographically and ethnically diverse metropolitan region that surrounds the Neal Joseph Schon (born February 27 1954, in Tinker Air Force Base near Oklahoma City Oklahoma) is an American Guitarist Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945 is an English Blues-rock Guitarist, singer Songwriter and Composer Derek and the Dominos were a Blues-rock supergroup formed in the spring of 1970 by guitarist and singer Eric Clapton with keyboardist Bobby Whitlock Choosing Santana, he joined in time to complete the third album, Santana 3. Santana is the third album by Santana. The band's second self-titled album, it is often referred to as III to distinguish it The band now boasted a powerful dual lead guitar act that gave the album a tougher sound. The sound of the band was also helped with the return of a recuperated Chepito Areas and the assistance of Coke Escovedo in the percussion section. Even further still was the support of popular Bay Area group Tower of Power's horn section, Luis Gasca of Malo, and a list of friends who helped with percussion and vocals, injecting more energy to the proceedings. Tower of Power is a 10-member horn-based soul band from Oakland, California. Malo was a Latin tinged Rock and roll group. The San Francisco, California based ensemble was led by Jorge Santana Santana 3 was another success, reaching number one on the album charts, selling two million copies, and producing the hits "Everybody's Everything" and "No One to Depend On".

But tension in the band continued. Along with musical differences, drug use became a problem, and Santana was deeply worried it was affecting the band's performance. Coke Escovedo encouraged Santana to take more control of the band's musical direction, much to the dismay of some of the others who thought that the band and its sound was a collective effort. Also, financial irregularities were exposed while under the management of Stan Marcum, whom Bill Graham criticized as being incompetent. Growing resentments between Santana and Michael Carabello over lifestyle issues resulted in his departure on bad terms. James Mingo Lewis was hired at the last minute as a replacement at a concert in New York City. The City of New York David Brown later left due to substance abuse problems. A South American tour was cut short in Lima, Peru due to student protests against U. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking S. governmental policies and unruly fans. The madness of the tour convinced Santana that changes needed to be made in the band and in his life.

In January 1972, Santana, Neal Schon and Coke Escovedo joined former Band of Gypsys drummer Buddy Miles for a concert at Hawaii's Diamond Head Crater which was recorded for a live album. Band of Gypsys is a Live album and a project by Jimi Hendrix, backed by Billy Cox and Buddy Miles, that followed Hendrix's George Allen Miles Jr ( September 5, 1947 &ndash February 26, 2008) known as Buddy Miles, was an American rock The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live! is a live Album by Carlos Santana and Buddy Miles. The performance was erratic and uneven, but the album managed to achieve gold record status on the weight of Santana's popularity.

In early 1972, Santana and the remaining members of the band started working on their fourth album, Caravanserai. Caravanserai is an album by Santana released in October 1972 It marked a major turning point in Carlos Santana 's career as it was a sharp departure During the studio sessions, Santana and Michael Shrieve brought in other musicians: percussionists James Mingo Lewis and Latin-Jazz veteran, Armando Peraza replacing Michael Carabello, and bassists Tom Rutley and Doug Rauch replacing David Brown. Michael Shrieve (born July 6 1949, in San Francisco) is a US Also assisting on keyboards were Wendy Haas and Tom Coster. With the unsettling influx of new players in the studio, Gregg Rolie and Neal Schon decided that it was time to leave after the completion of the album, even though both made spectacular contributions to the session. Rolie left and went home to Seattle, opening a restaurant with his father, and later became a founding member of Journey (which Schon would later join as well). Journey is an American rock band formed in San Francisco, California in 1973

When Caravanserai did emerge in 1972, it marked a strong change in musical direction towards jazz fusion. Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly The album received critical praise, but CBS executive Clive Davis warned Santana and the band that it would sabotage the band's position as a top forty act, even though over the years the album would achieve platinum status. Clive Jay Davis (born April 4 1932 in Brooklyn New York is an American Record producer and a leading music industry executive. The difficulties Santana and the band went through during this period were chronicled in Ben Fong-Torres' Rolling Stone cover story "The Resurrection of Carlos Santana". Benjamin Fong-Torres ( 方[[wikt 振|振]] 豪; Pinyin

Around this time Santana met Deborah King, whom he later married in 1973. She is the daughter of the late blues singer and guitarist Saunders King. Saunders King ( March 13 1909, Staple, Louisiana - August 31 2000, Oakland California) was an American They have three children: Salvador, Stella and Angelica. Together with wife Deborah, Santana founded a nonprofit organization called "The Milagro Foundation" that provides financial aid for educational, medical and other needs.

Spiritual journey

In 1972 Santana became a huge fan of the pioneering fusion band The Mahavishnu Orchestra and its guitarist John McLaughlin. The Mahavishnu Orchestra was a Jazz-rock fusion group led by John McLaughlin, that debuted in 1971 and dissolved in 1976 and reunited briefly from 1984 to 1987 John McLaughlin (born January 4 1942 also Mahavishnu John McLaughlin is a Jazz fusion Guitarist and Composer from Doncaster, Aware of Santana's interest in meditation, McLaughlin introduced Santana and Deborah to his guru, Sri Chinmoy. Sri Chinmoy Kumar Ghose ( August 27, 1931 &ndash October 11, 2007) was an Indian spiritual teacher and philosopher who emigrated to Chinmoy later accepted them as disciples in 1973 and Santana was given the name "Devadip" - meaning "The lamp, light and eye of God. " Santana and McLaughlin recorded an album together, Love, Devotion, Surrender with members of Santana and the Mahavishnu Orchestra, along with percussionist Don Alias and organist Larry Young, who both had made appearances on Miles Davis' classic Bitches Brew in 1969. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Bitches Brew is a studio Double album by Jazz musician

In 1973 Santana, having obtained legal rights to the band's name, formed a new version of Santana, with Armando Peraza and Chepito Areas on percussion, Doug Rauch on bass, Michael Shrieve on drums, and Tom Coster and Richard Kermode on keyboards. Santana was later able to recruit jazz vocalist Leon Thomas for a tour of Japan, which was recorded for the live, sprawling, high energy fusion album Lotus. Amos Leon Thomas Jr (born 1937 died May 8 1999) was an American Avant garde Jazz singer from East St CBS records would not allow its release unless the material was condensed. Santana did not agree to those terms and the album was available in the US only as an expensive imported three-record set. The group later went into the studio and recorded "Welcome", which further reflected Santana's interests in jazz fusion and his commitment to the spiritual life of Sri Chinmoy.

Shifting styles in the 1970s

A collaboration with John Coltrane's widow, Alice Coltrane - Illuminations followed. Alice Coltrane (neé McLeod) ( August 27 1937 &ndash January 12 2007) was an American Jazz Pianist The album delved into avant-garde esoteric free jazz, Eastern Indian and classical influences with other ex-Miles Davis sidemen Jack DeJohnette and Dave Holland. For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Jack DeJohnette (born 9 August 1942) is an American Jazz Drummer, pianist, and composer Dave Holland (born October 1, 1946) is a British Jazz Bassist and Composer who is a significant representative Soon after, Santana replaced his band members again. This time Kermode, Thomas and Rauch departed from the group and were replaced by vocalist Leon Patillo (later a successful Contemporary Christian artist) and returning bassist David Brown. Leon Patillo (b Jan 1 1947 is an American CCM musician Patillo's first musical endeavor was with the group Creation, later called Leon's Creation A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth He also recruited soprano saxophonist, Jules Broussard to the line up. The band recorded one studio album Borboletta which was released in 1974. Drummer Leon 'Ndugu' Chancler later joined the band as a replacement for Michael Shrieve, who left to pursue a solo career. Leon (Ndugu Chancler (born July 1, 1952) is a Jazz funk Drummer, Percussionist, Studio musician, Composer and

By this time the Bill Graham's management company had assumed the affairs of the group. Graham was critical of Santana's direction into jazz and felt he needed to concentrate on getting Santana back into the charts with the edgy, street-wise ethnic sound that had made them famous. Santana himself was seeing that the group's direction was alienating many fans. Although the albums and performances were given good reviews by critics in jazz and fusion circles, sales had plummeted.

Santana along with Tom Coster, producer David Rubinson, and Chancler formed yet another version of Santana, adding vocalist Greg Walker. The 1976 album Amigos, which featured the songs "Dance, Sister, Dance" and "Let It Shine", had a strong funk and Latin sound. The album also received considerable airplay on FM album-oriented rock stations with the instrumental "Europa (Earths Cry Heavens Smile)" and re-introduced Santana back into the charts. Album-oriented rock (sometimes referred to as Adult-oriented rock or as West Coast Rock) abbreviated AOR and originally called album-oriented radio Rolling Stone magazine ran a second cover story on Santana entitled "Santana Comes Home".

The albums conceived through the late 1970s followed the same formula, although with several lineup changes. Amidst the ever-revolving door of personnel who came and left the band was percussionist Raul Rekow, who joined in early 1977 and remains to this day. Most notable of the band's commercial efforts of this era was a version of the 1960s Zombies hit, "She's Not There" on the 1977 release, Moonflower. For the Undead creature of Vodou lore see Zombie. For other meanings see Zombie (disambiguation.

The relative success of the band's albums in this era allowed Santana to pursue a solo career funded by CBS. First, Oneness, Silver Dreams, Golden Reality in 1979 and The Swing of Delight in 1980, which featured some of his musical heroes: Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter and Tony Williams from Miles Davis' legendary 1960s quintet. Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. Wayne Shorter (born August 25 1933) is an American Jazz Composer and Saxophonist, commonly regarded as one of the Ron Carter (born May 4, 1937, Ferndale, Michigan) is an American Jazz Double-bassist. Anthony Tillmon "Tony" Williams ( December 12, 1945 &ndash February 23, 1997) was an American jazz drummer.

The pressures and temptations of being a high profile rock musician and requisites of the spiritual lifestyle which guru Sri Chinmoy and his followers demanded, were great sources of conflict to Santana's and his marriage. He was becoming increasingly disillusioned with what he thought was Chinmoy's often unreasonable rules imposed on his life, one being his refusal to allow Santana and Deborah to start a family. He felt too, that his fame was being used to increase the guru's visibility. Santana and Deborah eventually ended their relationship with Chinmoy in 1982.

The 1980s

More radio-oriented singles followed from Santana the band. "Winning" in 1981 and "Hold On" ( a remake of Canadian artist Ian Thomas's song) in 1982 both reached the top twenty. Ian Thomas may refer to Major W Ian Thomas (1914–2007 Christian speaker and author Ian Thomas (1929–1993 dressmaker to Queen Elizabeth After his break with Sri Chinmoy, Santana went into the studio to record another solo album with Keith Olson and legendary R&B producer Jerry Wexler. Gerald "Jerry" Wexler ( January 10 1917 &ndash August 15 2008) was a music journalist turned music producer and was regarded The 1983 album revisited Santana's early musical experiences in Tijuana with Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love" and the title cut, Chuck Berry's "Havana Moon". Bo Diddley ( December 30 1928 &ndash June 2 2008, born Ellas Otha Bates) was an original and influential American The album's guests included Booker T. Jones, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Willie Nelson and even Santana's father's mariachi orchestra. Booker T Jones (born November 12 1944) is a multi- Instrumentalist, Songwriter, Record producer and Arranger, best The Fabulous Thunderbirds are a Blues-rock band, formed in 1974. Willie Nelson (born April 30, 1933) is an American country Singer-songwriter and Actor. Santana again paid tribute to his early rock roots by doing the film score to La Bamba, which was based on the tragically short life of rock and roll legend Richie Valens and starred Lou Diamond Phillips. La Bamba ( 1987) is an American Biographical film written and directed by Luis Valdez. Ritchie Valens ( Richard Steven Valenzuela; May 13 1941 February 3 1959) was an American singer songwriter and guitarist Lou Diamond Phillips (born February 17 1962 is an American film television and stage actor

Although the band had concentrated on trying to produce albums with commercial appeal during the 1980s, changing tastes in popular culture began to reflect in the band's sagging record sales of their latest effort Beyond Appearances. In 1985, Bill Graham had to once again pull strings for Santana to convince principal Live Aid concert organizer Bob Geldof to allow the band to appear at the festival. Live Aid was a multi-venue rock music concert held on. The event was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, KBE, known as Bob Geldof (born 5 October 1951, is an Irish singer The group's high energy performance proved why they were still a top concert draw the world over despite their poor performance on the charts. Personally, Santana retained a great deal of respect in both jazz and rock circles, with Prince and guitarist Kirk Hammett of Metallica citing him as an influence. Prince Rogers Nelson (born June 7 1958 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American musician Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the Lead guitarist and a songwriter in the band Metallica and has been a member of the band Metallica is an American heavy metal band that formed in 1981 in.

The band Santana returned in 1986 with a new album Freedom. Buddy Miles, who was trying to revive his music career after spending much of the late 1970s and early 1980s incarcerated for drug charges, returned for lead vocals. His onstage presence provided a dose of charisma to the show, but once again the sales of the album fell flat.

Growing weary of trying to appease record company executives with formulaic hit records, Santana took great pleasure in jamming and making guest appearances with notables such as the jazz fusion group Weather Report, jazz pianist McCoy Tyner, Blues legend John Lee Hooker, Aretha Franklin, Living Colour guitarist Vernon Reid, and West African singer Salif Keita. Weather Report was an influential Jazz fusion band of the 1970s and early 1980s combining Jazz and Latin jazz with Art music, Alfred McCoy Tyner (born 11 December 1938) is a jazz pianist from Philadelphia Pennsylvania, known for his work with the John Coltrane John Lee Hooker ( August 22, 1917 &ndash June 21, 2001) was an influential American Post-war Blues singer Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25 1942 Franklin has had a total of twenty number-one singles on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart, two of which became #1 hits on the Living Colour is an American Funk metal band from New York City, formed in 1983 Vernon Reid (born August 22, 1958) is an English Guitarist, Songwriter, composer and bandleader Salif Keita (born August 25, 1949) is an internationally recognized Afro-pop Singer - Songwriter from Mali. He and Mickey Hart of the Grateful Dead later recorded and performed with Nigerian drummer Babatunde Olatunji, who conceived one of Santana's famous 1960s drum jams, "Jingo". Mickey Hart (born September 11, 1943) is a percussionist and musicologist. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Babatunde Olatunji ( April 7, 1927 – April 6, 2003) was a Nigerian Drummer educator social activist and recording In 1988 Santana organized a reunion with past members from the Santana band for a series of concert dates. CBS records released a 20 year retrospective of the band's accomplishments with Viva Santana.

That same year Santana formed an all-instrumental group featuring jazz legend Wayne Shorter on tenor and soprano sax. The group also included Patrice Rushen on keyboards, Alphonso Johnson on bass, Armando Peraza and Chepito Areas on percussion, and Leon 'Ndugu' Chancler on drums. Patrice Louise Rushen (born September 30, 1954 in Los Angeles, California) is a Grammy Award winning American R&B Alphonso Johnson (born 1951 is a American Jazz bassist who has been influential since the early 1970s They toured briefly and received much acclaim from the music press, who compared the effort with the era of Caravanserai. Santana released another solo record, Blues for Salvador, which won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. The Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance has been awarded since 1980.

In 1990, Santana left Columbia Records after twenty-two years and signed with Polygram. PolyGram was the name from 1972 of the Major label recording company started by Philips as a holding company for its music interests in 1945 The following year, he made a guest appearance on Ottmar Liebert's album Solo Para Ti, on the songs "Reaching out 2 U" and on a cover of his own song, "Samba Pa Ti". Ottmar Liebert (born 1959 is a German-born composer and guitarist born to a Chinese-German father and a Hungarian mother In 1992, Santana hired jam band Phish as his opening act. Jam bands (or jambands) are musical groups whose albums and live performances relate to a fan culture which originated with the 1960s group Grateful Dead and continued Phish is an American Jam band noted for their Musical improvisation, extended Jam sessions and cult following He remains close to the band today, especially to guitarist Trey Anastasio. Trey Anastasio (born Ernest Joseph Anastasio III on

Return to commercial success

Carlos Santana during a concert in 2005
Carlos Santana during a concert in 2005

Santana's record sales in the 1990s were very low and towards the end of the decade he was without a contract. However Arista Records' Clive Davis, who had worked with Santana at Columbia, signed him and encouraged him to record a star-studded album with mostly younger artists. Arista Records (ˈɛərɪstə is an American Record label. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment and operates under the Clive Jay Davis (born April 4 1932 in Brooklyn New York is an American Record producer and a leading music industry executive. The result was 1999's Supernatural, which included collaborations with Everlast, Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty, Eric Clapton, Lauryn Hill, Wyclef Jean, Cee-Lo, Maná, Dave Matthews and others. Supernatural is a 1999 Concept album by Santana. The songs on the album represent one man's personal emotions through its various Cuban Erik Schrody (born August 18, 1969, in Valley Stream, New York) better known by his stage name Everlast, is an Irish Robert Kelly Thomas (born February 14, 1972, in Landstuhl, Germany on a US military base is an American rock recording artist and Matchbox Twenty (or MB20, MBT, M20, originally spelled Matchbox 20) is a Grammy-nominated Rock band formed in Orlando Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945 is an English Blues-rock Guitarist, singer Songwriter and Composer Lauryn Noel Hill is a Grammy Award -winning American Singer, Rapper, Musician, Songwriter, producer, and Wyclef Jean (ˈwajklɛf ˈʒɑn born Nelust Wyclef Jean on October 17, 1972) is a Haitian American Musician, Actor Maná is a popular Mexican pop/rock band from Guadalajara whose career has spanned almost three decades David John Matthews (born January 9, 1967) is a South African now naturalized American, Grammy award-winning

The lead single was "Smooth", a dynamic cha-cha stop-start number co-written and sung by Rob Thomas, and laced throughout with Santana's guitar fills and runs. " Smooth " is a duet by Carlos Santana and Rob Thomas, the latter of the rock group Matchbox Twenty. The cha-cha-chá is a style of Cuban dance music Creation of the Cha-cha-chá The cha-cha-chá is unusual as dance music genres go In Popular music, a fill is a shortened musical passage Riff, or rhythmic sound which helps to sustain the listener's attention during a break between the phrases The track's energy was immediately apparent on radio, and it was played on a wide variety of station formats. "Smooth" spent twelve weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming in the process the last #1 single of the 1990s. The music video set on a hot barrio street was also very popular. A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics Barrio is a Spanish word meaning District or Neighborhood. The Word has come into use in English mostly through the large Supernatural reached number one on the US album charts and the follow-up single, "Maria Maria", featuring the R&B duo The Product G&B, also hit number one, spending ten weeks there in the spring of 2000. " Maria Maria " is a song by Carlos Santana featuring The Product G&B. The Product G&B is an R&B duo consisting of Sincere (David McRae and Money Harm (Marvin Moore-Hough Supernatural eventually sold over 15 million copies in the United States, making it Santana's biggest sales success by far.

Supernatural won nine Grammy Awards (eight for Santana personally), including Album of the Year, Record of the Year for "Smooth", and Song of the Year for Thomas and Itaal Shur. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is the most prestigious award category at the Grammys The Record of the Year is one of the four most prestigious Grammy Awards presented annually The Song of the Year is one of the four most prestigious awards in the Grammy Awards ceremony, if not in all of the American music industry Itaal Shur is an American songwriter One of his notable works is the hit song " Smooth " featured on Carlos Santana 's Grammy-Award winning album Santana's acceptance speeches described his feelings about music's place in one's spiritual existence. In 2001, Santana's guitar skills were featured in Michael Jackson's song "Whatever Happens", from the album Invincible. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman Invincible is a Studio album recorded by Michael Jackson released on October 30 2001

In 2002, Santana released Shaman, revisiting the Supernatural format of guest artists including P.O.D. and Seal. Shaman is the follow-up Album to Santana 's 1999 studio release Supernatural. POD, initials standing for Payable On Death, is a rock band from San Diego California. Sealhenry Olusegun Olumide Adelo Samuel (born February 19, 1963 in Paddington, London) is a British soul Singer and Although the album was not the runaway success its predecessor had been, it produced two radio-friendly hits. "The Game of Love" featuring Michelle Branch, rose to number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent many weeks at the top of the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and "Why Don't You & I" written by and featuring Chad Kroeger from the group Nickelback (the original and a remix with Alex Band from the group The Calling were combined towards chart performance) which reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100. Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau (born July 2, 1983) is an American Singer, Songwriter and Guitarist She made her " Why Don't You & I " is a 2003 top ten hit by Carlos Santana. Chad Kroeger (born November 15, 1974 in Hanna Alberta) is the Lead singer and Rhythm guitarist for the Canadian rock band Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in Hanna Alberta by Chad Kroeger, Mike Kroeger, Ryan Peake and then-drummer Alex Band (born Alexander Max Band, June 8, 1981, Los Angeles, California) is a solo musician best The Calling is a rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band was formed by Alex Band (vocals and Aaron Kamin (guitar when "The Game of Love" went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. The Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals has been awarded since 1995

In August 2003, Santana was named fifteenth on Rolling Stone magazine's "List of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published In 2004, the magazine ranked him #15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Rock and Roll Artists of All Time. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published [3]

In 2005, Herbie Hancock approached Santana to collaborate on an album again using the Supernatural formula. Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. Possibilities was released on August 30, 2005, featuring Carlos Santana and Angélique Kidjo on "Safiatou". Possibilities is the forty-fifth Studio album by American Jazz musician and pianist Herbie Hancock, released in 2005 (see Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Angélique Kidjo is a Grammy Award -winning Beninese Singer-songwriter, noted for her diverse musical influences and creative Music videos

Santana's 2005 album All That I Am consisting primarily of collaborations with other artists; the first single, the peppy "I'm Feeling You", was again with Michelle Branch and The Wreckers. All That I Am is the follow-up Album to Santana 's 2002 studio release Shaman. " I'm Feeling You " is a song recorded by Santana with Michelle Branch and Jessica Harp for Santana's 2005 album All That I Am Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau (born July 2, 1983) is an American Singer, Songwriter and Guitarist She made her The Wreckers is an American Country pop duo formed in 2004 by Singer-songwriters Michelle Branch and Jessica Harp, both of whom had Other musicians joining the mix this time included Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, Kirk Hammett from Metallica, hip-hop/reggae star Sean Paul and R&B singer Joss Stone. Stephen Victor Tallarico (born March 26 1948 in Yonkers New York) better known as Steven Tyler (and often nicknamed The Demon of Aerosmith is an American Hard rock band sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston " and "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band" Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the Lead guitarist and a songwriter in the band Metallica and has been a member of the band Metallica is an American heavy metal band that formed in 1981 in. Sean Paul Henriques (born January 8 1973) in Upper Saint Andrew Parish, a few miles north of his birthplace Joss Stone (born Jocelyn Eve Stoker on 11 April 1987 is an English soul and R&B Singer-songwriter and actress. In April and May 2006 Santana toured Europe where he promoted his son Salvador Santana's band as his opening act. Salvador Santana was born in 1983 in the San Francisco Bay Area.

In 2007, Santana appeared, along with Sheila E. and Jose Feliciano, on Gloria Estefan's album 90 Millas, on the single "No Llores". Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Sheila Escovedo (born December 12 1957, in Oakland California) known by her Stage name Sheila E José Montserrate Feliciano García (born September 10, 1945) is a Puerto Rican singer and guitarist Gloria Estefan (born Gloria María Fajardo on September 1, 1957) is a Cuban American singer and songwriter 90 Millas ( 90 Miles) released in September 2007 is the eleventh studio solo album and fourth Spanish album released by Cuban- American singer " No Llores " ( Don't Cry) is the first single released by Gloria Estefan for her eleventh Studio album 90 Millas. He also teamed again with Chad Kroeger for the hit single "Into the Night. " Into the Night " is the first single from Carlos Santana 's new compilation Ultimate Santana. "

On October 19, his wife of 34 years, Deborah, filed for divorce citing "irreconcilable differences". [4]

In 2008, Santana is working with his old time friend, Marcelo Vieira, on his solo album "Marcelo Vieira's Acoustic Sounds", which is due to release in the end of the year. It features tracks such as "For Flavia" and "Across the Grave", the later one with heavy melodic riffs by Santana.

Equipment

Guitars

In the mid 1970s Carlos Santana endorsed a lot of musical equipment, including the Gibson L-6S, and Mesa Boogie amplifiers. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The Gibson L-6S was a cheaper descendent of the very fine L5S jazz solid body Electric guitar. Mesa/Boogie (also known as Mesa Engineering is a Company in Petaluma California that makes Amplifiers for Guitars and basses He featured in several Gibson advertisements throughout the decade. Santana played a red Gibson SG Special with P-90 pickups at the Woodstock festival. He was also photographed playing a white Gibson SG Special and later the Yamaha SG-175B model; on "Supernatural," one of his more famous albums, he used a custom made PRS guitar for the majority of the tracks.

Two shots of Santana on stage
Two shots of Santana on stage

Santana currently endorses PRS Guitars, and is in fact one of Paul Reed Smith's first customers. PRS Guitars is an American guitar manufacturer based in Stevensville Maryland. He uses a Santana II model guitar using PRS Santana III pickups with nickel covers and a tremolo, with . 009-. 042 gauge D'Addario strings. D'Addario is a manufacturer of musical instrument strings primarily Guitar strings currently headquartered in Farmingdale, Long Island New York [5] His Signature Series models vary greatly from this in some cases, such as the Santana SE and Santana III guitars (which have ceased production). The Santana III has covered pickups instead, and no abalone stringers between the pickups (a feature unique to his official guitar). The Santana SE guitar has 22 frets,tremolo, a basic sunburst top, and a pickguard.

Santana's guitar necks and fretboards are constructed out of a single solid piece of Brazilian Rosewood,[6] instead of the more traditional mahogany neck/Indian rosewood fretboard combination found in stock Santana models and other PRS guitars. [7] The Brazilian Rosewood helps create the smooth, singing, glass-like tone that he is famous for.

Carlos Santana also uses a classical guitar, the Alvarez Yairi CY127CE with Alvarez tension nylon strings. Alvarez is a high-quality acoustic Guitar manufacturer which consistently ranks among the most popular acoustic instrument brands in the world [8]

Effects

For the distinctive Santana electric guitar sound, Santana does not use many effects pedals. Guitar effects are electronic devices that modify the tone pitch or sound of an electric guitar or condition or reroute the signal in some fashion His PRS guitar is connected to a Mu-Tron wah wah pedal (or, more recently, a Dunlop 535Q wah) and a T-Rex Replica delay pedal,[9][10] then through a customized Jim Dunlop amp switcher which in turn is connected to the different amps or cabinets. A wah-wah pedal (or just wah pedal) is a type of Guitar Effects pedal that alters the tone of the signal to create a distinctive effect intended to mimic T-Rex Engineering ApS is a manufacturer of hand-made Electric guitar effects pedals Dunlop Manufacturing Inc, known to many as Jim Dunlop, is a popular music supplies company based in Benicia California, U

Previous setups include an Ibanez Tube Screamer[11] right after the guitar. The Ibanez Tube Screamer is an overdrive Effect pedal produced by Ibanez which is named for the fact that its light Distortion is similar to

In the song "Stand Up" from the album Marathon, Santana uses a Heil talk box in the guitar solo. A talk box is an effects device that allows a musician to modify the sound of a Musical instrument.

Amplifiers

The Santana lead guitar tone is produced by a humbucker equipped guitar (Gibson/Yamaha/PRS) into a small but powerful Mesa Boogie Mark 1 combo amplifier. A conventional humbucker (or Humbucking pickup) is a type of Electric guitar pickup that uses two coils both generating string signal More recently, Santana has also been using a custom built Dumble boutique amplifier with Tone Tubby Alnico hemp coned speakers; the sound is noticeably cleaner and, perhaps, less soul-tearing. Dumble is a regional word used in Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England to refer to a wood lined stream often in a small For rhythm, he uses Marshall amplifiers for distorted rhythm ("crunch") and Fender Twins for clean rhythm [ref. The Best of Carlos Santana by Wolf Marshall].

To play the track "Europa", Santana uses the Mesa Boogie Mark 1 at full volume, marking a position in front of the amplifier's speaker that allows him to use the acoustic feedback to produce long sustained notes, like that of a bowed violin. For "Bella" and "Samba Pa Ti", he uses the Fender Twin Reverb. Although his guitar technician, Renee Martinez says " Sometimes, he’ll only use the Boogie for most of the night, or he’ll use all three amps at once. "

Santana claims to have come up with the idea of a sustain control (the splitting of Gain & Master Volume controls) for the Mesa Boogie [ref. as above]. He also put the Boogie in Mesa Boogie: 'Santana exclaimed to Smith, "Shit, man. Mesa/Boogie (also known as Mesa Engineering is a Company in Petaluma California that makes Amplifiers for Guitars and basses That little thing really Boogies!" It was this statement that brought the Boogie name to fruition. '

Specifically Santana combines a Mesa/Boogie Mark I head running through a Boogie cabinet with Altec 417-8H (or recently JBL E120s) speakers, and a Dumble Overdrive Reverb and/or a Dumble Overdrive Special running through a Brown or Marshall 4x12 cabinet with Celestion G12M "Greenback" speakers, depending on the desired sound. Mesa/Boogie (also known as Mesa Engineering is a Company in Petaluma California that makes Amplifiers for Guitars and basses Shure KSM-32 microphones are used to pick up the sound, going to the PA. Additionally, a Fender Cyber-Twin Amp is mostly used at home. Fender Musical Instruments Corporation of Quincy Illinois is a manufacturer of stringed instruments such as solid-body Electric guitars including the

Discography

Albums with the band Santana

Albums as a Solo Artist or in Collaborations

Official Compilations

Unofficial Releases

Singles


Videos

References

  1. ^ The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time : Rolling Stone
  2. ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. Carlos Santana biography. All Music Guide
  3. ^ The Immortals: The First Fifty. allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone.
  4. ^ "Carlos Santana's wife of 34 years files for divorce" - CNN - November 2, 2007
  5. ^ Santana - Musician's Corner - Blue Guitar
  6. ^ Santana - Musician's Corner - Red Guitar
  7. ^ PRS Guitars - Santana III
  8. ^ Santana - Musician's Corner - Acoustic Guitar
  9. ^ His rig can be seen in a magazine article cited at T-Rex's website
  10. ^ "Carlos Santana Spreads the Gospel of Tone" by Darrin Fox, Guitar Player Magazine, June edition 2005. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  11. ^ Overview of Santana's old effects setup.

Sources

See also

External links


Persondata
NAME Santana, Carlos
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Santana, Carlos Augusto Alves
SHORT DESCRIPTION Mexican-born American Guitarist
DATE OF BIRTH 20 July 1947
PLACE OF BIRTH Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
When adding to this page please ensure that your claims are sourced The following is a list of rock Instrumentals including live performances and Drum solos organized by artist name Santana is a flexible number of musicians accompanying Carlos Santana since the late 1960s A guitarist is a Musician who plays the Guitar. Guitarists may perform solo pieces or play with ensembles and bands of a wide variety of genres Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.
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