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Carian
Spoken in: Ancient southwestern Anatolia
Language extinction: Early CE
Language family: Anatolian
 Luwian subgroup
  Carian 
Writing system: Carian script
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: xcr
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Carian script was used to write the Carian language. The script consisted of some 45 alphabetic letters ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Carian language was the language of the Carians. The Carians ( Greek: Κάρες Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria. It was an Anatolian language, apparently closer to Lycian than to Lydian. The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language Lycian (Lycian Trm̃mili) is a modern adjective meaning in this case the inscriptional language of ancient Lycia as well as its presumed spoken counterpart Lydian was an Indo-European language spoken in the region of Lydia in western Anatolia (present-day Turkey) Prior to the late 20th century CE the language remained a total mystery even though many characters of the script appeared to be Greek. Using Greek values investigators of the 19th and 20th centuries were unable to make headway and classified the language as non-Indo-European. Speculations multiplied, none very substantial. Progress finally came as a result of rejecting the presumption of Greek values.

Contents

Decipherment

The Carian script consists of about 45 letters altogether. The Carian script was used to write the Carian language. The script consisted of some 45 alphabetic letters Numerous attempts to interpret the Carian inscriptions were made during the 20th century. In the 1960s the Russian researcher Vitaly Shevoroshkin showed that the earlier assumption of a syllabic or semisyllabic writing system was false. Vitaly Victorovich Shevoroshkin, Russ Виталий Викторович Шеворошкин is an American linguist of Russian origin specializing in the study of ancient A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional A semi-syllabary is a Writing system that behaves partly as an Alphabet and partly as a Syllabary. However, his decipherment didn't succeed, because he still took the values of letters resembling those of the Greek alphabet for granted. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Another Russian researcher, Yuriy Otkupschikov (1988), suggested a completely different interpretation linking the Carian with the Palaeobalcanic languages. The Paleo-Balkan languages were the Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans in Ancient times.

The script was finally deciphered in the 1980s by egyptologist John D. Ray. Unlike his predecessors, he used the Carian-Egyptian bilingual inscriptions that were neglected in the past. In Epigraphy, a bilingual is an inscription that is extant in two languages (or trilingual in the case of three languages etc The radically different values he assigned to the letters first met with a lot of scepticism, but after some refinements by Ignacio-Javier Adiego and Diether Schürr the readings gained acceptance in the early 1990s, and the discovery of a new bilingual in 1996 confirmed the essential validity of their decipherment. In Epigraphy, a bilingual is an inscription that is extant in two languages (or trilingual in the case of three languages etc

For more details on this topic, see Carian script. The Carian script was used to write the Carian language. The script consisted of some 45 alphabetic letters

Sources

Carian is known from these sources:[1]

Description

Principles

Two features that help identify the language as Anatolian:[2]

Fragments

Carian Words Translated from Greek
Greek Transliterated Translation
ἄλα ala horse
βάνδα banda victory
γέλα gela king
γίσσα gissa stone
σοῦα soua tomb
Carian Names in Greek
Greek Transliterated Carian
Ἑκατόμνω
"Hecatomnid"		 Hekatomnō
Genitive case
Patronymic		 Xtmñoś
Καύνιος Kaunios Kbdùn
Καῦνος Kaunos Kbid
Πιγρης Pigrēs Pikre
Πονυσσωλλος Ponussōllos Pnuśoλ
Σαρυσσωλλος Sarussōllos Šaruśoλ
Υλιατος Uliatos Úliat
Greek Names in Carian
Greek Transliterated Carian
Λυσικλῆς Lysiklēs Lùsiklas
Λυσικράτης Lysikratēs Lùsikratas
Ἀθήναῖος Athēnaios Otonosn

The Athenian Bilingual

The Greek is:[3]

Σῆμα τόδε: Τυρί
Καρὸς τὸ Σκύλ[ακος

The translation is:

This is the tomb of Tur
the Carian, the son of Scylax

The first line is repeated in Carian:

Śías: san Tur

where san is equivalent to τόδε and evidences the Anatolian language assibilation, parallel to Luwian za-, "this. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another A patronym, is a component of a Personal name based on the name of one's father In Linguistics, assibilation is the term for a Sound change resulting in a Sibilant consonant " If śías is not exactly the same as soua it is roughly equivalent.

Language history

The Achaean Greeks arriving in small numbers on the coasts of Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age found them occupied by a population that did not speak Greek and were generally involved in political relationships with the Hittite Empire. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa After the fall of the latter the region became the target of heavy immigration by Ionian and Dorian Greeks who enhanced Greek settlements and founded or refounded major cities. The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were They assumed for purposes of collaboration new regional names based on their previous locations: Ionia, Doris. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this

The writers born in these new cities reported that the people among whom they had settled, and with whom they had intermarried, were called Carians and spoke a language that was "barbarian", "barbaric" or "barbarian-sounding. The Carians ( Greek: Κάρες Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria. " No clue has survived from these writings as to what exactly the Greeks might mean by "barbarian. " The reportedly Carian names of the Carian cities did not and do not appear to be Greek. Such names as Andanus, Myndus, Bybassia, Larymna, Chysaoris, Alabanda, Plarasa and Iassus were puzzling to the Greeks, some of whom attempted to give etymologies in words thay said were Carian. For the most part they still remain a mystery, to be accepted on faith until further evidence turns up.

Writing disappeared in the Greek Dark Ages but no earlier Carian writing has survived. The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century When inscriptions, some bilingual, began to appear in the 7th century BCE it was already some hundreds of years after the city-naming phase. The earlier Carian may not have been exactly the same.

If Carian and Lycian are closely related then the tree model of language development requires a common ancestor language, which is most likely to have been Luwian. In Historical linguistics, the Tree Model (German Stammbaumtheorie) is a model of language change in which Daughter languages are genetically Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the It was spoken in the Late Bronze Age mainly in eastern Anatolia, with pockets extending westward reaching the vicinity of Smyrna and Miletus down the Maeander and Cayster River valleys and to a lesser degree south of there; i. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Cayster River (or Küçük Menderes, "Little Maeander" is located south of İzmir, Turkey. e. , into Caria and Lycia. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth.

Carian and Lycian therefore did not then exist but were local developments of the Greek Dark Ages. The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century The disappearance of Luwian there coincides with the appearance of the daughter languages; i. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the e. , Luwian was extinguished by cultural evolution rather than by Hellenization. The supposed Carian city names may have been more nearly Luwian or were assigned partly by some Lelege population.

The local development of Carian excludes some other theories as well: it was not widespread in the Aegean, is not related to Etruscan, was not written in any ancient Aegean scripts, and was not a substrate Aegean language. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Its occurrence in various places of Classical Greece is due only to the travel habits of Carians, who apparently became co-travellers of the Ionians. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been The Carian cemetery of Delos probably represents the pirates mentioned in classical texts. The island of Delos ( Greek: Δήλος Dhilos) isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos The Carians who fought for Troy if they did were not classical Carians any more than the Greeks there were classical Greeks.

Being penetrated by larger numbers of Greeks and under the domination from time to time of the Ionian League Caria eventually Hellenized and Carian became a dead language. The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken The interludes under the Persian Empire perhaps served only to delay the process. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Hellenization would lead to the extinction of the Carian language in the first century BCE or early in the Common Era.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Adiego, I. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources The Carians ( Greek: Κάρες Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria. J. (2007), “Greek and Carian”, in Christidis, A. F. ; Arapopoulou, Maria & Chriti, Maria, A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity, Cambridge University press, pp. 759, 761, ISBN 0521833078 . Translator Chris Markham.
  2. ^ Adiego (2007), page 761.
  3. ^ Adiego (2007) page 762.

References

External links

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