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"Jung" redirects here. For other uses, see Jung (disambiguation).
"Karl Jung" redirects here. For other uses, see Karl Jung (disambiguation).
Carl Gustav Jung
A recent edition of Jung's partially autobiographical work Memories, Dreams, Reflections.
A recent edition of Jung's partially autobiographical work Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Memories Dreams Reflections (original German title Erinnerungen Träume Gedanken) is a partially autobiographical book by Swiss psychologist
Born July 26, 1875(1875-07-26)
Kesswil, Thurgau, Switzerland
Died June 6, 1961 (aged 85)
Zürich, Switzerland
Residence Switzerland
Citizenship Swiss
Fields Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Analytical psychology
Institutions Burghölzli
Doctoral advisor Eugen Bleuler, Sigmund Freud
Known for Analytical psychology

Carl Gustav Jung (IPA: [ˈkarl ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]) (July 26, 1875, Kesswil – June 6, 1961, Küsnacht) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kesswil is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. Thurgau (German, anglicized as Thurgovia) is a northeast canton of Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced Burghölzli is the common name given for the University of Zurich psychiatric hospital A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Paul Eugen Bleuler ( April 30, 1857 – July 15, 1939) was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kesswil is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Küsnacht is a municipality in the district of Meilen in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A psychiatrist (also archaically called an alienist) is a Physician who specializes in Psychiatry and is certified in treating Mental disorders Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced

Jung's unique approach to psychology has been influential in countercultural movements in Europe, the United States and elsewhere since the 1960s. He emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world religion and philosophy. In Psychoanalysis, the psyche (ˈsaɪki refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, Behavior and Personality. Dreams are the images sounds thoughts and feelings experienced while Sleeping, particularly strongly associated with Rapid eye movement sleep. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring other realms, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter His most notable ideas include the concept of archetypes, the collective unconscious and synchronicity. Archetypes are according to Swiss Psychologist Carl Jung, innate universal psychic dispositions that form the substrate from which the basic themes of Collective Unconscious or known to laymen as Collective Subconscious is a term of Analytical psychology, Coined by Carl Jung. Synchronicity is the Experience of two or more events which are causally unrelated occurring together in a meaningful manner

Jung emphasized the importance of balance and harmony. He cautioned that modern people rely too heavily on science and logic and would benefit from integrating spirituality and appreciation of unconscious realms.

Contents

Biography

Early years

Carl Jung was born Karl Gustav II Jung[1] on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton (state) of Thurgau, as the fourth but only surviving child of Paul Achilles Jung and Emilie Preiswerk. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A canton is an Administrative division of a country eg a region or state Thurgau (German, anglicized as Thurgovia) is a northeast canton of Switzerland. His father, Paul Jung, was a poor rural pastor in the Swiss Reformed Church while his mother, Emilie, came from a wealthy, established Swiss family. The Reformed branch of Protestantism in Switzerland was started in Zurich by Huldrych Zwingli and spread within a few years to Basel ( Johannes Oecolampadius) Berne

Six-year old Jung.
Six-year old Jung.

When Carl was six months old, Paul Jung acquired a position at a better parish in Laufen and the family moved there. Laufen (French Laufon) is a municipality and the capital of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland Meanwhile, the tension between Paul and Emilie was growing. An eccentric and depressed woman, Emilie spent much of the time in her own separate bedroom, enthralled by the spirits that she said visited her at night. Emilie left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for an unknown physical ailment. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Young Carl was taken by his father to live with Emilie's unmarried sister in Basel, but was later brought back to the pastor's residence. Emilie's continuing bouts of absence and often depressed mood influenced his attitude towards women — one of "innate unreliability", a view that he later called the "handicap I started off with". [2] After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer and was called to Kleinhüningen in 1879. The relocation brought Emilie in closer contact to her family and lifted her melancholy and despondent mood.

A very solitary and introverted child, Jung was convinced from childhood that he had two personalities — a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more at home in the eighteenth century. The trait of Extraversion-Introversion is a central dimension of human personality. [3] "Personality No. 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in the era of the time, while No. 2 was a dignified, authoritative and influential man from the past. Although Jung was close to both parents he was rather disappointed in his father's academic approach to faith.

A number of childhood memories had made a life-long impression on him. As a boy he carved a tiny mannequin into the end of the wooden ruler from his pupil's pencil case and placed it inside the case. He then added a stone which he had painted into upper and lower halves and hid the case in the attic. Periodically he would come back to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language. This ceremonial act, he later reflected, brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. In later years he discovered that similarities existed in this memory and the totems of native peoples like the collection of soul-stones near Arlesheim, or the tjurungas of Australia. A totem is any supposed entity that watches over or assists a group of people such as a family Clan or tribe ( Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Webster's Arlesheim is a municipality in the district of Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland. Tjurunga is also a Genus of Spiders ( family Stiphidiidae) Churinga and Tjuringa redirect here For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This, he concluded, was an unconscious ritual that he did not question or understand at the time, but which was practiced in a strikingly similar way in faraway locations that he as a young boy had no way of consciously knowing about. [4] His findings on psychological archetypes and the collective unconscious were inspired in part by this experience. Archetypes are according to Swiss Psychologist Carl Jung, innate universal psychic dispositions that form the substrate from which the basic themes of

Shortly before the end of his first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel, at age 12, he was pushed unexpectedly by another boy. He was knocked to the ground so hard that he was for a moment unconscious. The thought then came to him that "now you won't have to go to school any more. "[5] From then on, whenever he started off to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained at home for the next six months until he overheard his father speaking worriedly to a visitor of his future ability to support himself, as they suspected he had epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. With little money in the family, this brought the boy to reality and he realized the need for academic excellence. He immediately went into his father's study and began poring over Latin grammar. The grammar of Latin, like that of other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflected, which allows for a large degree of flexibility when choosing word order He fainted three times, but eventually he overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a neurosis is. This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band. "[6]

Adolescence and early adulthood

Jung wanted to study archaeology at a university, but his family was not wealthy enough to send him further afield than Basel, where they did not teach this subject, so instead Jung studied medicine at the University of Basel from 1894 to 1900. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The University of Basel (German Universität Basel) is located at Basel, Switzerland. The formerly introverted student became much more lively here. In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach, from one of the richest families in Switzerland. Emma Jung (née Emma Rauschenbach, 1882-1955 was wife to the famous psychologist Carl Jung for fifty two years

Towards the end of studies, his reading of Krafft-Ebing persuaded him to specialize in psychiatric medicine. Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing ( August 14 1840 &ndash December 22 1902) was an Austro-German sexologist and Psychiatrist He later worked in the Burghölzli, a psychiatric hospital in Zürich. Burghölzli is the common name given for the University of Zurich psychiatric hospital Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the

Jung in 1910.
Jung in 1910.

In 1906, he published Studies in Word Association and later sent a copy of this book to famed psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, after which a close friendship between these two men followed for some 6 years (see section on Jung and Freud). Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded In 1912 Jung published Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (known in English as The Psychology of the Unconscious) resulting in a theoretical divergence between Jung and Freud and consequently a break in their friendship, both stating that the other was unable to admit he could possibly be wrong. After this falling-out, Jung went through a pivotal and difficult psychological transformation, which was exacerbated by news of the First World War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Henri Ellenberger called Jung's experience a "creative illness" and compared it to Freud's period of what he called neurasthenia and hysteria. Henri F Ellenberger (1905-1993 was a Canadian - Swiss psychiatrist medical historian and criminologist sometimes considered the founding Historiographer Neurasthenia is a psycho-pathological term first used by George Miller Beard in 1869 to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, Anxiety, Headache Hysteria in its colloquial use describes a state of Mind, one of unmanageable Fear or Emotional excesses

Later life

Following World War I, Jung became a worldwide traveler, facilitated by his wife's inherited fortune as well as the funds he received through psychiatric fees, book sales, and honoraria. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All He visited Northern Africa shortly after, and New Mexico and Kenya in the mid-1920s. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south In 1938, he delivered the Terry Lectures, Psychology and Religion, at Yale University. It was at about this stage in his life that Jung visited India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country His experience in India led him to become fascinated and deeply involved with Eastern philosophies and religions, helping him form key concepts, including integrating spirituality into daily life and appreciation of the unconscious.

Jung's marriage with Emma produced five children and lasted until Emma's death in 1955, but he had more or less open relationships with other women. The most well-known women with whom Jung is believed to have had extramarital affairs were patient and friend Sabina Spielrein[7] and Toni Wolff. Sabina Spielrein was born 1885 into a family of a Jewish merchant in Rostov, and died there in 1942 murdered by Nazi troops Toni (Antonia Anna Wolff (1888 -- 1953 was a patient and then a lover of Carl Jung. [8] Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including a work showing his late interest in flying saucers. Flying saucer is the name given to a type of Unidentified flying object (UFO with a disc- or Saucer -shaped body usually described as silver or metallic He also enjoyed a friendship with an English Catholic priest, Father Victor White, who corresponded with Jung after he had published his controversial Answer to Job. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Answer to Job ( Antwort auf Hiob) is a 1952 book by Carl Gustav Jung addressing the moral mythological and psychological implications [9]

Jung's work on himself and his patients convinced him that life has a spiritual purpose beyond material goals. Our main task, he believed, is to discover and fulfill our deep innate potential, much as the acorn contains the potential to become the oak, or the caterpillar to become the butterfly. Based on his study of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Gnosticism, Taoism, and other traditions, Jung perceived that this journey of transformation is at the mystical heart of all religions. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions It is a journey to meet the self and at the same time to meet the Divine. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Jung thought spiritual experience was essential to our well-being. [10]

Jung died in 1961 in Zürich, after a short illness.

Relationship with Freud

Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, Granville Stanley Hall, Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi.
Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Clark University is a private University and Liberal arts college in Worcester Massachusetts. Front row: Sigmund Freud, Granville Stanley Hall, Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Abraham Arden Brill (1874–1948 was an American Psychiatrist. Alfred Ernest Jones ( January 1, 1879 – February 11, 1958) Welsh Neurologist, Psychoanalyst and Sigmund Sándor Ferenczi ( July 7, 1873 – May 22, 1933) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst.

Jung was thirty when he sent his work Studies in Word Association to Sigmund Freud in Vienna. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded The first conversation between Jung and Freud lasted over 13 hours. Half a year later, the then 50 year-old Freud reciprocated by sending a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zürich, which marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted more than six years and ended shortly before World War I in May 1910, when Jung resigned as the chairman of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the The International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA is an association including 11800 psychoanalysts as members and works with 70 constituent organizations

Today Jung's and Freud's theories influence different schools of psychiatry, but, more importantly, they influenced each other during intellectually formative years of their lives. In 1906 psychoanalysis as an institution was still in its early developmental stages. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Jung, who had become interested in psychiatry as a student by reading Psychopathia Sexualis by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, professor in Vienna, now worked as a doctor under the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in the Burghölzli and became familiar with Freud's idea of the unconscious through Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and was a proponent of the new "psycho-analysis". Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing ( August 14 1840 &ndash December 22 1902) was an Austro-German sexologist and Psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler ( April 30, 1857 – July 15, 1939) was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the Many observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on Consciousness from other parts of the Mind. The Interpretation of Dreams is a book by Sigmund Freud. The first edition was first published in German in November 1899 as Die Traumdeutung At the time, Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. The Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zürich at which Jung was an up-and-coming young doctor whose researches had already given him a worldwide reputation.

In 1908, Jung became editor of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research. The following year, Jung traveled with Freud and Sandor Ferenczi to the U.S. to spread the news of psychoanalysis and in 1910, Jung became chairman for life of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Sándor Ferenczi ( July 7, 1873 – May 22, 1933) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the While Jung worked on his Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Psychology of the Unconscious), tensions grew between Freud and Jung, due in a large part to their disagreements over the nature of libido and religion. Libido in its common usage means Sexual desire however more technical definitions such as those found in the work of Carl Jung, are more general referring to libido A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In 1912 these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying him a visit in nearby Zürich, an incident Jung referred to as the Kreuzlingen gesture. Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the U. S. A. and gave the Fordham lectures, which were published as The Theory of Psychoanalysis, and while they contain some remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the nature of libido, they represent largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory Jung became famous for in the following decades.

In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in Munich for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. [11]. At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on Amenhotep IV, Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in the psychoanalytic movement. Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted and Jung carried him to a couch.

Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress, also in Munich. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introverted and the extraverted type, in analytical psychology. The trait of Extraversion-Introversion is a central dimension of human personality. The trait of Extraversion-Introversion is a central dimension of human personality. Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced This constituted the introduction of some of the key concepts which came to distinguish Jung's work from Freud's in the next half century. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle

In the following years Jung experienced considerable isolation in his professional life, exacerbated through World War I. His Seven Sermons to the Dead (1917) reprinted in his autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections (see bibliography) can also be read as expression of the psychological conflicts which beset Jung around the age of forty after the break with Freud. The Seven Sermons To The Dead was a text written in 1917 by the Swiss Psychiatrist Carl Jung and ascribed to the Gnostic teacher Basilides Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded

Jung's primary disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious. Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative. According to Jung (though not according to Freud), Freud conceived the unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires. Jung agreed with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the 'personal unconscious,' but he also proposed the existence of a second, far deeper form of the unconscious underlying the personal one. In Analytical psychology, the personal unconscious is Carl Jung 's term for the Freudian unconscious, as contrasted with the Collective This was the collective unconscious, where the archetypes themselves resided, represented in mythology by a lake, or body of water, and in some cases a jug or other container. Collective Unconscious or known to laymen as Collective Subconscious is a term of Analytical psychology, Coined by Carl Jung. Freud had actually mentioned a collective level of psychic functioning but saw it primarily as an appendix to the rest of the psyche.

Nazism

Although Jung had many friends and respected colleagues who were Jewish, there were allegations that he was a Nazi sympathizer. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Jung was editor of the Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie, a publication that eventually endorsed Mein Kampf as required reading for all psychoanalysts. Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Jung claimed it was done to save psychoanalysis and preserve it during the war, believing that psychoanalysis would not otherwise survive, because the Nazis considered it to be a "Jewish science. " He also claimed he did it with the help and support of his Jewish friends and colleagues. [12] This after-the-fact explanation, however, has been challenged on the basis of available documents. [13] There is another school of thought: that Jung wrote the article for the journal, and the reference of Mein Kampf was added after the article had been submitted. (12a)

On the other hand, there are writings that show that Jung's sympathies were against, rather than for, Nazis. [14] He voiced his opinions about Hitler and stated that the situation of the crazy passion was becoming dangerous. [15]

Jung served as president of the Nazi-dominated International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy, created by Matthias Göring. International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy was a society founded by Dr One of his first acts as president was to modify the constitution so that German Jewish doctors could maintain their membership as individual members even though they were excluded from all German medical societies. In 1934, when he presented his paper "A Review of the Complex Theory" in his presidential address, he did not discount the importance of Freud and credited him with as much influence as he could possibly give to an old mentor. Later in the war, Jung resigned.

In addition, in 1943 he aided the U. S. Office of Strategic Services by analyzing the psychology of Nazi leaders. The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. [16] See also ongoing discussion in relation to "post-Jungian" interpretation. [17]

In an interview with Carol Baumann in 1948, published in the Bulletin of Analytical Psychology Club of New York, December 1949, Jung explicitly denies rumors regarding any sympathy for the Nazi movement, saying:

It must be clear to anyone who has read any of my books that I have never been a Nazi sympathizer and I never have been anti-Semitic, and no amount of misquotation, mistranslation, or rearrangement of what I have written can alter the record of my true point of view. Nearly every one of these passages [referring to a list of quotations cited against him] has been tampered with, either by malice or by ignorance. Furthermore, my friendly relations with a large group of Jewish colleagues and patients over a period of many years in itself disproves the charge of anti-Semitism.

A full response from Jung discounting the rumors can be found in C. G Jung Speaking, Interviews and Encounters, Princeton University Press, 1977.

Influence

Jung has had an enduring influence on psychology as well as wider society. He has influenced psychotherapy (see analytical psychology, also called Jungian psychology). Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced

Spirituality as a cure for alcoholism

Jung's influence can sometimes be found in more unexpected quarters. For example, Jung once treated an American patient (Rowland H.), suffering from chronic alcoholism. For other persons named Rowland Hazard see Rowland Hazard (disambiguation Rowland Hazard "III" ( October 29, 1881, Peace Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions After working with the patient for some time and achieving no significant progress, Jung told the man that his alcoholic condition was near to hopeless, save only the possibility of a spiritual experience. Jung noted that occasionally such experiences had been known to reform alcoholics where all else had failed.

Rowland took Jung's advice seriously and set about seeking a personal spiritual experience. He returned home to the United States and joined a Christian evangelical movement known as the Oxford Group. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel The Oxford Group was a Christian organization founded by American Christian missionary Dr He also told other alcoholics what Jung had told him about the importance of a spiritual experience. One of the alcoholics he told was Ebby Thacher, a long-time friend and drinking buddy of Bill Wilson, later co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Edwin Throckmorton Thacher ( 29 April 1896 &ndash 21 March 1966) (commonly known as Ebby Thacher or Ebby T William Griffith Wilson ( 26 November 1895 – 24 January 1971) also known as Bill Wilson or Bill W Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) is an informal meeting society for recovering and recovered alcoholics, with the stated purpose to help its members "to stay sober and Thacher told Wilson about Jung's ideas. Wilson, who was finding it impossible to maintain sobriety, was impressed and sought out his own spiritual experience. The influence of Jung thus indirectly found its way into the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, the original 12-step program, and from there into the whole 12-step recovery movement, although AA as a whole is not Jungian and Jung had no role in the formation of that approach or the 12 steps.

The above claims are documented in the letters of Carl Jung and Bill W. , excerpts of which can be found in Pass It On, published by Alcoholics Anonymous. [19] Although the detail of this story is disputed by some historians, Jung himself made reference to its substance -- including the Oxford Group participation of the individual in question -- in a talk that was issued privately in 1954 as a transcript from shorthand taken by an attendee (Jung reportedly approved the transcript), later recorded in Volume 18 of his Collected Works, The Symbolic Life ("For instance, when a member of the Oxford Group comes to me in order to get treatment, I say, 'You are in the Oxford Group; so long as you are there, you settle your affair with the Oxford Group. I can't do it better than Jesus. '" Jung goes on to state that he has seen similar cures among Catholics. [20])

Influences on culture

Literature

Art

Television and film

Music

See also

Topics

People

  • Carl Alfred Meier - First president of the C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich
  • Herbert Silberer
  • Alfred Adler
  • Marie Louise von Franz - Founder of the C. Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced For the album by The Creatures see Anima Animus The Anima and Animus are in Carl Jung 's school of Analytical psychology, the Active imagination is a Concept developed by Carl Jung between 1913 and 1916 For the John Cale minimalist album see Dream Interpretation (Album Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to Dreams In many of the Archetypal literary criticism is a type of critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myths and Archetypes (from the Greek archē, Depth psychology is a broad term that refers to any psychological approach examining the depth (the subtle or unconscious parts of human experience A personality test aims to describe aspects of a person's character that remain stable throughout that person's lifetime the individual's character pattern of behavior thoughts and feelings Carl Alfred Meier ( April 19, 1905 – 1995 was a Swiss Psychiatrist, Jungian Psychologist and Scholar. The CG Jung Institute in Zürich, Switzerland (in the suburb of Küsnacht) was founded in 1948 by the psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung Herbert Silberer ( February 28, 1882 – January 12, 1923) was a Viennese Psychoanalyst involved with the professional Alfred Adler ( February 7 1870 &ndash May 28 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of Marie-Louise von Franz ( January 4, 1915 - February 17, 1998) the daughter of an Austrian Baron and born in Munich G. Jung Institute in Zürich
  • Richard Wilhelm - Translator of the I Ching

Organizations

Notes and references

  1. ^ As a university student Jung changed the modernized spelling of his name to the original family form. Richard Wilhelm ( May 10, 1873, Tübingen, Germany - March 2 1930, Stuttgart, Germany was a German translator The I Ching ( Wade-Giles) or “Yì Jīng” ( Pinyin) also called “Classic of Changes” or “Book of Changes” is one of the oldest of the The International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP is the international association of those who practice Analytical psychology, which is to say psychology in the Formed in 2002 the International Association for Jungian Studies (IAJS is a Learned society for Jungian scholars and clinicians The Philemon Foundation is a non-profit organization that has set itself the task of preparing a new edition of Carl Jung 's Collected Works including many new manuscripts that were previously Bair, Deirdre (2003). Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anaïs Nin, Simone de Beauvoir and Jung: A Biography. New York: Back Bay Books, pp. 7–8, 53. ISBN 0-316-15938-7.  
  2. ^ Jung, C. G. ; Aniela Jaffé (1965). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Memories Dreams Reflections (original German title Erinnerungen Träume Gedanken) is a partially autobiographical book by Swiss psychologist New York: Random House, p. 8.  
  3. ^ Memories, Dreams, Reflections, pp. 33–34.  
  4. ^ Memories, Dreams, Reflections, pp. 22–23.  
  5. ^ Memories, Dreams, Reflections, p. 30.  
  6. ^ Memories, Dreams, Reflections, p. 32.  
  7. ^ Hayman, Ronald (1999). Ronald Hayman is a British playwright critic and writer known for his biographies A Life of Jung. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. , pp. 84-5, 92, 98-9, 102-7, 121, 123, 111, 134-7, 138-9, 145, 147, 152, 176, 177, 184, 185, 186, 189, 194, 213-4. ISBN 0393019675.  
  8. ^ A Life of Jung, pp. 184-8, 189, 244, 261, 262.  
  9. ^ In Psychology and Religion, v. 11, Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Princeton. It was first published as "Antwort auf Hiob," Zürich, 1952 and translated into English in 1954, in London.
  10. ^ Crowley, Vivianne (2000). Jung: A Journey of Transformation:Exploring His Life and Experiencing His Ideas. Wheaton Illinois: Quest Books. ISBN 978-0835607827.  
  11. ^ Jonest, Ernest, ed. Lionel Trilling and Steven Marcus. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud New York: Anchor Books, 1963.
  12. ^ Mark Medweth. « Jung and the Nazis », in Psybernetika, Winter 1996.
  13. ^ Richard Noll (1997), « The Aryan Christ », Random House.
  14. ^ C. GJung,‘ Die　Beziehungen zwishen dem Ich und dem UnbewBten’, chapter one,second section, 1928. Also,C. G. Jung‘ Aufsatze zur Zeitgeschichte’, 1946. Speeches made in 1933,1937 are excerpted. He was protesting the "slavery by the government" and the "chaos and insanity" of the mob, because of the very fact that they were the part of the mob, and were under its stong influence. He wrote that because of the speeches he delivered, he was blacklisted by Nazis. They eliminated his writings.
  15. ^ Wotan, 1936.
  16. ^ Article Jung, Carl Gustav in Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
  17. ^ ArticleThe Recent Attacks on Jung: Answer to the Post-Jungians
  18. ^ Jung, C. G. and Wolfgang Pauli, The Interpretation of Nature and Psyche, New York: Pantheon Books, 1955
  19. ^ Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (1984) Pass It On: The Story of Bill Wilson and how the A. A. message reached the world. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. ISBN 0-916856-12-7, pp. 381-386
  20. ^ Jung, C. G. ; Adler, G. and Hull, R. F. C. , eds. (1977) Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 18: The Symbolic Life: Miscellaneous Writings, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09892-0, p. 272, as noted 2007-08-26 at http://www.stellarfire.org/additional.html
  21. ^ "Laurens van der Post" (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  22. ^ "Hermann Hesse" (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  23. ^ Bair, Deirdre. Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anaïs Nin, Simone de Beauvoir and Jung: A Biography.  
  24. ^ "Possessing the Secret of Joy" (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  25. ^ Birkhäuser, Peter; Marie-Louise von Franz, Eva Wertanschlag and Kaspar Birkhäuser (1980-1991). Light from the Darkness: The Paintings of Peter Birkhäuser. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Verlag. ISBN 3764311908.  
  26. ^ "Rhythm Of The Heat by Peter Gabriel", Song Facts (HTML). Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion

12a. A Stevens, 2001, Jung, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford Press

Further reading

There is much literature on Jungian thought. For a good, short and easily accessible introduction to Jung's thought:

Other good introductory texts include:

Good texts in various areas of Jungian thought:


And a more academic text:

For the Jung-Freud relationship:

For critical scholarship on Jung from the perspective of historians of psychiatry:

Jung bibliography

Works arranged by original publication date if known:

An early writing by Jung, dating from around 1917, was his poetic work, The Seven Sermons To The Dead (Full Text). The Seven Sermons To The Dead was a text written in 1917 by the Swiss Psychiatrist Carl Jung and ascribed to the Gnostic teacher Basilides Written in the persona of the 2nd century religious teacher Basilides of Alexandria, it explores ancient religious and spiritual themes, including those of gnosticism. "Basilides" redirects here For the 17th century Ethiopian Emperor see Fasilides of Ethiopia. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems This work is included in some editions of Memories, Dreams, Reflections.

External links


Persondata
NAME Jung, Carl Gustav
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Swiss psychiatrist, influential thinker, and founder of analytical psychology
DATE OF BIRTH July 26, 1875
PLACE OF BIRTH Kesswil, in the Swiss canton (state) of Thurgau
DATE OF DEATH June 6, 1961
PLACE OF DEATH Zürich, Switzerland

Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A psychiatrist (also archaically called an alienist) is a Physician who specializes in Psychiatry and is certified in treating Mental disorders Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kesswil is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. A canton is an Administrative division of a country eg a region or state Thurgau (German, anglicized as Thurgovia) is a northeast canton of Switzerland. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the
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