Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Carl Sagan

Born November 9, 1934(1934-11-09)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died December 20, 1996 (aged 62)
Seattle, Washington, U. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) S.
Residence Ithaca, New York, U. The City of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca) sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York S.
Nationality American
Fields Astronomy and planetary science
Institutions Cornell University
Harvard University
Alma mater University of Chicago
Known for Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
Voyager Golden Record
Pioneer plaque
Contact
Notable awards Oersted Medal (1990)
NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (twice)
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (1978)
NAS Public Welfare Medal (1994)

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrochemist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI) is the collective name for a number of activities to detect intelligent Extraterrestrial life. Cosmos A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan The Voyager Golden Record is a Phonograph record included in the two Voyager Spacecraft launched in 1977 The Pioneer plaques are a pair of Gold anodized Aluminum plaques which were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Contact is a 1997 Science fiction film adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. The Oersted Medal recognizes notable contributions to the Teaching of Physics. The NASA Distinguished Service Medal is the highest award which may be bestowed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. The Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction has been awarded since 1962 for a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author that is not eligible for consideration The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The Public Welfare Medal is awarded annually by the National Academy of Sciences. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena Astrochemistry is the study of the Chemical elements found in outer space generally on larger scales than the Solar System, particularly in molecular gas clouds Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of He pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI). Astrobiology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" grc βίος bios, "life" and grc -λογία Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI) is the collective name for a number of activities to detect intelligent Extraterrestrial life.

He is world-famous for writing popular science books and for co-writing and presenting the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which has been seen by more than 600 million people in over 60 countries, making it the most widely watched PBS program in history. For the 1935-1949 film series see Popular Science (film. Popular Science is an American monthly Magazine founded in 1872 Cosmos A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the [1] A book to accompany the program was also published. Cosmos (1980 published by Random House, is a book by Carl Sagan based on his TV series Cosmos A Personal Voyage. He also wrote the novel Contact, the basis for the 1997 Robert Zemeckis film of the same name starring Jodie Foster. Contact is a Science fiction Novel written by Carl Sagan and published in 1985. Robert Lee "Bob" Zemeckis (born May 14, 1952) is an Academy Award - and Golden Globe -winning American Film director, Contact is a 1997 Science fiction film adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster (born November 19 1962 is a two-time Academy Award, BAFTA, and Golden Globe -award winning American During his lifetime, Sagan published more than 600 scientific papers and popular articles and was author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. In his works, he frequently advocated skeptical inquiry, secular humanism, and the scientific method. Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical Secular humanism is a humanist philosophy that upholds Reason, Ethics and Justice, and specifically rejects the Supernatural Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena

Contents

Education and scientific career

Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York[2] to a Jewish family. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ His father, Sam Sagan, was a garment worker; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a housewife. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Carl was named in honor of Rachel's biological mother, Chaiya Clara, "the mother she never knew", in Sagan's words. Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in New Jersey in 1951. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. [3] He attended the University of Chicago, where he received a A.B. with general and special honors (1954), a S.B. (1955) and a S.M. (1956) in physics, before earning a Ph.D. degree (1960) in astronomy and astrophysics. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S A Master of Science ( Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated MSc, M Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, [4] During his time as an undergraduate, Sagan spent some time working in the laboratory of the geneticist H. J. Muller. A geneticist is a scientist who studies Genetics, the science of Heredity and variation of Organisms A geneticist can be employed as a researcher Hermann Joseph “HJ” Muller ( December 21 1890 &ndash April 5 1967) was an American Geneticist, educator and From 1960 to 1962 he was a Miller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley From 1962 to 1968, he worked at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO is a "research institute" of the Smithsonian Institution headquartered in Cambridge Massachusetts,

Sagan lectured annually at Harvard University until 1968, when he moved to Cornell University. He became a full Professor at Cornell in 1971 and directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies there. Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems From 1972 to 1981 he was Associate Director of the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research at Cornell.

Sagan was a leader in the U. S. space program since its inception. This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to Outer space and Space exploration. From the 1950s onward, he worked as an adviser to NASA. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program One of his many duties during his tenure at the space agency included briefing the Apollo astronauts before their flights to the Moon. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained Sagan contributed to most of the robotic spacecraft missions that explored the solar system, arranging experiments on many of the expeditions. A robotic spacecraft is a Spacecraft with no humans on board that is usually under Telerobotic control The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. He conceived the idea of adding an unalterable and universal message on spacecraft destined to leave the solar system that could be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find it. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. Sagan assembled the first physical message that was sent into space: a gold-anodized plaque, attached to the space probe Pioneer 10, launched in 1972. Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Anodizing, or anodising, is an electrolytic Passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural Oxide layer on the surface of metal The Pioneer plaques are a pair of Gold anodized Aluminum plaques which were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 10 ( Pioneer-F) was the first Spacecraft to travel through the Asteroid belt, which it entered on July 15, 1972 Pioneer 11, also carrying the plaque, was launched the following year. Pioneer 11 was the second mission (after its sister probe Pioneer 10) to investigate Jupiter and the Outer solar system and the first to explore the planet He continued to refine his designs throughout his lifetime; the most elaborate message he helped to develop and assemble was the Voyager Golden Record that was sent out with the Voyager space probes in 1977. The Voyager Golden Record is a Phonograph record included in the two Voyager Spacecraft launched in 1977 See also Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. The Voyager program consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes Voyager 1 and

At Cornell, Sagan taught a course on critical thinking until his death in 1996 from a rare bone marrow disease. Critical thinking consists of mental processes of discernment, Analysis and Evaluation. The course had only a limited number of seats. Although hundreds of students applied each year, only about 20 were chosen to attend each semester. The course was discontinued immediately after Sagan's death, but was later resumed by Professor Yervant Terzian in 2000.

Scientific achievements

Carl Sagan was central to the discovery of the high surface temperatures of the planet Venus. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University In the early 1960s, no one knew for certain the basic conditions of Venus' surface and Sagan listed the possibilities in a report later depicted for popularization in a Time-Life book, Planets; his own view was that the planet was dry and very hot, as opposed to the balmy paradise others had imagined. The Time-Life company was founded by Time Incorporated in 1961 as a book marketing division He had investigated radio emissions from Venus and concluded that there was a surface temperature of 500 °C (932 °F). As a visiting scientist to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he contributed to the first Mariner missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. The Mariner program was a program conducted by the American space agency NASA that launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes Mariner 2 confirmed his views on the conditions of Venus in 1962. Mariner 2 (Mariner-Venus 1962 a space probe to Venus, was the first successful Spacecraft in the NASA Mariner program.

Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that Saturn's moon Titan and Jupiter's moon Europa may possess oceans, a subsurface ocean, as in the case of Europa, or lakes, thus making the hypothesized water ocean on Europa potentially habitable for life. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Titan (ˈtaɪtən, or as TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Europa (jʊˈroʊpə; or as [5] Europa's subsurface ocean was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft Galileo. Galileo was an Unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the Planet Jupiter and its moons Named after the Astronomer Sagan also helped solve the mystery of the reddish haze seen on Titan, revealing that it is composed of complex organic molecules constantly raining down to the moon's surface. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon.

He furthered insights regarding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter as well as seasonal changes on Mars. Sagan established that the atmosphere of Venus is extremely hot and dense with crushing pressures. He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through greenhouse gases. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Sagan and his Cornell colleague Edwin Ernest Salpeter speculated about life in Jupiter's clouds, given the planet's dense atmospheric composition rich in organic molecules. Edwin Ernest Salpeter (born December 3 1924) is an Austrian-Australian-American Astrophysicist. He studied the observed color variations on Mars’ surface, concluding that they were not seasonal or vegetation changes as most believed, but shifts in surface dust caused by windstorms.

Sagan is best known, however, for his research on the possibilities of extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by radiation. Astrobiology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" grc βίος bios, "life" and grc -λογία In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy [6]

He is also the 1994 recipient of the Public Welfare Medal, the highest award of the National Academy of Sciences for "distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare. The Public Welfare Medal is awarded annually by the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science "[7]

Scientific advocacy

Planetary Society members at the organization's founding. Carl Sagan is seated second from the right.
Planetary Society members at the organization's founding. Carl Sagan is seated second from the right.

Sagan was a proponent of the search for extraterrestrial life. He urged the scientific community to listen with radio telescopes for signals from intelligent extraterrestrial lifeforms. A radio telescope is a form of directional Radio antenna used in Radio astronomy and in tracking and collecting data from Satellites So persuasive was he that by 1982, he was able to get a petition advocating SETI published in the journal Science, signed by 70 scientists, including seven Nobel Prize winners. Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI) is the collective name for a number of activities to detect intelligent Extraterrestrial life. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature This was a tremendous turnaround in the respectability of this controversial field. Sagan also helped Dr. Frank Drake write the Arecibo message, a radio message beamed into space from the Arecibo radio telescope on November 16, 1974, aimed at informing extraterrestrials about Earth. Dr Frank Donald Drake (born May 28 1930, Chicago) is an American Astronomer and Astrophysicist. The Arecibo message was beamed via frequency modulated Radio waves into space at a ceremony to mark the remodeling of the Arecibo radio telescope The Arecibo Observatory is a very sensitive Radio telescope located approximately south-southwest from the town of Arecibo in Puerto Rico. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

Sagan was chief technology officer of the professional planetary research journal Icarus for twelve years. ICARUS International Journal of Solar System Studies is a premier Scientific journal dedicated to the field of Planetary science. He co-founded the Planetary Society, the largest space-interest group in the world, with over 1,000,000 members in more than 149 countries, and was a member of the SETI Institute Board of Trustees. The Planetary Society is a large publicly supported non-government and not-for-profit organization that has many research projects related to Astronomy. Not to be confused with the SITE Institute. The SETI Institute is a Not-for-profit organization researching the possibilities Sagan served as Chairman of the Division for Planetary Science of the American Astronomical Society, as President of the Planetology Section of the American Geophysical Union, and as Chairman of the Astronomy Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Astronomical Society (AAS sometimes pronounced "double-A-S" is a US society of professional astronomers and other interested individuals The American Geophysical Union (or AGU) is a nonprofit organization of Geophysicists consisting of over 50000 members from over 135 countries The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages

At the height of the Cold War, Sagan became involved in public awareness efforts for the effects of nuclear war when a mathematical climate model suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could upset the delicate balance of life on Earth. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the He was the last of five authors — the "S" of the "TTAPS" report as the research paper came to be known. Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. He eventually co-authored the scientific paper hypothesising a global nuclear winter following nuclear war. Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. [8] He also co-authored the book A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race, a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of nuclear winter.

Sagan erroneously warned in January of 1991 that so much smoke from the Kuwaiti oil fires "might get so high as to disrupt agriculture in much of South Asia. The Kuwaiti oil fires were a result of the Scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the . . . " He acknowledged the error in The Demon-Haunted World: "as events transpired, it was pitch black at noon and temperatures dropped 4-6 C over the Persian Gulf, but not much smoke reached stratospheric altitudes and Asia was spared. "[9]

In his later years Sagan advocated the creation of an organized search for near Earth objects that would impact the Earth. ( Head, Tom (2006). Conversations With Carl Sagan. University Press of Mississippi, 86-87. ISBN 1578067367.   ) When others suggested creating large nuclear bombs that could be used to alter the orbit of an NEO that was predicted to hit the Earth, Sagan proposed the Deflection Dilemma: If we create the ability to deflect an asteroid away from the Earth, then we also create the ability to deflect an asteroid towards the Earth - providing an evil power with a true doomsday bomb. ("David Morrison - Taking a Hit: Asteroid Impacts & Evolution". [Valley Astronomy Lectures]. 2007-10-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's ) (Sagan, Carl & Ostro, “Long-Range Consequences of Interplanetary Collisions”, Issues in Science and Technology Vol X (Number 4) )

Social concerns

Sagan believed that the Drake equation suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations pointed out by the Fermi paradox suggests technological civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. The Drake equation (also sometimes called the "Green Bank equation" the "Green Bank Formula" or often erroneously labeled the " Sagan equation" The Fermi paradox is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such a cataclysm and eventually becoming a spacefaring species. This article is about the Greek expression For the event in the Dragonlance series of books see Cataclysm (Dragonlance. Spacefaring societies or nations are those capable of building and launching vehicles into space Sagan's deep concern regarding the potential destruction of human civilization in a nuclear holocaust was conveyed in a memorable cinematic sequence in the final episode of Cosmos, called "Who Speaks for Earth?". This is about the future of civilization humans and the earth Nuclear holocaust refers to the possibility of nearly complete annhilation of human Civilization by Nuclear warfare. Cosmos A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan Following his marriage to his third wife (novelist Ann Druyan) in June 1981, Sagan became more politically active — particularly in regard to the escalation of the nuclear arms race under President Ronald Reagan. Ann Druyan (born June 13, 1949) is an American Author and media producer known for her involvement in many projects aiming to popularize and The nuclear Arms race was a competition for supremacy in Nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective

In March 1983, hoping to blunt the momentum of the nuclear freeze movement, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative — a multi-billion dollar project to develop a comprehensive defense against attack by nuclear missiles, which was quickly dubbed the "Star Wars" program. The nuclear freeze was a proposed agreement between the world's nuclear powers primarily the United States and the then- Soviet Union, to freeze all production The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI was a proposal by US President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect Missile defense is a system weapon or technology involved in the detection tracking interception and destruction of attacking Missiles Originally conceived as a defence against Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a Nuclear weapon at the position of Detonation, on or near its intended target Sagan spoke out against the project, arguing that it was technically impossible to develop a system with the level of perfection required, and far more expensive to build than for an enemy to defeat through decoys and other means — and that its construction would seriously destabilize the nuclear balance between the United States and the Soviet Union, making further progress toward nuclear disarmament impossible. A decoy is usually a person device or event meant as a distraction to conceal what an individual or a group might be looking for The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nuclear disarmament is the proposed dismantling of Nuclear weapons.

When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declared a unilateral moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons, which would begin on August 6, 1985 — the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima — the Reagan administration dismissed the dramatic move as nothing more than propaganda, and refused to follow suit. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness yield and explosive capability of Nuclear weapons Throughout the twentieth century most nations Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people In response, American anti-nuclear and peace activists staged a series of protest actions at the Nevada Test Site, beginning on Easter Sunday of 1986 and continuing through 1987. The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change The Nevada Test Site is a United States Department of Energy reservation located in Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km northwest of the City of Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Hundreds of people, including such notable figures as Daniel Ellsberg and Martin Sheen, engaged in acts of civil disobedience and were arrested. Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7 1931 is a former American military Analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy Martin Sheen (born Ramón Gerardo Antonio Estévez on August 3, 1940) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American Actor who earned Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Carl Sagan, who had been arrested for participating in an anti-war protest during the Vietnam War, was himself arrested on two separate occasions as he climbed over a chain-link fence at the Test Site. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia A chain-link fence or wire netting or chain-wire fence is a type of Woven Fence usually made from galvanized or LLDPE -coated

Popularization of science

Sagan's capability to convey his ideas allowed many people to better understand the cosmos — simultaneously emphasizing the value and worthiness of the human race, and the relative insignificance of the earth in comparison to the universe. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy He delivered the 1977/1978 Christmas Lectures for Young People at the Royal Institution. The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have been held in London annually since 1825 The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. He hosted and, with Ann Druyan, co-wrote and co-produced the highly popular thirteen-part PBS television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage modeled on Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Cosmos A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan Jacob Bronowski ( January 18 1908 – August 22 1974) was a British mathematician and biologist of Polish-Jewish origin The Ascent of Man (1973 was a groundbreaking BBC documentary series produced in association with Time-Life

Sagan with a model of the Viking Lander probes which would land on Mars. Sagan examined possible landing sites for Viking along with Mike Carr and Hal Masursky.
Sagan with a model of the Viking Lander probes which would land on Mars. NASA 's Viking program consisted of a pair of space probes sent to Mars, Viking 1 and Viking 2. Sagan examined possible landing sites for Viking along with Mike Carr and Hal Masursky.

Cosmos covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the origin of life and a perspective of our place in the universe. In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy The series was first broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service in 1980, winning an Emmy and a Peabody Award. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the The George Foster Peabody Awards, better known as simply the Peabody Awards, are annual international awards for excellence in Radio and Television broadcasting According to the NASA Office of Space Science, it has been since broadcast in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people. [10]

Sagan also wrote books to popularize science, such as Cosmos, which reflected and expanded upon some of the themes of A Personal Voyage, and became the best-selling science book ever published in English;[11] The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, which won a Pulitzer Prize; and Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science. Cosmos (1980 published by Random House, is a book by Carl Sagan based on his TV series Cosmos A Personal Voyage. The Dragons of Eden Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence is a Pulitzer prize winning 1977 book by Carl Sagan. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Broca's Brain Reflections on the Romance of Science is a 1979 book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan. Sagan also wrote the best-selling science fiction novel Contact, but did not live to see the book's 1997 motion picture adaptation, which starred Jodie Foster and won the 1998 Hugo Award. Contact is a Science fiction Novel written by Carl Sagan and published in 1985. Contact is a 1997 Science fiction film adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster (born November 19 1962 is a two-time Academy Award, BAFTA, and Golden Globe -award winning American The Hugo Awards are given every year for the best Science fiction or Fantasy works and achievements of the previous year

From Cosmos and his frequent appearances on The Tonight Show, Sagan became associated with the catch phrase "billions and billions. The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as appropriate --> The Tonight Show is a long-running A catch phrase (or catchphrase) is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance " Sagan never actually used the phrase in Cosmos series,[12] however his frequent use of term billions, and distinctive delivery with emphasis on the “b”, made him a favorite target of performers and comedy routines of Johnny Carson, Gary Kroeger, Mike Myers, Bronson Pinchot, Harry Shearer and others. John William “Johnny” Carson ( October 23, 1925 &ndash January 23, 2005) was an American Television host and Gary Kroeger (born April 13, 1957) is an American actor best known for his work on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985 Michael John "Mike" Myers (born May 25, 1963) is a Canadian Actor, Comedian, Screenwriter and Film producer Bronson Alcott Pinchot (born May 20, 1959) is an American Actor. Harry Julius Shearer (born December 23, 1943) is an American comedic Actor, Writer, Musician, and radio host Sagan took this in good humor, and his final book was entitled Billions and Billions and opened with a tongue-in-cheek discussion of this catch phrase. Billions and Billions Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium, published by Random House in 1997 (ISBN 0-679-41160-7 is the last book written The indefinite and fictitious number Sagan has arisen in popular culture to indicate a count greater than 4 billion. A Sagan is a humorous Unit of measurement equal to at least 4 billion

He wrote a sequel to Cosmos, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, which was selected as a notable book of 1995 by The New York Times. Pale Blue Dot A Vision of the Human Future in Space ( 1994) is a non-fiction book by Carl Sagan. He appeared on PBS' Charlie Rose program in January 1995. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Charlie Rose (born Charles Peete Rose Jr, on January 5, 1942) is an American TV interviewer and journalist [13] Sagan also wrote an introduction for the bestselling book by Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time. Stephen William Hawking CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942 is a British theoretical physicist. A Brief History of Time is a Popular science Book written by Stephen Hawking and first published by the Bantam Dell Publishing Group

Sagan caused mixed reactions among other professional scientists. On the one hand, there was general support for his popularization of science, his efforts to increase scientific understanding among the general public, and his positions in favor of scientific skepticism and against pseudoscience; most notably his debunking of the book Worlds in Collision by Immanuel Velikovsky. Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the A debunker is an individual who discredits and exposes claims as being false exaggerated unscientific or pretentious Worlds in Collision is a book written by Immanuel Velikovsky and first published on April 3 1950 by Macmillan Publishers. Immanuel Velikovsky ( Иммануил Великовский) ( Vitebsk, June 10, 1895 ( NS) &ndash November 17, On the other hand, there was some unease that the public would misunderstand some of the personal positions and interests that Sagan took as being part of the scientific consensus.

Late in his life, Sagan's books developed his skeptical, naturalistic view of the world. Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is In The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, he presented tools for testing arguments and detecting fallacious or fraudulent ones, essentially advocating wide use of critical thinking and the scientific method. The Demon-Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark is a book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan and his wife Ann Druyan, which was first published Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena The compilation, Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium, published in 1997 after Sagan's death, contains essays written by Sagan, such as his views on abortion, and his widow Ann Druyan's account of his death as a skeptic, agnostic, and freethinker. Billions and Billions Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium, published by Random House in 1997 (ISBN 0-679-41160-7 is the last book written An In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds that Beliefs should be formed on the basis of Science and Logic and should not be influenced

In 2006, Ann Druyan edited Sagan's 1985 Glasgow Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology into a new book, The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, in which he elaborates on his views of divinity in the natural world. The Gifford Lectures were established by the will of Adam Lord Gifford (died 1887) Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe.

Personal life and beliefs

In 1966, Sagan was asked to contribute an interview about the possibility of extraterrestrials to a proposed introduction to the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C Sagan responded by saying that he wanted editorial control and a percentage of the film's takings, which was rejected. [14]

In 1994, Apple Computer began developing the Power Macintosh 7100. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics The Power Macintosh 7100 was a high-end Apple Macintosh Personal computer that was designed manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from March 1994 They chose the internal code name "Carl Sagan", the in-joke being that the mid-range PowerMac 7100 would make Apple "billions and billions. "[2] Though the project name was strictly internal and never used in public marketing, when Sagan learned of this internal usage he sued Apple Computer to force the use of a different project name. Other models released conjointly had code names such as "Cold fusion" and "Piltdown Man", and he was displeased at being associated with what he considered pseudoscience. Cold fusion, sometimes called low energy nuclear reactions (LENR or condensed matter nuclear science, is a set of effects reported in controversial laboratory experiments The "Piltdown Man" is a famous hoax consisting of fragments of a skull and jawbone collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown a village near Uckfield (He was at the time writing a book debunking pseudoscience. ) Though Sagan lost the suit, Apple engineers complied with his demands anyway, renaming the project "BHA" (for Butt-Head Astronomer). From the 1980s to the present Apple Inc has been plaintiff or defendant in civil actions in the United States and other countries Sagan promptly sued Apple for libel over the new name, claiming that it subjected him to contempt and ridicule, but he lost this lawsuit as well. Still, the 7100 saw another name change: it was finally referred to internally as "LAW" (Lawyers Are Wimps). [15][16]

Sagan wrote frequently about religion and the relationship between religion and science, expressing his skepticism about many conventional conceptualizations of God. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Sagan once stated, for instance, that "The idea that God is an oversized white male with a flowing beard, who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by 'God,' one means the set of physical laws that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. A physical law or scientific law is a Scientific generalization based on empirical Observations of physical behavior (i This God is emotionally unsatisfying. . . it does not make much sense to pray to the law of gravity. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another "[17] Sagan is also widely regarded as a freethinker or skeptic; one of his most famous quotations as seen in Cosmos, was "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. " (This was actually based on a nearly identical earlier quote by fellow CSICOP founder Marcello Truzzi, "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSI) formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ( CSICOP) is a Marcello Truzzi ( September 6, 1935 — February 2, 2003) was a Professor of Sociology at Eastern Michigan University "[18] The quote is also known, under different wording, as the principle of Laplace — attributed to Pierre-Simon Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827), a French mathematician and astronomer: "The weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. "

Sagan married three times: to biologist Lynn Margulis, mother of Dorion Sagan and Jeremy Sagan, in 1957; to artist Linda Salzman, mother of Nick Sagan, in 1968; and to author Ann Druyan, mother of Alexandra Rachel (Sasha) and Samuel Democritus (Sam), in 1981. Lynn Margulis (born March 5, 1938) is an American Biologist and University Professor in the Department of Geosciences Dorion Sagan (b 1959 in Madison Wisconsin) is an American Science writer. Jeremy Sagan (born 1960 is an American computer programmer. He is the founder of Sagan Technology and author of Metro an audio MIDI and video Linda Salzman Sagan (born July 16, 1940) is an Artist and Writer, famed for creating the artwork for the plaque on the Pioneer spacecraft Nick Sagan (b September 16, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American Novelist and Screenwriter. Ann Druyan (born June 13, 1949) is an American Author and media producer known for her involvement in many projects aiming to popularize and His marriage to Druyan continued until his death in 1996.

Isaac Asimov described Sagan as one of only two people he ever met who was smarter than Asimov himself. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian The other was computer scientist and expert on artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of Artificial intelligence (AI co-founder

Sagan was a user of marijuana. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a Under the pseudonym "Mr. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) X", he wrote an essay concerning cannabis smoking in the 1971 book Marihuana Reconsidered, whose editor was Sagan's close friend Lester Grinspoon. Lester Grinspoon is Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and the author of several drug-related books including Marijuana Reconsidered [19][20] In his essay, Sagan wrote how marijuana use had helped to inspire some of his works and enhance sensual and intellectual experiences. After Sagan's death, Grinspoon disclosed this to Sagan's biographer, Keay Davidson. The publishing of this biography, Carl Sagan: A Life, in 1999, brought much media attention to the issue of the use and legalization of marijuana. [21]

Sagan and UFOs

Sagan had some interest in UFO reports from at least 1964, when he had several conversations on the subject with Jacques Vallee. Jacques F Vallée, PhD ( September 24, 1939) is a French -born Venture capitalist Computer scientist, ufologist and former [22] Though quite skeptical of any extraordinary answer to the UFO question, Sagan thought scientists should study the phenomenon, at least because there was widespread public interest in UFO reports.

Stuart Appelle notes that Sagan "wrote frequently on what he perceived as the logical and empirical fallacies regarding UFOs and the abduction experience. Dr Stuart Appelle is a professor and writer with an interest in topics dealing with anomalous perception including hypnotic experience and reports of Unidentified flying objects Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. A fallacy is a component of an Argument which being demonstrably flawed in its Logic or form renders the argument invalid in whole Alien Discussions Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference. Sagan rejected an extraterrestrial explanation for the phenomenon but felt there were both empirical and pedagogical benefits for examining UFO reports and that the subject was, therefore, a legitimate topic of study. The extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH is the Hypothesis that some UFOs are best explained as being creatures or space aliens from other planets Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. "[23]

In 1966, Sagan was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review the Project Blue Book, the U. Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of Unidentified flying objects (UFOs conducted by the United States Air Force (U S. Air Force's UFO investigation project. The committee concluded Blue Book had been lacking as a scientific study, and recommended a university-based project to give the UFO phenomenon closer scientific scrutiny. The result was the Condon Committee (1966-1968), led by physicist Edward Condon, and their still-controversial final report, formally concluded that there was nothing anomalous about UFO reports. The Condon Committee was the informal name of the University of Colorado UFO Project, a study of Unidentified flying objects undertaken at the University Edward Uhler Condon ( March 2 1902 &ndash March 26 1974) was a distinguished American Nuclear physicist, a pioneer

Ron Westrum writes that "The high point of Sagan's treatment of the UFO question was the AAAS's symposium in 1969. Ron Westrum is an American sociologist. Born in Chicago in 1945 Westrum earned a B The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages A wide range of educated opinions on the subject were offered by participants, including not only proponents as James McDonald and J. Allen Hynek but also skeptics like astronomers William Hartmann and Donald Menzel. James E McDonald ( May 7, 1920 to June 13, 1971) was an American Physicist. Josef Allen Hynek ( May 1, 1910 - April 27, 1986) was a United States Astronomer, Professor, and ufologist William K Hartmann is a noted planetary scientist, Author, and Writer, and is currently a senior Scientist at the Planetary Science Institute Donald Howard Menzel ( April 11 1901 &ndash December 14 1976) was an American Astronomer and astrophysicist. The roster of speakers was balanced, and it is to Sagan's credit that this event was presented in spite of pressure from Edward Condon". Edward Uhler Condon ( March 2 1902 &ndash March 26 1974) was a distinguished American Nuclear physicist, a pioneer [22] With physicist Thornton Page, Sagan edited the lectures and discussions given at the symposium; these were published in 1972 as UFO's: A Scientific Debate. Jerome Clark writes that Sagan's perspective on UFO's irked Condon: ". Jerome Clark (born 1946 is an American researcher and Writer, specializing in Unidentified flying objects and other anomalous phenomena he is also a . .  though a skeptic, [Sagan] was too soft on UFOs for Condon's taste. In 1971, [Condon] considered blackballing Sagan from the prestigious Cosmos Club". Blackballing was a rejection technique used in elections to membership of a Gentlemen's club (as well as similarly organised institutions such as Freemasonry The Cosmos Club is a Social club founded in Washington DC by John Wesley Powell in 1878. [24]

Some of Sagan's many books examine UFOs (as did one episode of Cosmos) and he recognized a religious undercurrent to the phenomenon. However, Westrum writes that "Sagan spent very little time researching UFOs . . . he thought that little evidence existed to show that the UFO phenomenon represented alien spacecraft and that the motivation for interpreting UFO observations as spacecraft was emotional". [22]

Sagan again revealed his views on interstellar travel in his 1980 Cosmos series. He rejected the idea that UFOs are visiting Earth, maintaining that the chances any alien spacecraft would visit the Earth are vanishingly small. In one of his last written works, Sagan again argued there was no evidence that aliens have actually visited the Earth, either in the past or present. [25]

Death and legacy

Stone dedicated to Carl Sagan in the Celebrity Path of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Stone dedicated to Carl Sagan in the Celebrity Path of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden

After a long and difficult fight with myelodysplasia, which included three bone marrow transplant]]s, Sagan died of pneumonia at the age of 62, leaving behind a wife and five children on December 20, 1996, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS formerly known as "preleukemia" are a diverse collection of hematological conditions united by ineffective production (or Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Nobel Prize Recipients The Hutchinson Center is home to three recipients of the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Sagan was a significant figure, and his supporters credit his importance to his popularization of the natural sciences, opposing both restraints on science and reactionary applications of science, defending democratic traditions, resisting nationalism, defending humanism, and arguing against geocentric and anthropocentric views. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal In Astronomy, the geocentric model of the Universe is the superseded theory that the Earth is the center of the universe and other Anthropocentrism (from Greek άνθρωπος anthropos, "human being" and κέντρον kentron, "center" Anthropos (the term .

After landing, the unmanned Mars Pathfinder spacecraft was renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station on July 5, 1997. The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Asteroid 2709 Sagan is also named in his honor. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2709 Sagan is a small main belt Asteroid, which was discovered

The 1997 movie Contact, based on Sagan's novel of the same name and finished after his death, ends with the dedication "For Carl. Contact is a 1997 Science fiction film adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. "

On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan’s 67th birthday, the NASA Ames Research Center dedicated the site for the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Cosmos. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC is a NASA facility located at Moffett Federal Airfield, which covers 43 acres at the borders of the cities of Mountain View "Carl was an incredible visionary, and now his legacy can be preserved and advanced by a 21st century research and education laboratory committed to enhancing our understanding of life in the universe and furthering the cause of space exploration for all time", said NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin. Daniel Saul Goldin (born July 23, 1940) served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of NASA from April 1, 1992, to Ann Druyan was at the center as it opened its doors on October 22, 2006. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Sagan's son, Nick Sagan, wrote several episodes in the Star Trek franchise. Nick Sagan (b September 16, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American Novelist and Screenwriter. In an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise entitled "Terra Prime", a quick shot is shown of the relic rover Sojourner, part of the Mars Pathfinder mission, placed by a historical marker at Carl Sagan Memorial Station on the Martian surface. Star Trek Enterprise (simply titled Enterprise prior to season three is a Science fiction Television program created by Brannon The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor The marker displays a quote from Sagan: "Whatever the reason you're on Mars, I'm glad you're there, and I wish I was with you. "

Sagan has at least three awards named in his honour: the Carl Sagan Memorial Award presented jointly since 1997 by the American Astronautical Society (AAS) and the Planetary Society; the Carl Sagan Medal for Excellence in Public Communication in Planetary Science presented since 1998 by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences (AAS/DPS) for outstanding communication by an active planetary scientist to the general public. The Carl Sagan Memorial Award is an award presented jointly by the American Astronautical Society (AAS and the Planetary Society to an individual or group with outstanding Formed in 1954 the American Astronautical Society (AAS is the premier independent scientific and technical group in the United States exclusively The Planetary Society is a large publicly supported non-government and not-for-profit organization that has many research projects related to Astronomy. The Carl Sagan Medal for Excellence in Public Communication in Planetary Science was established by the Division for Planetary Sciences to recognize and honor outstanding communication The Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS is a division within the American Astronomical Society (AAS devoted to solar system research Carl Sagan was one of the original organizing committee members of the DPS; and the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science presented by Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP). The Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science is an award presented by the Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP to individuals who have become “concurrently Sagan himself was the first recipient of the CSSP award in 1993. [26]

Sagan's student Steve Squyres led the team that landed the Spirit Rover and Opportunity Rover successfully on Mars in 2004. Steven W Squyres (born 1957) is the Goldwin Smith Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University in MER-A ( Mars Exploration Rover - A) known as Spirit, is the first of the two rovers of NASA 's Mars Exploration Rover MER-B ( Mars Exploration Rover - B) known as Opportunity, is the second of the two rovers of NASA 's Mars Exploration

On December 20, 2006, the tenth anniversary of Sagan's death, a blogger, Joel Schlosberg, organized a Carl Sagan "blog-a-thon" to commemorate Sagan's death, and the idea was supported by Nick Sagan. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [1] Many members of the blogging community participated.

Awards and honors

NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal
NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal

Bibliography

By Sagan

About Sagan

References

  1. ^ StarChild: Dr. Carl Sagan. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  2. ^ a b Poundstone, William (1999). Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos. New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp. 363-364, 374-375. ISBN 0805057668.  
  3. ^ Davidson, Keay (1999). Carl Sagan: A Life. John Wiley & Sons, p. 33-41. ISBN 0471252867.  
  4. ^ Graduate students receive first Sagan teaching awards
  5. ^ Much of Sagan's research in the field of planetary science is outlined by William Poundstone. Poundstone's biography of Sagan includes an eight page list of Sagan's scientific articles published from 1957 to 1998. Detailed information about Sagan's scientific work comes from the primary research articles. Example: Sagan, C. , Thompson, W. R. , and Khare, B. N. Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic Chemistry, Accounts of Chemical Research, volume 25, page 286 (1992). There is commentary on this research article about Titan at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight.
  6. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sagan, Carl Edward. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  7. ^ The Planetary Society accessdate=2007-05-14. Carl Sagan. The Planetary Society.
  8. ^ Turco RP, Toon OB, Ackerman TP, Pollack JB, Sagan C. Climate and smoke: an appraisal of nuclear winter, Science, volume 247, pages 166-176 (1990). Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific PubMed abstract|JSTORE link to full text article. Carl Sagan discussed his involvement in the political nuclear winter debates and his erroneous global cooling prediction for the Gulf War fires in his book, The Demon-Haunted World. The Demon-Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark is a book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan and his wife Ann Druyan, which was first published
  9. ^ Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World. p. 257.
  10. ^ www. mnsu. edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl. html
  11. ^ Meet Dr. Carl Sagan. The Science Channel. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  12. ^ Sagan, Carl; p. 3-4 (1998). Billions and Billions. Billions and Billions Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium, published by Random House in 1997 (ISBN 0-679-41160-7 is the last book written New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-37918-7.  
  13. ^ [Sagan, Astronomer: Author of Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space]. Interview with Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose. PBS New York. 5 January 1995.  Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. starts at 00:39:29
  14. ^ Anthony Barnes (23 October 2005). 2001: The secrets of Kubrick's classic. The Independent. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  15. ^ This Week in Apple History: November 14-20. The Mac Observer.
  16. ^ CARL SAGAN, Plaintiff, v. APPLE COMPUTER, INC. , Defendant CV 94-2180 LGB (BRx) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 874 F. Supp. 1072; 1994 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 20154 June 27, 1994, Decided June 27, 1994, FILED
  17. ^ A similar quote can be found in Chapter 23 of Sagan's book Broca's Brain. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Broca's Brain Reflections on the Romance of Science is a 1979 book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan. "Some people think God is an outsized, light-skinned male with a long white beard, sitting on a throne somewhere up there in the sky, busily tallying the fall of every sparrow. Others — for example Baruch Spinoza and Albert Einstein — considered God to be essentially the sum total of the physical laws which describe the universe. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical I do not know of any compelling evidence for anthropomorphic patriarchs controlling human destiny from some hidden celestial vantage point, but it would be madness to deny the existence of physical laws. "
  18. ^ Marcello Truzzi (1998). On Some Unfair Practices towards Claims of the Paranormal. Oxymoron: Annual Thematic Anthology of the Arts and Sciences, Vol. 2: The Fringe. Oxymoron Media, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  19. ^ Grinspoon, Lester, M. D. (1994). Marihuana Reconsidered, 2nd edition, Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives. ISBN 0932551130.  
  20. ^ Carl Sagan (1971). Mr. X. Marihuana Reconsidered. Marijuana Uses. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  21. ^ a. Dr David Whitehouse. "Carl Sagan: A life in the cosmos", BBC News, 15 October 1999. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
    b. "Billions and Billions of '60s Flashbacks", San Francisco Examiner, 22 August 1999. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
    c. Dana Larsen. "Carl Sagan: Toking Astronomer", Cannabis Culture magazine, 1 November 1999. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
  22. ^ a b c Westrum, Ron; Jacobs, David Michael (ed. ) (2000). "Limited Access: Six Natural Scientists and the UFO Phenomenon", UFOs and abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, p. 30-55. ISBN 0700610324.  
  23. ^ Appelle, Stuart; Jacobs, David Michael (ed. ) (2000). "Ufology and Academia: The UFO Phenomenon as a Scholarly Discipline", UFOs and abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, p. 7-30. ISBN 0700610324.  
  24. ^ Clark, Jeromne (1998). The UFO book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press, p. 603. ISBN 1578590299.  
  25. ^ Sagan, 1996: 81-96, 99-104
  26. ^ Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science. The Council of Scientific Society Presidents. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.

External links


Persondata
NAME Sagan, Carl Edward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Astronomy and planetary science
DATE OF BIRTH November 9, 1934(1934-11-09)
PLACE OF BIRTH Brooklyn, New York
DATE OF DEATH December 20, 1996
PLACE OF DEATH Seattle, Washington
Charlie Rose is an American television interview show with Charlie Rose as executive producer executive editor and host WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic