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Carl Peter Thunberg
Carl Peter Thunberg
Flora Japonica
Flora Japonica
Prodromus Plantarum
Prodromus Plantarum

Carl Peter Thunberg (November 11, 1743–August 8, 1828) was a Swedish naturalist. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods He has been called "the father of South African botany" and the "Japanese Linnaeus". The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for

Contents

Early life

Thunberg was born at Jönköping, and became a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus at Uppsala University. Jönköping is a city in Småland in southern Sweden with 84423 inhabitants (2005 Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Uppsala University ( Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a world-class research University in Uppsala, Sweden. There he studied natural philosophy and medicine, and took his degree in 1767. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In 1770, he left Sweden for Paris, to continue his studies in medicine and natural history. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

In 1771, during a stay in Amsterdam and Leiden, he studied their botanical gardens and musea. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. He was invited to visit the Dutch colonies and Japan to collect specimens for Dutch botanical gardens. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. He left in December 1771, as the ship's surgeon in the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian After his arrival at Cape Town, Cape Colony, he stayed there for three years in order to learn the Dutch language and to be able to pass himself off as a Dutchman, as Japan at that time was only open to Protestant Dutch merchants. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town. He also became a doctor of medicine. During his three expeditions in the interior, he collected a significant number of specimens of both flora and fauna.

Thunberg then sailed to Java in March 1775. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. He stayed in Batavia for two months.

Japan

In August 1775 he arrived at the Dutch factory of the V.O.C. (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) at Dejima, a small artificial island (120 m by 75 m) in the Bay of Nagasaki, connected to the city by a single small bridge. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku An artificial island is an Island that has been constructed by humans rather than formed by natural means ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. He was appointed head surgeon (1775-1776) of this trading-post. But, like the Dutch, he was hardly allowed to leave the island. Nevertheless, he was one of the few to be allowed to conduct some botanical research ashore.

In order to obtain more specimens, he traded his knowledge of European medicine with Japanese interpreters for new specimens. In mid 1776, at last, he was allowed to accompany the director of the Dutch settlement to the shogun in Edo (the old name of Tokyo). is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. During this slow travel, he was able to collect many Japanese plants. His scientific activities resulted in the first detailed description of the flora and fauna of Japan: “Flora Japonica”. Many of the plants which he gave the epithet “japonica” were actually Chinese plants which had been introduced into Japan, and many plants which he described as living in the wild were actually garden plants.

He also wrote about his adventures on his trip to Japan and about his stay in the book “Voyages de C. P. Thunberg au Japon par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, les Isles de la Sonde, etc. ” (“Voyages of C. P. Thunberg to Japan, along the Cape of Good Hope, the Islands of Sunda etc. ”). He sketched a sombre view of his stay at Dejima. In this book he also sketches several aspects of daily life in Japan (such as obligatory walking on the left side of the road).

Thunberg left Japan in November 1776. After a short stay in Java, he arrived at Colombo Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in July 1777. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island He made several travels, such as the one to the Dutch settlement at Galle, and collected a great number of plants. Galle (ගාල්ල in Sinhala; காலி in Tamil) (pronounced as one syllable in English gɔːl the same as "Gaul" and in Sinhalese

Return to Sweden

In February 1778, Thunberg left Ceylon for Amsterdam, passing by at the Cape and staying there for two weeks. He finally arrived at Amsterdam in October 1778.

He returned to Sweden in 1779. But first he made a short trip to London and made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of He saw there the Japanese collection from 1680’s of the German naturalist Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716), who had preceded him at Dejima. Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician. He also met Forster, who introduced him to his collections he had obtained during Cook’s second voyage. Johann Reinhold Forster ( October 22, 1729 &ndash December 9, 1798) was a German naturalist of partial Scottish Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and

On arrival in Sweden in March 1779, he was informed of the death of Linnaeus, one year earlier. He was first appointed botanical demonstrator in 1777, and in 1781 professor of medicine and natural philosophy at the University of Uppsala. His publications and specimens resulted in many new taxa.

He published his Flora japonica in 1784, and in 1788 he began to publish his travels. He completed his Prodomus plantarum in 1800, his Icones plantarum japonicarum in 1805, and his Flora capensis in 1813. He published numerous memoirs in the transactions of many Swedish and other scientific societies, of sixty-six of which he was an honorary member.

He died at Thunaberg near Uppsala on August 8, 1828. Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

A genus of tropical plants (Thunbergia, family Acanthaceae), which are cultivated as evergreen climbers, is named after him. Thunbergia is a Genus of Flowering plants in the Family Acanthaceae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar The family Acanthaceae (or Acanthus family) is a taxon of Dicotyledonous Flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species

Thunberg is cited in naming some 254 species of both plants and animals (though significantly more plants than animals).

Selected publications

Botany

Entomology

References

See also

The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era (1737-1800 also known as, was a late-18th century Nagasaki bugyō or governor of Nagasaki port located on southwestern shore of Kyūshū
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