Carl Schurz
13th United States Secretary of the Interior
In office March 12, 1877 – March 7, 1881
Preceded by	Zachariah Chandler
Succeeded by	Samuel J. Kirkwood
United States Senator from Missouri
In office March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875
Preceded by	John B. Henderson
Succeeded by	Francis M. Cockrell
Born	March 2, 1829(1829-03-02) Liblar, Germany
Died	May 14, 1906 (aged 77) New York City, New York, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Margarethe Meyer
Profession	Politician, Professor, Lawyer

Carl Schurz (March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionary, American statesman and reformer, and Union Army general in the American Civil War. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Zachariah Chandler ( December 10, 1813 &ndash November 1, 1879) was Mayor of Detroit (1851–52 a four-term Samuel Jordan Kirkwood ( December 20, 1813 September 1, 1894) was an American politician best known as Iowa's Civil War governor he also The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common John Brooks Henderson ( November 16, 1826 &ndash April 12, 1913) was a United States Senator from Missouri and a co-author Francis Marion Cockrell ( October 1, 1834 &ndash December 13, 1915) was a Confederate military commander and American politician Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Erftstadt is a town located about 20 km south-west of Cologne in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South He was also an accomplished author, newspaper editor and journalist, who in 1869 became the first German-born American elected to the United States Senate. German Americans ( German: Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of Ethnic German ancestry The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives ^[1]

His wife Margarethe Schurz and her sister Bertha von Ronge were instrumental in establishing the kindergarten system in the United States. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling ^[2] During his later years, Schurz was perhaps the most prominent Independent in American politics, noted for his high principles, his avoidance of political partisanship, and his moral conscience.

He is famous for saying: "Our country right or wrong. When right, to be kept right; when wrong, to be put right. " Many streets, schools, and parks are named in honor of him, including New York City's Carl Schurz Park. The City of New York Carl Schurz Park is a 149 acre (60000 m² public park in New York City, named for Carl Schurz in 1910 at the edge of the solidly German-American community

Early life

Schurz was born in Liblar (now Erftstadt) on March 2, 1829, the son of a schoolteacher. Erftstadt is a town located about 20 km south-west of Cologne in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne, and then entered the University of Bonn, where he became a revolutionary, partly through his friendship with Gottfried Kinkel, then a professor, and Johannes von Ronge. The Dreikönigsgymnasium ("Tricoronatum" is a regular public Gymnasium located in Cologne, Germany. The University of Bonn ( German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany Johann Gottfried Kinkel ( August 11, 1815 - November 13, 1882) was a German Poet.

In Bonn, he became a member of the nationalistic Studentenverbindung Burschenschaft Franconia Bonn. A Studentenverbindung (the that includes the en en, en en, and en is a student somewhat comparable to fraternities in the US or Canada but mostly older and going German Burschenschaften (abbreviated B!, plural B!B!) are a special type of Studentenverbindungen He assisted Kinkel in editing the Bonner Zeitung, and was active in the Revolution of 1848; but when Rastatt surrendered, he escaped to Zürich. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European Rastatt is a city in the District of Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the In 1850, he returned secretly to Germany, rescued Kinkel from prison at Spandau and helped him to escape to Scotland. For the Spandau machine gun see Maschinengewehr 08. For the 1980s New Romantic group see Spandau Ballet. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Schurz went to Paris, but the police forced him to leave France on the eve of the coup d'état, and he remained in London until August 1852, making his living by teaching the German language. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The French Coup d'état of December 2nd 1851 staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time President of the Second French Republic) ended in the successful dissolution London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. He married Ronge's sister-in-law in July 1852 and moved to America, living for a time in Philadelphia. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Schurz is probably the best-known of the Forty-Eighters, the German emigrants who moved to the United States after the failed liberal revolutions. The Forty-Eighters were Europeans who participated in or supported the revolutions of 1848 that swept Europe "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia.

Politics in the United States

In 1856, after a year in Europe, he settled in Watertown, Wisconsin, and immediately became prominent in the Republican Party of Wisconsin. Watertown is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States In 1857, he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for lieutenant-governor. In the Illinois campaign of the next year between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, he took part as a speaker on behalf of Lincoln—mostly in German—which raised Lincoln's popularity among German-American voters. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Later, in 1858, he was admitted to the Wisconsin bar and began to practice law in Milwaukee. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction In its most general sense the practice of law involves giving Legal advice to clients drafting legal documents for clients and representing clients in legal Negotiations In the state campaign of 1859, he made a speech attacking the Fugitive Slave Law and arguing for state's rights, since Wisconsin's state Supreme Court had declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional, although the stance injured his political standing in the southwestern part of Wisconsin, settled by Southerners. The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of Outside of the state, in Faneuil Hall, Boston, on April 18, 1859,^[3] he delivered an oration on "True Americanism", which, coming from an alien, was intended to clear the Republican party of the charge of "nativism". Faneuil Hall (ˈfænl̩ previously /ˈfʌnl̩/ located near the waterfront and today's Government Center, in Boston, Massachusetts, has been a marketplace Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Germans of Wisconsin unsuccessfully urged his nomination for governor by the Republican party in 1859. In the 1860 Republican National Convention, Schurz was spokesman of the delegation from Wisconsin, which voted for William H. Seward; he was on the committee which announced his nomination to Abraham Lincoln. The 1860 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States, held in Chicago Illinois at the Wigwam, nominated former U This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State

Civil War

In spite of Seward's objection, grounded on Schurz's European record as a revolutionary, Lincoln sent him in 1861 as ambassador to Spain. This is a list of United States Ambassadors to Spain from 1779 to the present day He succeeded in quietly dissuading Spain from supporting the South and returned to America in January 1862, resigned his post, was commissioned brigadier general of Union volunteers in April, and in June took command of a division under John C. Frémont, and then in Franz Sigel's corps, with which he took part in the Second Battle of Bull Run. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the Franz Sigel ( November 18, 1824 &ndash August 21, 1902) was a German military officer and immigrant to the United States who was a Background and opposing forces See also Northern Virginia Campaign See also [[Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] He was promoted major general of volunteers on March 14 and was a division commander in the XI Corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville, under General Oliver O. Howard, with whom he later had a bitter controversy over the strategy employed at that battle and their defeat by Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers The XI Corps ( Eleventh Army Corps) was a Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War, best remembered for its humiliating defeats at Forces and plans The Chancellorsville campaign began with the potential of leading to one of the most lopsided clashes in the war Oliver Otis Howard ( November 8, 1830 &ndash October 26, 1909) was a career United States Army officer and a Union Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the He was at Gettysburg, (a victory for the Union commanding XI Corps, and at Chattanooga (also a victory for the Union side). Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Third Battle of Chattanooga (popularly known as The Battle of Chattanooga, and including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Later, he was put in command of a Corps of Instruction at Nashville. He briefly returned to active service except in the last months of the war when he was with Sherman's army in North Carolina as chief of staff of Henry Slocum's Army of Georgia. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States For the American tennis player see Henry Slocum (tennis Henry Warner Slocum ( September 24 1827 &ndash April 14 The Army of Georgia was a Union army that constituted the Left Wing of Major General William T He resigned from the army as soon as the war ended.

Postbellum politics

In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson sent Schurz through the South to study conditions; they then quarrelled because Schurz approved General H.W. Slocum's order forbidding the organization of militia in Mississippi. Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination For the American tennis player see Henry Slocum (tennis Henry Warner Slocum ( September 24 1827 &ndash April 14 Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Schurz's report, suggesting the readmission of the states with complete rights and the investigation of the need of further legislation by a Congressional committee, was ignored by the President. In 1866-1867, he was chief editor of the Detroit Post and then became editor and joint proprietor with Emil Praetorius of the Westliche Post (Western Post) of St. Louis. In the winter of 1867-1868, he travelled in Germany – the account of his interview with Otto von Bismarck is one of the most interesting chapters of his Reminiscences. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) He spoke against "repudiation" and for "honest money" during the Presidential campaign of 1868.

From 1869 to 1875, he was United States Senator from Missouri. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee He gained political clout with Republicans from German-American support in the Midwest. German Americans ( German: Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of Ethnic German ancestry He made a great reputation with his speeches urging financial responsibility. During this period, he broke with the administration: he started the Liberal Republican movement in Missouri, in 1870, which elected B. Gratz Brown governor; and, in 1872, he presided over the Liberal Republican convention which nominated Horace Greeley for President (Schurz's own choice was Charles Francis Adams or Lyman Trumbull). "Liberal Republican" redirects here For liberal factions of the modern United States Republican Party, see Rockefeller Republican or Republican Benjamin Gratz Brown ( May 28, 1826 December 13, 1885) was a Senator, Governor of Missouri, and the Liberal Republican Horace Greeley ( February 3, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder Please DO NOT flip the colors --> In the United States presidential election of 1872, incumbent President Ulysses S Charles Francis Adams Sr ( August 18, 1807 &ndash November 21, 1886) the son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa Lyman Trumbull ( October 12, 1813 &ndash June 25, 1896) was a United States Senator from Illinois during the The convention did not represent Schurz's views on the tariff. He opposed Grant's Santo Domingo policy—after Fessenden's death, Schurz was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs—his Southern policy, and the government's selling arms and making cartridges for the French army in the Franco-Prussian War. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 But, in 1875, he campaigned for Rutherford B. Hayes, as the representative of sound money, in the Ohio governor's campaign. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Sound money, in Economics, is a concept defined by Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics as "a Currency that is responsibly managed so as Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads

Interior Secretary

In 1876, he supported Hayes for President, and after winning, Hayes named him Secretary of the Interior and followed much of his advice in other cabinet appointments and in his inaugural address. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. In this department, Schurz put in force his theories in regard to merit in the Civil Service, permitting no removals except for cause, and requiring competitive examinations for candidates for clerkships. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis His efforts to remove political patronage met with limited success. As an early conservationist, he prosecuted land thieves and attracted public attention to the necessity of forest preservation.

Carl Schurz Park, Upper East Side Manhattan, New York City

Schurz reformed the Office of Indian Affairs and successfully opposed a bill transferring it to the War Department. The City of New York History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch The Indian Office was the most corrupt of the Interior Department. Positions as agents, farmers, teachers, and other positions on Indian reservations were based on political patronage. The offices were seen as political reward and license to use the reservations for personal enrichment, with no work required. Restoration of the Indian Office to the War Department, which was based on rules and patriotic service, instead of politics, was thought by Indians and others to enable the Indian Office to do some good for Indians, instead of Bureau employees. However, political pressure and parochialism kept the Indian Office in the Department.

Schurz's role in the abrogation of treaties made with various native American Indian tribes, during his brief tenure as Interior Secretary, is extensively chronicled in Dee Brown's seminal tome on how the West was lost, "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. " While not an architect of the campaign to push Native Americans off of their lands and into tribal reservations situated on some of the most unforgiving land in the American west, Schurz - referred to by the natives quoted in Bury My Heart as "Big Eyes" - is repeatedly mentioned as concurring with the advice of Generals Sherman and Sheridan in his capacity as Secretary of the Interior, with responsibility for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. That concurrence spelled doom and death for many hundreds of thousands of Native Americans.

Retirement and death

Upon his retirement in 1881, Schurz moved to New York City, and from the summer of 1881 to the autumn of 1883 was editor-in-chief and one of the proprietors of the New York Evening Post. The City of New York The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually In 1884, he was a leader in the Independent (or Mugwump) movement against the nomination of James Blaine for president and for the election of Grover Cleveland. The Mugwumps were Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of James Gillespie Blaine ( January 31, 1830 &ndash January 27, 1893) was a U Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. From 1888 to 1892, he was general American representative of the Hamburg American Steamship Company. The Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft ( HAPAG for short often referred to in English as Hamburg America Line, sometimes also Hamburg-Amerika In 1892 he succeeded George William Curtis as president of the National Civil Service Reform League and held this office until 1901. The United States presidential election of 1892 was held on November 8 1892 George William Curtis (February 24 1824 - August 31 1892 was an American writer and public speaker born in Providence Rhode Island, of old New England He succeeded Curtis as editorial writer for Harper's Weekly in 1892–1898, actively supporting electoral reform. Harper's Weekly ( A Journal of Civilization) was an American political Magazine based in New York City. In 1895 he spoke for the Fusion anti-Tammany Hall ticket in New York City. Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably He opposed William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896, speaking for sound money and not under the auspices of the Republican party; he supported Bryan four years later because of anti-imperialism beliefs, which also led to his membership in the American Anti-Imperialist League. For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. The United States presidential election of November 3 1896 saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by The United States presidential election of 1900 was held on November 6 1900 Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude The American Anti-Imperialist League was established in the United States on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines In the 1904 election he supported Alton B. Parker, the Democratic candidate. The United States presidential election of 1904 was held on November 8 1904 Alton Brooks Parker ( May 14, 1852 – May 10, 1926) was an American Lawyer and Judge and a U Carl Schurz lived in a summer cottage in Northwest Bay on Lake George, New York which was built by his good friend Abraham Jacobi. Abraham Jacobi ( May 6, 1830 - July 10, 1919) was a pioneer of Pediatrics, opening the first children's clinic in the

When a statuary tribute to German-language poet Heinrich Heine met with anti-Semitic controversy in Germany, Schurz's activism aided in its relocation across the Atlantic to New York. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a Journalist, Essayist and one of the Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ^[4]

Throughout his life, Schurz never hesitated to deliver his opinion, and was known by politicians as elevated as Presidents Lincoln and Johnson for his frequent, vitriolic letters. Because of his strongly worded speeches and editorials and his deeply held convictions, he was a hero to his supporters, but widely disliked by his critics. He had a strong connection to the immigrant community. He told a group of German immigrants at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 how he expected them to fit into American society:

I have always been in favor of a healthy Americanization, but that does not mean a complete disavowal of our German heritage. The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary Our character should take on the best of that which is American, and combine it with the best of that which is German. By doing this, we can best serve the American people and their civilization.

Schurz published a number of writings, including a volume of speeches (1865), an excellent biography of Henry Clay (1887), essays on Abraham Lincoln (1899) and Charles Sumner (posthumous, 1951), and his Reminiscences (posthumous, 1907–09). Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. In his later years he wrote his memoirs.

Schurz died in New York City and is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York is the resting place of numerous famous figures including Washington Irving, whose story " The For other uses see Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow, is a village in the Town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester

Schurz on "The True Americanism"

What is the rule of honor to be observed by a power so strongly and so advantageously situated as this Republic is? Of course I do not expect it meekly to pocket real insults if they should be offered to it. But, surely, it should not, as our boyish jingoes wish it to do, swagger about among the nations of the world, with a chip on its shoulder, shaking its fist in everybody's face. Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy" Of course, it should not tamely submit to real encroachments upon its rights. But, surely, it should not, whenever its own notions of right or interest collide with the notions of others, fall into hysterics and act as if it really feared for its own security and its very independence. As a true gentleman, conscious of his strength and his dignity, it should be slow to take offense. In its dealings with other nations it should have scrupulous regard, not only for their rights, but also for their self-respect. With all its latent resources for war, it should be the great peace power of the world. It should never forget what a proud privilege and what an inestimable blessing it is not to need and not to have big armies or navies to support. It should seek to influence mankind, not by heavy artillery, but by good example and wise counsel. It should see its highest glory, not in battles won, but in wars prevented. It should be so invariably just and fair, so trustworthy, so good tempered, so conciliatory, that other nations would instinctively turn to it as their mutual friend and the natural adjuster of their differences, thus making it the greatest preserver of the world's peace. This is not a mere idealistic fancy. It is the natural position of this great republic among the nations of the earth. It is its noblest vocation, and it will be a glorious day for the United States when the good sense and the self-respect of the American people see in this their "manifest destiny. " It all rests upon peace. Is not this peace with honor? There has, of late, been much loose speech about "Americanism. " Is not this good Americanism? It is surely today the Americanism of those who love their country most. And I fervently hope that it will be and ever remain the Americanism of our children and our children's children.

– Carl Schurz, The True Americanism, April 18, 1859

Schurz on Patriotism

The man who in times of popular excitement boldly and unflinchingly resists hot-tempered clamor for an unnecessary war, and thus exposes himself to the opprobrious imputation of a lack of patriotism or of courage, to the end of saving his country from a great calamity, is, as to "loving and faithfully serving his country," at least as good a patriot as the hero of the most daring feat of arms, and a far better one than those who, with an ostentatious pretense of superior patriotism, cry for war before it is needed, especially if then they let others do the fighting. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

– Carl Schurz, April, 1898

In memoriam

Carl Schurz statue in New York City.

Schurz is memorialized in numerous places around the United States:

• Carl Schurz Park, a 14. Carl Schurz Park is a 149 acre (60000 m² public park in New York City, named for Carl Schurz in 1910 at the edge of the solidly German-American community 9 acre (60,000 m²) park in New York City, adjacent to Yorkville, Manhattan, overlooking the waters of Hell Gate. The City of New York Yorkville is a neighborhood within the Upper East Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Hell Gate is a narrow tidal Strait in the East River in New York City in the United States. Named for Schurz in 1910, it is the site of Gracie Mansion, the residence of the Mayor of New York since 1942. Gracie Mansion is the Official residence of the Mayor of New York City. The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City.
• Carl Schurz Drive, a residential street located on the northern end of his former home of Watertown, Wisconsin.
• Schurz School, an elementary school located in Watertown, WI.
• Carl Schurz Park, a private membership park located in Stone Bank (Town of Merton), Wisconsin, on the shore of Moose Lake.
• Karl Bitter's 1913 statue of Schurz at Morningside Drive and 116th Street in New York City. Karl Theodore Francis Bitter ( December 6, 1867 in Vienna &ndash April 9, 1915) was an Austrian born United States Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A statue is a Sculpture in the round representing a person or persons an animal or an event normally full-length as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size
• Carl Schurz High School, an historic landmark in Chicago, built in 1910. Carl Schurz High School is a Public school located at 3601 N Milwaukee Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.
• Schurz Hall, a student residence at the University of Missouri. The University of Missouri (also known as the University of Missouri–Columbia, Mizzou, or MU) is a public land-grant and research
• Carl Schurz Elementary in New Braunfels, Texas
• Carl Schurz and Abraham Jacobi Memorial Park in Bolton Landing, New York
• The US Postal Service issued a 4-cent stamp with his name and face. New Braunfels ( is a city in Comal and Guadalupe counties in the U
• In World War II the United States liberty ship SS Carl Schurz was named in his honor. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History and service In 1936 the American Merchant Marine Act was passed to subsidize the annual construction of 50 commercial merchant vessels to be used in wartime by
• Mount Schurz, a mountain in eastern Yellowstone, north of Eagle Peak and south of Atkins Peak, named in 1885 by the United States Geological Survey, to honor Schurz's commitment to protecting Yellowstone National Park. Eagle Peak is the name of 44 mountain peaks of the United States including Eagle Peak (Alaska Eagle Peak (California
• Statue at Menomonee Park in Oshkosh, WI

Several memorials in Germany also commemorate the life and work of Schurz:

• Streets named after him in Berlin-Spandau, Bremen, Erftstadt-Liblar, Giessen, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Köln, Rastatt, Paderborn, Pforzheim, Pirmasens, Leipzig, Wuppertal
• Schools in Bonn, Bremen, Berlin-Spandau, Frankfurt/Main, Rastatt and his place of birth Erftstadt-Liblar
• an urban area in Frankfurt/Main
• a fountain in Rastatt
• German Armed Forces barracks in Hardheim
• German federal stamps in 1952 and 1976

The United States Army base in Bremerhaven, Germany was also named for Schurz - Karl Schurz Kaserne. Oshkosh is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, located where the Fox River Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Gießen (ˈgiːsən is a town in the German federal state ( Bundesland) of Hessen, capital of both the district of Gießen and the administrative Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near Rastatt is a city in the District of Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Paderborn (paːdɐˈbɔʁn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. Pforzheim is a town of nearly 119000 inhabitants in the state of Baden-Württemberg, southwest Germany at the gate to the Black Forest. Pirmasens is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, near the border with France. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong ||-||} Wuppertal (ˈvʊpɐtaːl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Bremerhaven (bʁeːmɐˈhaːfən is the seaport of the free city and federal state of Bremen, Germany. The base served as a logistical hub for U. S. forces in Germany. The base was returned to the German government in 1996, following the end of the Cold War. Existing installations Aartal Kaserne Herbonseelbach (closed in June 1992 Anderson Barracks Dexheim (closed in 2008 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

References

• Eicher, John H. , and Eicher, David J. , Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
• Yockelson, Mitchell, "Hirschhorn", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Heidler, David S. , and Heidler, Jeanne T. , eds. , W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Notes

Further reading

• Bancroft, Frederic, and Dunning, W. A. , Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, (three volumes, New York, 1907-08)
• Bancroft, Frederic, Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, (six volumes, New York, 1913)
• Trefousse, Hans L. , Carl Schurz, (U. of Tenn. Press, 1982)
• Brown, Dee, "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee," 1971

External links

• Carl Schurz at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Works by Carl Schurz at Project Gutenberg
• German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA in Washington, DC