Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Alexander Roslin ( July 15, 1718 &ndash July 5, 1793) was a Swedish portrait painter Currently owned by and displayed at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden.
Born	May 13, 1707(1707-05-13) (see article note:[1]) Råshult, Älmhult, Sweden
Died	January 10, 1778 (aged 70) Uppsala, Sweden
Residence	Sweden
Nationality	Swedish
Fields	Zoology, Medicine, Botany
Alma mater	Uppsala University University of Harderwijk
Known for	Taxonomy Ecology Botany
Author abbreviation (botany)	L. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Råshult is a village just north of Älmhult in Kronoberg County, Småland, Sweden. Älmhult Municipality ( Älmhults kommun) is a municipality in central Kronoberg County in southern Sweden, where the town of Älmhult "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Uppsala University ( Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a world-class research University in Uppsala, Sweden. The University of Harderwijk (1648-1811 also named the Guelders Academy, was located in the town of Harderwijk, in the Republic of the United Provinces Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life In Botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person (or group of people who validly published a Botanical name, i
Religious stance	Church of Sweden
Signature
Notes Linnaeus adopted the name Carl von Linné after his 1761 ennoblement awarded him the title von. The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan Ruoŧa girkui is the largest church in Sweden. The Swedish House of Lords (Riddarhuset means either the corporation of the Swedish nobility or the palace of the nobility. In German, von is a Preposition which approximately means of or from. He is the father of Carolus Linnaeus the Younger. Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus the Younger ( 20 January 1741 &ndash 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist

Carl Linnaeus (Carl Linné, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné  (help·info), May 23 new style (13 May old style), 1707^[1] – January 10, 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist^[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of Binomial nomenclature. The Swedish nobility ( Adeln) were historically a legally privileged class in Sweden, part of the so-called Frälse (a classification Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology (see History of ecology). Taxonomy, sometimes alpha taxonomy, is the Science of finding describing and categorising Organisms thus giving rise to taxonomic groups or taxa Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Ecology is generally spoken of as a new science having only become prominent in the second half of the 20th Century

Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. is a historical province ( landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne Halland, His father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent last name; prior to that, ancestors had used the patronymic naming system of Scandinavian countries. A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father His father adopted the Latin-form name Linnaeus after a giant linden tree on the family homestead. Linnaeus got most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures of botany there in 1730. Uppsala University ( Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a world-class research University in Uppsala, Sweden. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life He lived abroad between 1735–1738 where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of botany at Uppsala. Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of In the 1740s he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s he continued to collect and classify animals, plants and mineralia; publishing several volumes. At the time of his death, he was widely renowned throughout Europe as one of the most acclaimed scientists of the time.

The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth. "^[3] The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer William Shakespeare ( baptised Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, "^[3] Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist". ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. ^[4]

The author abbreviation used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species names is simply L.

Name

The name of this scientist comes in different variants: 'Carl Linnaeus', 'Carolus Linnaeus' and 'Carl von Linné', sometimes just 'Carl Linné'. There is often confusion about his real Swedish name, as opposed to the Latinized form 'Carolus Linnaeus' he used most when he published his scientific works in Latin.

In Linnaeus' time, most Swedes had no surnames. Linnaeus' grandfather was named Ingemar Bengtsson (son of Bengt), following the long-standing Scandinavian tradition of sons' bearing, as surnames, their fathers' given names with -son appended; Linnaeus' father was known as Nils Ingemarsson (son of Ingemar). Only for registration purposes, for example when matriculating at a university, one needed a surname. In the academic world, Latin was the language of choice, so when Linnaeus' father went to the University of Lund, he coined himself a Latin surname: Linnaeus, referring to a large linden (lime) tree,^[5] the warden tree of the family property Linnagård (linn being an archaic form of Swedish lind, the linden). Lund University (Lunds universitet located in Lund in southernmost Sweden is one of Sweden 's most prestigious Universities and one of Scandinavia Tilia cordata ( Small-leaved Lime, occasionally Small-leaved Linden is a species of Tilia native to much of Europe and western In Norse mythology, a vörðr (" warden," "watcher" or "caretaker" is a warden spirit believed to follow from birth to death the soul In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus gave his son the name Carl. So the Swedish name of the boy was Carl Linnaeus. ^[6]

When Carl Linnaeus enrolled in private school as student at the University of Lund, he was registered as 'Carolus Linnaeus'. This Latinized form was the name he used when he published his works in Latin. After he was ennobled, in 1761,^[7] he took the name Carl von Linné. 'Linné' is thus a shortened version of 'Linnaeus', 'von' is added to signify his ennoblement.

Signature of Carolus Linnaeus (who at the time wrote it as Carl v. A signature (from Latin signare, " Sign " is a handwritten (and sometimes stylized depiction of someone's name nickname or even a simple Linné).

Doorway to the summer home bedroom of Linnaeus showing his personal motto, "Innocue vivito, numen adest", Live righteously- the deity is present.

When referring to or citing the author Linnaeus, it is appropriate to use 'Carl Linnaeus', 'Carolus Linnaeus' or just 'Linnaeus'. 'Carl von Linné' seems to be less suitable, especially for the works he published before 1762. On the title page of the second edition of Species plantarum (1762) the author's name is still printed as 'Carolus Linnaeus' (or rather the genitive form 'Caroli Linnaei') but from then on, his name is quite consistently printed as 'Carolus v. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Linne' or 'Carl von Linné'. Stafleu^[2] uses 'Carl Linnaeus' as the author's name for all his works. In Sweden, he is commonly known by his ennobled name Carl von Linné.

The adjectival form of his name is usually 'Linnaean', but the prestigious Linnean Society of London has a journal The Linnean, awards the Linnean Medal, and so on. The Linnean Society of London is the World 's premier society for the study and dissemination of Taxonomy and natural history The Linnean Medal (formerly referred to as the Gold Medal) of the Linnean Society of London was established in 1888 and is awarded annually to alternately a botanist

Biography

Early life

Statue of Linné outside the city library in Lund

Linnaeus was born on the farm Råshult, located in Älmhult Municipality, in the province of Småland in southern Sweden, on May 23, 1707. (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000 Råshult is a village just north of Älmhult in Kronoberg County, Småland, Sweden. Älmhult Municipality ( Älmhults kommun) is a municipality in central Kronoberg County in southern Sweden, where the town of Älmhult is a historical province ( landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne Halland, "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He was groomed as a youth to be a churchman, walking in his father's path, but showed little enthusiasm for it. In 1717 he was sent to the primary school at the city Växjö, and in 1724 he passed to the gymnasium there, but with meager results in the clerical faculty. Växjö (vɛkːɧøː is a city in Småland in southern Sweden. Instead his interest in botany made an impression on a local physician, who realized there might be a future in the field for the young Linnaeus, and on his recommendation Linnaeus's father sent his son to study at the closest university, Lund University. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Lund University (Lunds universitet located in Lund in southernmost Sweden is one of Sweden 's most prestigious Universities and one of Scandinavia Linnaeus studied in Lund and tried to make something of the botanical garden there, but because it had been neglected, it was suggested to him that he would have better prospects at the University of Uppsala; Linnaeus left for Uppsala within a year. Uppsala University ( Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a world-class research University in Uppsala, Sweden. ^[8]

His time in Uppsala was financially rough, until he became acquainted with the renowned scientist Olof Celsius, uncle of astronomer Anders Celsius, who came up with the temperature scale that was given his name. Olof Celsius ( July 19 1670 - June 24 1756) was a Swedish Botanist, Philologist and clergyman He was a professor Anders Celsius ( November 27, 1701 &ndash April 25, 1744 in Uppsala) was a Swedish astronomer. Celsius, impressed with Linnaeus's knowledge and botanical collections, offered him board and lodging. ^[8]

During this period, he came upon a work which ultimately led to the establishment of his artificial system of plant classification. This was a review of Sébastien Vaillant's Sermo de Structura Florum (Leiden, 1718), a thin quarto in French and Latin. Sébastien Vaillant ( May 26, 1669 - May 20, 1722) was a French Botanist. Through this, he became convinced of the importance of the stamens and pistils, about which he wrote a short treatise on the sexes of plants in 1729. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. This caught the attention of Olof Rudbeck the Younger (1660-1740), the professor of botany in the university, who subsequently appointed Linnaeus his adjunct. Olaus Rudbeckius, junior or Olof Rudbeck (dy (1660-1740 Swedish explorer and scientist son of Olaus Rudbeck Sr. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies In 1730, Linnaeus began giving lectures in the faculty. ^[8]

In 1732 the Academy of Sciences at Uppsala financed Linnaeus on an expedition to Lappland in northernmost Sweden, then virtually unknown. Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of Lapland (Lappland is a province in northernmost Sweden. It borders Jämtland, Ångermanland, Västerbotten, Norrbotten The result of this was first The Florula Lapponica (the first work to use the Sexual System) and later the Flora Lapponica published in 1737. His journey to sub-Arctic Lapland is notable for exotic and adventurous episodes.

Carl Linnaeus dressed in Lapp costume. Portrait made in Netherlands, by Martin Hoffman in Hartecamp, 1737^[9]

Travel and research

In 1735 Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands, where he was to spend the next three years. Hartekamp Heemstede summer home of George Clifford on the Bennebroek border who hired Linnaeus in 1737 to write his ' Hortus Cliffortianus The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Here he earned his only academic degree, at the University of Harderwijk, in 6 days. The University of Harderwijk (1648-1811 also named the Guelders Academy, was located in the town of Harderwijk, in the Republic of the United Provinces This degree in Medicine consisted of a three day printing job of his botanical notes in Latin. He met with Albertus Seba, a drugist, and the botanist Jan Frederik Gronovius and showed him a draft of his work on taxonomy, the Systema Naturae. Albertus Seba ( May 12 1665, Etzel near Friedeburg - May 2 1736, Amsterdam) was a Dutch pharmacist zoologist and collector Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus) ( Feb 10 1686, Leiden - Jul 10 1762 The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. This was published in the Netherlands the same year, as an eleven page work. ^[8] Linnaeus stayed in the Netherlands for 12 months, until he made a journey to London in 1736, where he visited Oxford University and met several highly regarded people, such as the physicist Hans Sloane, the botanist Philip Miller and the professor of botany J. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Sir Hans Sloane 1st Baronet, PRS ( 16 April, 1660 &ndash 11 January, 1753) was an Ulster-Scot Physician and Philip Miller ( 1691 - 18 December 1771) was a botanist of Scottish descent J. Dillenius. The journey lasted a few months, after which he returned to Amsterdam, and continued the printing of his Genera Plantarum, the starting point of his taxonomy.

View of Hartekamp from the Leiden-Haarlem canal, with the famous 'Hortus Cliffortianus' or garden of George Clifford in Heemstede as it is today

In 1737 Linnaeus spent a year studying and working on the Heemstede garden of George Clifford, a wealthy Amsterdam banker introduced to him by Herman Boerhaave. The Hortus Cliffortianus was a masterpiece of early botanical literature published in 1738 Heemstede ( is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. George Clifford III ( 7 January 1685, Amsterdam - 10 April 1760, Heemstede) was a wealty Dutch banker and one of the directors Herman Boerhaave ( Voorhout, December 31, 1668 - Leiden, September 23, 1738) was a Dutch botanist humanist Clifford had many business connections with Dutch merchants and collected plants from around the world. His garden was famous. Linnaeus published the description of Clifford's garden as Hortus Cliffortianus. The Hortus Cliffortianus was a masterpiece of early botanical literature published in 1738 In 1738, the work was done, and he started his journey back home. On his way he stayed in Leiden for a year, during which he had his Classes Plantarum printed; then travelling to Paris, before setting sail for Stockholm. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the ^[8]

Back in Sweden

Returning to Sweden in 1738, he practiced medicine (specializing in the treatment of syphilis) and lectured in Stockholm before being awarded a professorship at Uppsala in 1741. At Uppsala, in the University's botanical garden, he arranged the plants according to his system of classification; he then made three more expeditions to various parts of Sweden and inspired a generation of students. Linnaeus continued to revise his Systema Naturae, which grew from a slim pamphlet into a multivolume work, as his ideas were changing and more and more plant and animal specimens were sent to him from every corner of the globe. His pride in his work was very much evident; he thought of himself as a second Adam. He liked to say ' Deus creavit, Linnaeus disposuit, ' Latin for, "God created, Linnaeus organized". This self-perception was further shown by the artwork on the cover of his Systema Naturae, which depicts a man giving Linnaean names to new creatures as they are created in the Garden of Eden.

Wedding portrait of Linnaeus painted by J. H. Scheffel in 1739. Considered scandalous because he is showing some abdominal skin.

Arriving in Stockholm, he settled as a physician. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health In September 1739 Linnaeus married Sara Elisabeth Morea (Moræaus) and the marriage took place at her family farm Sveden outside Falun; Sara he had met on one of his first scientific journeys to the county of Dalarna already five years earlier 1734. In 1739 he was one of the founders of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Kungliga vetenskapsakademin). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. In 1741 he ascended to the chair of medicine at Uppsala and moved there. The position was soon exchanged for the chair of botany. ^[8]

In 1743-44, Linnaeus designed today's thermometer scale by reversing that invented by Anders Celsius (1701-1744)--originally 100 was the melting point of ice and 0 water’s boiling point[3]. Anders Celsius ( November 27, 1701 &ndash April 25, 1744 in Uppsala) was a Swedish astronomer. Throughout the 1740s he conducted numerous field trips to many locations in Sweden to classify plants and animals: in 1741 to the Stora Alvaret on Öland and also to Gotland; in 1746 to Västergötland; and in 1749 to Scania including visits to the Kullaberg. The Stora Alvaret is a limestone barren plain on the island of Öland, Sweden. is the second largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional Provinces of Sweden. is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the largest Island in the Baltic Sea. is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish situated in the southwest of Sweden. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Kullaberg is a Nature reserve situated on a Peninsula of land protruding into the Kattegat in Höganäs Municipality near the town of The reports of each travel were published in the Swedish language to be accessible for the general public. Apart from containing many important reports of common life of that time, they have in recent years been appreciated for their fine treatment of the Swedish language, indeed putting Linnaeus as one of the foremost Swedish writers of the 18th century. ^[10]

The Linnaean garden has been maintained and can still be visited in Uppsala today

When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classifications, extending them to the kingdom of animals and the kingdom of minerals. The last may seem somewhat odd, but the theory of evolution was still a long time away. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Linnaeus was only attempting a convenient way of categorizing the elements of the natural world.

The Swedish king, Adolf Fredrik, ennobled Linnaeus in 1757, and after the privy council finally had confirmed the ennoblement (in 1761 after a few years of discussions) Linnaeus took the surname von Linné, later often signing just Carl Linné. Adolf Frederick (Adolf Fredrik ( 14 May 1710 – 12 February 1771) was King of Sweden from 1751 until his death

In some portraits of Linnaeus, including three with this article, he is shown bearing a sprig of Twinflower, one of his favorite plants, afterwards named in his honor, Linnaea borealis. Linnaea borealis, commonly known as Twinflower (sometimes written twin flower) is a woodland Subshrub, treated either in the family Linnaea borealis, commonly known as Twinflower (sometimes written twin flower) is a woodland Subshrub, treated either in the family It is the only species in its genus, and, as it is circumboreal, it can be encountered in cool northern regions of both the Old World and the New. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Vaccinium vitis-idaea 20060824 003jpg|thumb|right| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ]]Alnus-viridis The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.

Last years

The Linnaeus summer home at Hammarby, south of Uppsala.

Tombstone of father and son Linnaeus in Uppsala Cathedral

After his ennoblement, he continued teaching and writing. The Cathedral of Uppsala (Uppsala domkyrka located centrally in the city of Uppsala, Sweden, dates back to the late 13th century and at a height His reputation had spread over the world, and he corresponded with many different people. For example, Catherine II of Russia sent him seeds from her country. Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years ^[11] He also corresponded with Joannes A. Scopoli, "the Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire", who was a doctor and a botanist in Idrija, Duchy of Carniola (nowadays Slovenia). Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopoli) ( June 3, 1723 &ndash May 8, 1788) was a Tyrolian Idrija (Italian Idria) is a small town and municipality with the same name in Slovenia. The Duchy of Carniola ( Vojvodina Kranjska, Herzogtum Krain) was an administrative unit of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1849 to 1918 Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Scopoli communicated all of his research, findings, and descriptions (for example, olm and dormouse, two little animals which were not known to Linnaeus) to him for several years, but because of the great distance they were never able to meet. The olm, or proteus ( Proteus anguinus) is a blind Amphibian endemic to the subterranean waters of caves of the Dinaric Dormice are Rodents of the family Gliridae. (This family is also variously called Myoxidae or Muscardinidae by different taxonomists Linnaeus named for him the solanaceous genus Scopolia from which scopolamine is derived. Scopolia is a genus of five species of Flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, native to Europe and Asia. The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real hyoscine accurately Of Linnaeus' children, five reached adult age: four girls and one boy. Only the boy, Carolus Linnaeus the Younger, was allowed to study. Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus the Younger ( 20 January 1741 &ndash 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist He did not have the same passion as his father, but managed to make a reputation in botany. At the father's death, the son succeeded him as professor; however, he died only five years later. The son is commonly referred to as filius (abbreviated "L. f. ") to distinguish him from his famous father. ^[11]

Linnaeus' last years were troubled by weak health, and he suffered from gout and tooth aches. Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. ^[11] A stroke in 1774 greatly weakened him, and two years later he suffered another, losing the use of his right side. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain He died in January 1778 in Uppsala, during a ceremony in Uppsala Cathedral. The Cathedral of Uppsala (Uppsala domkyrka located centrally in the city of Uppsala, Sweden, dates back to the late 13th century and at a height He was buried in the cathedral. ^[8]

Linnaean taxonomy

Main article: Linnaean taxonomy

Linnaeus's prime contribution to taxonomy was to establish conventions for the naming of living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world--the work of Linnaeus represents the starting point of binomial nomenclature. Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time In addition Linnaeus developed, during the great 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, what became known as the Linnaean taxonomy; the system of scientific classification now widely used in the biological sciences. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles

The Linnaean system classified nature within a hierarchy, starting with three kingdoms. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system Kingdoms were divided into Classes and they, in turn, into Orders, which were divided into Genera (singular: genus), which were divided into Species (singular: species). Below the rank of species he sometimes recognized taxa of a lower (unnamed) rank (for plants these are now called "varieties").

His groupings were based upon shared physical characteristics. Only his groupings for animals remain to this day, and the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since Linnaeus' conception, as have the principles behind them. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics. While the underlying details concerning what are considered to be scientifically valid 'observable characteristics' has changed with expanding knowledge (for example, DNA sequencing, unavailable in Linnaeus' time, has proven to be a tool of considerable utility for classifying living organisms and establishing their relationships to each other), the fundamental principle remains sound. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known

Linnaeus is regarded by some contemporary humanities scholars as "The Father of Scientific racism". Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews The charge is that, through his works he bound observable differences in 'race' with uncorroborated discriminatory stereotypes that precisely elevated the European 'race' above the "darker" races. It also made divisions that were biologically and taxonomically unsound, leading (some speculate) to the institution of scientific racism, which persists today. ^[12]

Mankind

Linnaeus presented a concept of 'race' as applied to humans, also including mythological creatures. In biology a race is any inbreeding group including taxonomic subgroups such as Subspecies, taxonomically subordinate to a Species and superordinate to a subrace Within Homo sapiens he proposed five taxa of a lower (unnamed) rank. These categories were Africanus, Americanus, Asiaticus, Europeanus, and Monstrosus. They were based on place of origin at first, and later on skin colour. ^[13] Each race had certain characteristics that he considered endemic to individuals belonging to it. Native Americans were choleric, red, straightforward, eager and combative. Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Africans were phlegmatic, black, slow, relaxed and negligent. Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Asians were melancholic, yellow, inflexible, severe and avaricious. Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Europeans were sanguine and pale, muscular, swift, clever and inventive. Sanguine refers to a reddish often tending to brown color of Chalk used in Drawing. The "monstrous" humans included such entities as the "agile and fainthearted" dwarf of the Alps, the Patagonian giant, and the monorchid Hottentot. The Patagones or Patagonian giants are a mythical race of people who first began to appear in early European accounts of the then little-known region and coastline Monorchism is the state of having only one Testicle within the Scrotum. ^[14]

In addition, in Amoenitates academicae (1763), he defined Homo anthropomorpha as a catch-all term for a variety of human-like mythological creatures, including the troglodyte, satyr, hydra, and phoenix. In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot In Greek mythology, the Lernaean Hydra ( Greek: ( was an ancient nameless serpent -like Chthonic water beast that possessed numerous The phoenix ( Ancient Greek: Φοῖνιξ phoínix is a mythical sacred firebird in ancient mythologies starting with the Greek and later the He claimed that these creatures not only actually existed but were in reality inaccurate descriptions of real-world ape-like creatures.

He also, in Systema Naturæ, defined Homo ferus as "four-footed, mute, hairy". Included in this classification were Juvenis lupinus hessensis (wolf boys), who he thought were raised by animals, Juvenis hannoveranus (Peter of Hanover) and Puella campanica (Wild-girl of Champagne). A feral child ( Feral, Wild, or undomesticated) is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age and has no (or little Peter the Wild Boy (fl 1725 - 1785) was a mentally handicapped Hanoverian of unknown parentage who was found living wild in the woods near Hanover in

Linnaeus' scientifical research took science on a path that diverged from what had been taught by religious authorities. The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala had accused him of "impiety. The Archbishop of Uppsala (spelled Upsala until early 20th century has been the primate in Sweden in an unbroken succession since 1164 first during the Catholic " In a letter to Johann Georg Gmelin dated February 25, 1747, Linnaeus wrote:

Bibliography

Systema Naturae

Main article: Systema Naturae

Title page of the 1760 edition of Systema Naturae

The first edition of Systema Naturae was printed in the Netherlands in 1735. The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. It was an eleven page work. By the time it reached its 10th edition (1758), it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants. In it, the unwieldy names mostly used at the time, such as "Physalis annua ramosissima, ramis angulosis glabris, foliis dentato-serratis", were supplemented with concise and now familiar "binomials", composed of the generic name, followed by a specific epithet - in the case given, Physalis angulata. Physalis angulata is a widely-distributed Herbaceous Annual plant known by several names including cutleaf groundcherry, wild tomato These binomials could serve as a label to refer to the species. Higher taxa were constructed and arranged in a simple and orderly manner. Although the system, now known as binomial nomenclature, was developed by the Bauhin brothers (see Gaspard Bauhin and Johann Bauhin) almost 200 years earlier, Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout the work, also in monospecific genera, and may be said to have popularized it within the scientific community. Gaspard Bauhin, or Caspar Bauhin ( January 17, 1560 – December 5, 1624) was a Swiss Botanist who wrote Johann Bauhin, or Jean Bauhin (1541-1613 was a Swiss Botanist.

Linnaeus named taxa in ways that personally struck him as common-sensical; for example, human beings are Homo sapiens (see sapience). Sapience is often defined as Wisdom, or the ability of an organism or entity to act with appropriate judgment. He also briefly described a second human species, Homo troglodytes ("cave-dwelling man"). This was however likely a confusion originating from exaggerated second- or third-hand accounts of the chimpanzee (currently most often placed in a different genus, as Pan troglodytes). The Common Chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) also known as the Robust Chimpanzee, is a great ape. The Common Chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) also known as the Robust Chimpanzee, is a great ape. The group "mammalia" are named for their mammary glands because one of the defining characteristics of mammals is that they nurse their young. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands

Species Plantarum

Main article: Species Plantarum

Species Plantarum (or, more fully, Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas) was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work. Species Plantarum ("The Species of Plants" was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work by Carl Linnaeus. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of plant nomenclature as it exists today. Botanical nomenclature is the formal naming of plants from a scientific point of view

In 1754 Linnaeus divided the plant Kingdom into 25 classes. One, Cryptogamia, included all the plants with concealed reproductive parts (algae, fungi, mosses and liverworts and ferns). The name cryptogams ( Scientific name Cryptogamae) is a term fairly widely in use as a phrase of convenience although regarded as an obsolete taxonomic term ^[18]

Genera Plantarum

Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium was first published in 1737, delineating plant genera. It reached its sixth edition by 1764.

Systema Plantarum

Systema Plantarum was a work published in 1779 that integrated the botanical aspects of Systema Naturae with Species Plantarum (and, defacto, Genera Plantarum) to make a complete work. This work actually presented the fourth edition of Species Plantarum.

Students

Carolus imbued his students with his own thoroughness in an atmosphere of enthusiasm, trained them to close and accurate observation, and then sent them to various parts of the globe. Some of the notable students and expeditions include Pehr Kalm's visit to North America 1748–1751; Daniel Solander, traveling first with James Cook's expedition to the Pacific in 1768, then in 1771 to Iceland, the Faroes and Orkney; Fredric Hasselquist, who visited Palestine and parts of Asia Minor; and Carl Peter Thunberg, journeying to Japan, South Africa, Java, and Sri Lanka. Pehr Kalm ( March 6 1716 - November 16 1779) (in Finland also known as Pietari Kalm and in some English-language translations Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Fredric Hasselquist ( January 3, 1722 &ndash February 9, 1752) was a Swedish traveller and naturalist. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Early life Thunberg was born at Jönköping, and became a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus at Uppsala University. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island

Honors

Carl von Linné on the Swedish 100 kronor bill

In honor of Carl von Linné, the Swedish 100 kronor bill has an illustration of him.

See also

The Coat of Arms of Carl von Linné

• Linnean Society of London
• Linnaeus Arboretum
• Jonas C. Dryander
• Peter Artedi
• Sir John Hill. The Linnean Society of London is the World 's premier society for the study and dissemination of Taxonomy and natural history The Linnaeus Arboretum, on the campus of Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter Minnesota, USA, contains a number of Botanical gardens and Jonas Carlsson Dryander ( 5 March 1748 &ndash 19 October 1810) was a Swedish botanist. Peter Artedi or Petrus Arctaedius ( February 22, 1705 &ndash September 27, 1735) was a Swedish naturalist and John Hill (c 1716 &ndash November 21, 1775) called from his Swedish honours "Sir" John Hill English author son of the Rev One of Linnaeus' most constant correspondents in England.
• History of phycology
• Linnaea borealis (commonly known as Twinflower) a boreal plant named after Linnaeus, the naming made by Linnaeus' teacher, Jan Frederik Gronovius
• Linnaeus' flower clock

Notes

Further reading

• Brightwell, C. L. A Life of Linnaeus. London: J. Van Voorst, 1858.
• Hovey, Edmund Otis. The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1908.
• Sörlin & Fagerstedt, Linné och hans lärjungar, 2004. ISBN 91-27-35590-X
• J. L. P. M. Krol, Linneaus' verblijf op de Hartekamp In: Het landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede. Heemstede, 1982. ISBN 90-70712-01-6

• There is an article "A Passion for Order" published in National Geographic Magazine June 2007 edition about Linnaeus, commemorating the 300th anniversary of his birth. The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society.

• Linneaus plays a significant role in the short story entitled "Rare Bird" by Andrea Barrett (which appears in her 1996 anthology "Ship Fever"). Andrea Barrett (born November 16, 1954) is an acclaimed American writer

External links

• Biography at the Department of Systematic Botany, University of Uppsala
• Correspondence
• Biography at The Linnean Society of London
• http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en Linnean Herbarium
• The Linnæus Tercentenary celebration
• IK Foundation & Company Linnaeus Project
• The Linnaean Dissertations
• Carl Linnaeus Appreciation Society for Schools at Steam to inform schoolchildren of his work. Uppsala University ( Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a world-class research University in Uppsala, Sweden.