The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are north, south, east, and west. For Compass Airlines an Airline in the US using the Callsign "Compass Rose" See Compass Airlines A compass rose is a figure displaying the orientation This is about the direction for other uses see North (disambiguation. South is one of Cardinal directions and is opposite to the North. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. Most commonly used for geographic orientation on Earth, they may be calculated anywhere on a rotating astronomical body. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. North and south point toward the poles defined by the axis of rotation. A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation East and west orthogonally point along and opposite the direction of rotation. In Mathematics, two Vectors are orthogonal if they are Perpendicular, i Intermediate points between the four cardinal directions form the compass rose and the points of the compass. For Compass Airlines an Airline in the US using the Callsign "Compass Rose" See Compass Airlines A compass rose is a figure displaying the orientation A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists

South is always directly opposite north. In mathematics the additive inverse, or opposite, of a Number n is the number that when added to n, yields zero. To an observer facing north and standing upright, east and west are always to the right and left, respectively. A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics Most devices for finding orientation thus operate by finding north first. (Any other direction works equally well, if it can be reliably found. ) Several such devices are described below.

Contents 1 Locating the directions 1.1 Compass 1.2 The Sun 1.3 Watch face 1.4 Nighttime stars 1.5 Inertial navigation 1.6 Satellite navigation 2 Additional points 3 Usefulness of cardinal points 4 Beyond geography 5 Germanic origin of names 6 Cardinal directions in world cultures 6.1 Far East 6.2 Americas 7 Non-English names of ordinal directions 8 Non-compass directional systems 9 See also 10 References

Locating the directions

Compass

Most commonly, a magnetic compass is used to approximate the true cardinal directions. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Such devices take advantage of the close alignment of the Earth's magnetic field to its axis. Earth 's magnetic field (and the surface magnetic field) is approximately a Magnetic dipole, with one pole near the North pole (see In the simplest form, a mechanical needle points toward magnetic north, which is taken simply to be true north. The magnetic declination (also known as grid magnetic angle in military circles at any point on the Earth is the angle between the local magnetic field -- the direction Compasses are disturbed by local magnetic fields, which may result from geographic features, such as mountains, or nearby metal equipment, especially if it is electrically powered and unshielded.

The Sun

Most approximately, the Sun can be used for orientation if one knows the general time of day. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. In the morning, the Sun is in the east. Around noon, it is in the south in the northern hemisphere, or in the north in the southern hemisphere. After noon, the Sun sets in the west.

Watch face

An analogue watch clock face can be used to locate north and south. A clock face is the part of an Analog clock that displays the time through the use of a fixed numbered dial or dials and moving hands The Sun in the sky revolves over 24 hours, the hour hand of a 12-hour clock face in 12 hours. Therefore, in the Northern Hemisphere, rotate the watch such that the hour hand points towards the Sun. Then, the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock points towards the south. There are minor inaccuracies due to the difference between local time and zone time, and due to the equation of time. The equation of time is the difference over the course of a year between time as read from a Sundial and time as read from a Clock, measured in an ideal situation During daylight saving time, the same method can be employed using 11 o'clock instead of 12. Daylight saving time ( DST

In the Southern Hemisphere, the same holds for the northern direction. The method works poorly at lower latitudes.

The photograph shows a specialized 24-hour watch optimized for finding directions using the Sun. With the watch set to indicate local time, the hour hand points directly at the Sun. North is indicated by the local midnight position (in the Northern Hemisphere).

Nighttime stars

Astronomy provides more reliable direction finding at night. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study The Earth's axis is currently (but not permanently) pointed, to within a fraction of 1 degree, toward the bright star Polaris. This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Polaris (α UMi / α Ursae Minoris / Alpha Ursae Minoris commonly North(ern Star or Pole Star, and sometimes Lodestar The exact direction of the axis changes over thousands of years due to the precession of the equinoxes. In Astronomy, Precession refers to the movement of the rotational axis of a body such as a planet with respect to Inertial space. We call the end of the Earth's axis that points to Polaris the North Pole. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern The opposite end of the axis is named the South Pole. The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth. Polaris is also known as the North Star, and is generically also called a lodestar. A lodestar is a relatively bright easily found Star that is used to find direction particularly with reference to Polaris, which during the 20th and 21st Polaris is only visible during fair weather at night to inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. Night or nighttime is the period of Time when the Sun is below the Horizon. Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball'

Picking out a specific single star may leave one uncertain they've found the right one. As an aid to identifying Polaris, the asterism "Big Dipper" may be employed. In Astronomy, an asterism is a pattern of Stars seen in Earth's sky which is not an official Constellation. This article is about the asterism; for other uses see Big Dipper (disambiguation. The 2 corner stars of the "pan" (those opposite from the handle) point above the top of the "pan" to Polaris. This is illustrated at this example, the beginning of a tutorial that teaches how to find Polaris. To see the rest of the tutorial click the link at the bottom of the illustration.

From the Southern Hemisphere, nightly observations of the sky directly above the vicinity of the true pole will reveal that the visible stars appear to be moving in a circular path. Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' (It is actually the observer that is moving in the circular path. ) This becomes completely obvious when a special case of long exposure photography is employed to record the observations, by locking the shutter open for most of the intensely dark part of a moonless night. Long exposure photography is a technique that requires a slow Shutter speed to capture light and movement In Photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time for the purpose of exposing Photographic film or a light-sensitive The resulting photograph reveals a multitude of concentric arcs (portions of perfect circles) from which the exact center can be readily derived. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other In Geometry, an arc is a closed segment of a Differentiable Curve in the two-dimensional plane; for example a circular In Geometry, the centre (or center, in American English of an object is a point in some sense in the middle of the object The common center is exactly aligned with the true (as opposed to the magnetic) pole. (This also is true of the Northern Hemisphere, and can be used to verify one has correctly identified Polaris, which will not appear to move. ) A published photograph exposed for nearly 8 hours demonstrates this effect. Note that many digital cameras will exhaust their battery before achieving the excellent result illustrated here. Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy Either provide an external power source, or use a film-based camera, to duplicate this effect. A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos.

Inertial navigation

At the very end of the 19th century, to avoid the need to wait for fair weather at night to precisely verify one's alignment with true north, the gyrocompass was developed for ship use in scenarios where the magnetic compass simply wasn't good enough. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar noted by the Chinese Polymath Shen Kuo in the 11th century and possibly the egyptians over 6 millenia ago A gyrocompass is similar to a Gyroscope. It is a Compass that finds True north by using an (electrically powered fast-spinning wheel and friction It has the further advantages of immunity to interference by stray magnetic fields, and not depending on Earth's magnetic field at all. Its major disadvantage is that it depends on technology that many individuals might find too expensive to justify outside the context of a large commercial or military operation. It also requires a continuous power supply for its motors, and that it be allowed to sit in one location for a period of time while it properly aligns itself.

Satellite navigation

Near the end of the 20th century the advent of satellite-based Global Positioning Systems (GPS) provided yet another means for any individual to determine true north accurately. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth While GPS Receivers (GPSRs) work best with a clear view of the entire sky, they work day or night, and in all but the most severe weather. The government agencies responsible for the satellites continuously monitor and adjust them to maintain their accurate alignment with the Earth. There are consumer versions of the receivers that are attractively priced. Since there are no periodic access fees, or other licensing charges, they have become widely used. Handheld GPSRs have modest power requirements, can be shut down as needed, and become calibrated again within a couple of minutes of being restarted. In contrast to the gyrocompass, which is most accurate when stationary, the GPS receiver must be moving, typically at least more than 0. 1 mile per hour, to correctly display compass directions. Within these limitations GPSRs are considered both accurate and reliable. The GPSR has thus become the fastest and most convenient way to obtain a verifiable alignment with both true north and true south.

Once the north-south orientation of the Earth's axis is known with precision, east and west are further refined as following arcs running in planes which are perpendicular to the Earth's axis. In Geometry, two lines or planes (or a line and a plane are considered perpendicular (or orthogonal) to each other if they form congruent

Additional points

The directional names are also routinely and very conveniently associated with the degrees of rotation in the unit circle, a necessary step for navigational calculations (derived from trigonometry) and/or for use with Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Receivers. This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. In Mathematics, a unit circle is Circle-trig6svg|300px|thumb|right|All of the Trigonometric functions of an angle θ can be constructed geometrically in terms of a unit circle centered at O. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth This article is about a radio receiver for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. The four cardinal directions correspond to the following degrees of a compass:

• North (N): 0° = 360°
• East (E): 90°
• South (S): 180°
• West (W): 270°

An ordinal, or intercardinal, direction is one of the four intermediate compass directions located halfway between the cardinal directions.

• Northeast (NE), 45°, halfway between north and east, is the opposite of southwest.
• Southeast (SE), 135°, halfway between south and east, is the opposite of northwest.
• Southwest (SW), 225°, halfway between south and west, is the opposite of northeast.
• Northwest (NW), 315°, halfway between north and west, is the opposite of southeast.

These 8 words have been further compounded, resulting in a total of 32 named (and numbered) points evenly spaced around the compass. It is noteworthy that there are languages which do not use compound words to name the points, instead assigning unique words, colors, and/or associations with phenomena of the natural world.

Usefulness of cardinal points

With the cardinal points thus accurately defined, by convention cartographers draw standard maps with north (N) at the top, and east (E) at the right. Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write has been an integral part of the human story for a long time (maybe 8000 years A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes In turn, maps provide a systematic means to record where places are, and cardinal directions are the foundation of a structure for telling someone how to find those places.

North (N) does not have to be at the top. Portable GPS-based navigation computers can be set to display maps either conventionally (N always up, E always right) or with the current instantaneous direction of travel, called the heading, always up (and whatever direction is +90° from that to the right). Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A display device is an Output device for presentation of Information for Visual or Tactile reception acquired stored or transmitted For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Direction is the information contained in the relative position of one point with respect to another point without the Distance information Travel is the change in location of people on a trip through the means of Transport from one location to another Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another

The direction of travel required to reach the intended destination is called the bearing. In Navigation, a bearing is the direction one object is from another object Since the real world presents numerous obstacles, one must adjust his or her heading accordingly. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place In Navigation, a course is the intended path of a vehicle over the surface of the Earth Upon moving forward, the bearing will change so that it always points at the destination, thereby giving clues as to which way one should turn. When you are traveling, it can be easier to figure out where your next turn is, and whether to turn left or right, when the direction of travel is always up.

Beyond geography

Children are sometimes taught the order of these directions (clockwise, from North) by using a mnemonic, such as "Naughty Elephants Squirt Water," "Never Eat Soggy Waffles", "Never Eat Shreaded Wheat" ("Soggy Weet-bix" in Australia & New Zealand), "Never Enter Stinky Washroom, "Never Eat Slimy Worms," or "Never Eat Sea Weed. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember Weet-Bix is the name of high- fibre Breakfast cereal biscuits manufactured in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa by Sanitarium " Also, "West and East spell WE. "

In mathematics, cardinal directions or cardinal points are the six principal directions or points along the x-, y- and z-axis of three-dimensional space. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In Mathematics, the Cartesian coordinate system (also called rectangular coordinate system) is used to determine each point uniquely in a plane Three-dimensional space is a geometric model of the physical Universe in which we live

In the real world there are six cardinal directions not involved with geography which are north, south, east, west, up and down. This is about the direction for other uses see North (disambiguation. South is one of Cardinal directions and is opposite to the North. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. In this context, up and down relate to elevation or altitude. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data The topographic map is a special case of cartography in which the elevation is indicated on the map, typically via contour lines. A topographic map is a type of Map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using Contour lines in modern A contour line (also Level set, isopleth, isoline, isogram or isarithm) of a function of two

Germanic origin of names

During the Migration Period, the Germanic languages' names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages, where they replaced the Latin names borealis (or septentrionalis) with north, australis (or meridionalis) with south, occidentalis with west and orientalis with east. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It is possible that some northern people used the Germanic names for the intermediate directions. Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation of cardinal directions. ^[1]

• north (Proto-Germanic *norþ-) from a root *ner- "left, below", i. Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English e. "to the left of the rising Sun".
• east (*aus-to-) from the word for dawn, see Eostre. Dawn refers to the Twilight before Sunrise. It is recognized by the presence of weak sunlight while the sun itself is still below the horizon ags Ēostre is the name of an Anglo-Saxon goddess attested by the eighth-century Benedictine monk Bede 's De temporum ratione
• south (*sunþ-) is root-cognate to Sun itself, thus "the region of the Sun"
• west (*wes-t-) from a word for "evening", root-cognate to Latin vesper. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System.

Cardinal directions in world cultures

Many cultures not descended from European traditions use cardinal directions, but have a number other than four. Typically, a “center” direction is added, for a total of five. Rather than the Western use of direction letters, properties such as colors are often associated with the various cardinal directions—these are typically the natural colors of human perception rather than optical primary colors. Flag of Swedensvg|thumb|250px|The colors of the Swedish flag are officially established to be NCS 0580-Y10R for the shade of yellow and NCS 4055-R95B for the shade of blue]]The Natural Primary colors are sets of Colors that can be combined to make a useful range ( Gamut) of colors Some examples are shown here; for more (esp. with regard to American Indian tribes) see Colors of the Four Directions.

In many regions of the world, prevalent winds change direction seasonally, and consequently many cultures associate specific named winds with cardinal and ordinal directions. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) The classical Greeks personified these winds as Anemoi. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca In Greek Mythology, the Anemoi (in Greek, Άνεμοι &mdash " winds " were Wind gods who were each ascribed The article on boxing the compass contains a more recent list of directional winds from the Mediterranean Sea.

Far East

Asia	N	E	S	W	C	Source
China						[2][3]
Ainu						[4][5]
Turkic						[4]
Kalmyks					—	[6]
Tibet						[4]

Dynastic Chinese culture and some other Central Asian cultures view the center as a fifth principal direction hence the English translated term "Five Cardinal Points". China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ʔáinu (also called Ezo in historical texts are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Where it is different than the west, is that the term is used as a foundation for I Ching, the Five Elements and the five Naked-eye planets. The I Ching ( Wade-Giles) or “Yì Jīng” ( Pinyin) also called “Classic of Changes” or “Book of Changes” is one of the oldest of the In traditional Chinese philosophy, natural phenomena can be classified into the Wu Xing ( or the Five Phases, usually translated as five elements, In Astronomy, the naked-eye planets are the five Planets of our Solar system that can be discerned with the Naked eye without much difficulty

Each direction is often identified with a color, and geographical or ethnic terms may contain the name of the color instead of the name of the corresponding direction. ^[2][3] These traditions were also carried west by the westward migration of the Turkic peoples. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family

East: Green/Blue (青 "qīng" corresponds to green or blue); Spring; Wood

Qingdao (Tsingtao) "Green Island": a city on the east coast of China

South: Red; Summer; Fire

Red River (Vietnam): south of China

Red Sea: south of Turkey

West: White; Autumn; Metal

White Sheep Turkmen

Ak Deniz "White Sea" in Turkish indicates the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, or the Mediterranean Sea

North: Black; Winter; Water

Heilongjiang "Black Dragon River" province in Northeast China, also the Amur River

Black Sea: north of Turkey

Kara-Khitan Khanate

Center: Yellow; Earth

Huangshan "Yellow Mountain" in central China

Golden Horde: "Central Army" of the Mongols

Americas

America	N	E	S	W	C	Source
Apache					—	[7]
Aztec					—	[8][9]
Cherokee						[4][10]
Lakota						[4]
Mayan						[4][8]
Navajo					—	[4][7]
Pueblo					—	[4][10]
Sioux					—	[4]

In Mesoamerica and North America, many traditional indigenous beliefs include four cardinal directions and a center. Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. In traditional Chinese philosophy, Wood is classified as one of the Wu xing ( or the Five Elements, also translated as five phases Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days Fire has been an important part of many cultures and religions from pre-history to modern day and was vital to the development of civilization There are also other rivers named Red River. The Red River, also known as the Hong - Red Song Cai, Song Ca The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer In traditional Chinese philosophy, Metal is classified as one of the Wu xing ( or the Five Elements, also translated as five phases The Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Akgoýunly, Azeri: Ağqoyunlu, The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Water has been important to all peoples of the earth and it is rich in spiritual tradition ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Yellow is the Color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M (long and medium wavelength Cone cells of the Retina about equally Earth, home and origin of humanity has often been worshipped in its own right with its own unique spiritual tradition This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas The Navajo or Diné people (also spelled Navaho) of the Southwestern United States Pueblos are traditional communities of Native Americans in the southwestern United States of America. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Each direction was associated with a color, which varied between groups but which generally corresponded to the hues of corn (green, black, red, white, and yellow). There seems to be no “preferred” way of assigning these colors; as shown in the table, great variety in color symbolism occurs even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically.

Non-English names of ordinal directions

In some languages, such as Finnish and Estonian, there are words for ordinal directions that are not compounds of the names of the cardinal directions (as, for instance, northeast is compounded from north and east). A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 In Finnish those are (listed clockwise starting from northeast) koillinen, kaakko, lounas and luode. A clockwise motion is one that proceeds 'like the Clock 's hands' from the top to the right then down and then to the left and back to the top

Non-compass directional systems

Use of the compass directions is common and deeply embedded in European culture, and perhaps even more so in Chinese culture (see South Pointing Chariot). The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history The South Pointing Chariot is widely regarded as one of the most complex Geared mechanism of the ancient Chinese civilization, and was continually used throughout the Some other cultures make greater use of other referents, such as towards the sea or towards the mountains (Hawaii, Bali), or upstream and downstream (most notably in ancient Egypt, also in the Yurok and Karok languages). The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions known as Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Yurok (also Weitspekan) is a moribund Algic language. It is the traditional language of the Yurok tribe of Humboldt County on the Karuk (also Karok) are an indigenous people of California in the United States. Lengo (Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands) has four non-compass directions: landward, seaward, upcoast, and downcoast.

See also

• Azimuth
• Boxing the compass for all thirty-two English-named internationally-used principal points of the compass. Azimuth ( is a mathematical concept defined as the angle usually measured in degrees (° between a reference plane and a point.
• Elevation - the mapping information ignored by the cardinal point system
• Geocaching - to learn about an internationally popular hobby & sport that depends on the above knowledge for success. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. Geocaching is an outdoor treasure-hunting game in which the participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS receiver or other navigational techniques
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
• Latitude and Longitude
• List of cartographers - about famous cartographers through history
• Magnetic deviation - to understand why a compass does not align perfectly with the earth's north and south poles. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers Magnetic deviation is the error induced in a Compass by local Magnetic fields which must be allowed for along with Magnetic declination, if
• Orienteering - to learn about an internationally popular hobby & sport that depends on the above knowledge for success. Orienteering is a family of Sports that require Navigational skills using a Map and Compass, usually in combination with Point to point racing
• South Pointing Chariot of China
• Uses of trigonometry

References

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