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Jules Mazarin
Cardinal Mazarin

Portrait of Cardinal Jules Mazarin
In office
December 5, 1642 – March 9, 1661
Monarch King Louis XIII
Queen Anne
King Louis XIV
Preceded by Cardinal Richelieu
Succeeded by Personal rule of Louis XIV
Born July 14, 1602
Pescina, Kingdom of Naples
Died March 9, 1661
Vincennes, France
Nationality Italian
French (naturalized 1636)
Occupation Clergyman, Cardinal
Profession Statesman,
Religion Roman Catholicism
1Louis XIV did not rule with a Chief Minister after Mazarin's death
Styles of
Jules Cardinal Mazarin
Reference style His Eminence
Spoken style Your Eminence
Informal style Cardinal
See


Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (July 14, 1602 – March 9, 1661) was an accomplished Italian politician who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Pescina is a township and commune of 4484 inhabitants in the province of L’Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Vincennes is a commune of the Val-de-Marne located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance A cleric ( Ancient Greek κληρικός - klērikos clergyman (pl A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov.

Contents

Biography

Giulio Mazzarino was born in Pescina then part of the Kingdom of Naples,[1] where his parents were travelling, but was raised in Rome. Pescina is a township and commune of 4484 inhabitants in the province of L’Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy. The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian He bore the name of his grandfather, an artisan of Castel-Mazarino in Sicily, hence the surname Mazarin. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. His father Pietro was a notary with connections to the Colonna, who became chamberlain to the Constable Filippo I Colonna and gained an easy situation for his family; Mazarin never forgot that the basis of his fortune in life was the patronage of the Colonna, who had provided his father with a wife, Ortensia Buffalini, of a noble family of Città di Castello in Umbria with an ample dowry. The Colonna family was a powerful noble family in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other leaders Don Filippo I Colonna (1578 &ndash 11 April 1639) Duke and prince of Paliano, the head of the Colonna family of Rome, was hereditary Città di Castello is a town and Comune in the Province of Perugia, in the northern part of the Umbria region of Italy.

He studied at the Jesuit College in Rome, though he declined to join their order. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Università Gregoriana (also known as the Gregorianum) is a Pontifical university located in Rome, Italy Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 At seventeen he accompanied Girolamo Colonna, one of the sons of Filippo I Colonna, to the university of Alcala in Spain, to serve as his chamberlain. His stay was brief; a notary who had advanced some cash to cover gaming debts urged the charming and personable young Mazarino to take his daughter as bride, with a substantial dowry. Later Mazarin frequented the University of Rome La Sapienza, gaining the title of Doctor in jurisprudence but gaining loose habits of serious gambling in the meantime. Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature

In Papal service

Mazarin followed Filippo I Colonna as captain of infantry in his regiment during the war in Monferrato of 1628, over the succession to Mantua. Don Filippo I Colonna (1578 &ndash 11 April 1639) Duke and prince of Paliano, the head of the Colonna family of Rome, was hereditary Montferrat (in Piemontèis, Monfrà; in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. The War of the Mantuan Succession ( 1628 - 1631) was a peripheral part of the Thirty Years' War. During this war he gave proofs of much diplomatic ability, and Pope Urban VIII entrusted him, in 1629, with the difficult task of putting an end to the war of the Mantuan succession. Pope

The Emperor Ferdinand II, the duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I and Ferdinand II of Guastalla, the papal candidate for the duchy, were ranged against Louis XIII in aid of Charles Gonzaga, duc de Nevers, the opposing candidate. Charles Emmanuel I ( Italian: Carlo Emanuele I di Savoia, January 12 1562 &ndash July 26 1630) surnamed the Great For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Charles I of Gonzaga-Nevers ( Italian: Carlo I Gonzaga; May 6 1580 - September 22 1637) was Duke of Mantua and Urban VIII sent troops into the Valtelina. Pope At the time, Anna Colonna, daughter of Filippo I Colonna, was married to Urban's nephew, and the Pope now made her brother, Girolamo Colonna, archbishop of Albano and a new cardinal. The Cardinal was sent to Monferrat as papal legate, to treat of peace between France and Spain in the matter of Mantua, and insisted that Mazarin be attached to his legation as secretary.

In passing between the armed camps to achieve an accommodation, Mazarin detected the weakness of the Spanish general, the marqués de Santa-Cruz, and perceived that he desired to come to terms without exposing his army to combat. By emphasizing French strengths in the Spanish camp, Mazarin effected the treaty of Cherasco, 6 April 1631, in which the Emperor and the Duke of Savoy recognized the possession of Mantua and part of Monferrat by Charles Gonzaga and the French occupation of the strategic stronghold of Pinerolo, the gate to the valley of the Po, to the great satisfaction of Richelieu and the King of France. Charles I of Gonzaga-Nevers ( Italian: Carlo I Gonzaga; May 6 1580 - September 22 1637) was Duke of Mantua and Pinerolo is a Town and commune in north-western Italy, 40 kilometres southwest of Turin on the river Chisone. Richelieu was in particular impressed by the young man's resourceful ruses, and asked him to come to Paris, where he received him with great demonstrations of affection, promised him great things and gave him a gold chain with the portrait of the King, some jewels and a valuable ceremonial sword.

As papal vice-legate at Avignon (1632), and nuncio extraordinary in France (1634), Mazarin was perceived as an extension of Richelieu's policy. Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Under Habsburg pressure, Mazarin was sent back to Avignon, where he was dismissed by Urban VIII on January 17, 1636. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca

In Richelieu's service

Mazarin immediately went to Paris, where he offered his services to Richelieu and was naturalized as a French citizen by April. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Richelieu, who felt the weight of his years, though he was as assiduous in the King's service as ever, detected in Mazarin a likely aide in carrying on government. He confided to the young man several sensitive missions, in which Mazarin acquitted himself well, then presented him to the King, who was well pleased with Mazarin, who was now lodged in the palace.

Ever as deft at the gaming table as with diplomacy, one evening his winnings were so great that a crowd gathered to see the stacks of gold écus, attracting the attention of the Queen; in her presence, Mazarin risked all, and won. For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria He attributed his winnings to the Queen's presence, and in thanks, offered her fifty thousand écus. The Queen demurred, Mazarin pressed, and she accepted. Several days later, Mazarin quietly received a great deal more than he had given. Thus he was affirmed in the favour of the King, the court and above all of Anne of Austria, who would soon be regent. For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria

Mazarin sent to his father in Rome a great sum of money and a casket of jewels, for which he always had a great fondness, as dowry for his three sisters. Service to the King of France seemed to him the easiest route to a cardinal's hat, his constant ambition. Richelieu, in spite of his fondness and admiration for Mazarin, was loath to crown his career so early; he offered a bishopric worth 30,000 écus a year. Mazarin, who aspired to more, for his part, turned it aside amiably. In 1636 he returned to Rome, with the thought of attaching himself to Cardinal Antonio, nephew of the pope, with an eye to preferment by that route.

The apex of his diplomatic services to France was the secret treaty between France and Tommaso of Savoy signed late in 1640. The following year, at Richelieu's insistence, Mazarin was made cardinal. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. He therefore returned to Rome.

In Service to the King and to the Queen Regent

His residence in Rome did not last long, as he returned to Paris in the December of 1642, after the death of Richelieu, succeeding him as Chief Minister of France[2].

King Louis XIII died in 1643. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) His successor, Louis XIV, was only a child and his mother, Anne of Austria, ruled in his place until he came of age. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria Mazarin helped Anne expand her power from the more limited power her husband had left her. Mazarin functioned essentially as the co-ruler of France along side the queen during the regency of Anne, and until his death in 1661 at Vincennes, Mazarin effectively directed French policy along side the monarch. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Vincennes is a commune of the Val-de-Marne located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. His modest manner contrasted with the imperious Richelieu, and Anne was so fond of him and so intimate in her manner with him, that there were long-standing rumors that they had been secretly married and that the Dauphin was their offspring. The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the

Mazarin's policies for France

Mazarin continued Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and laid the foundation for Louis XIV's expansionism. The victories of Condé and Turenne brought the French party to the bargaining table at the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War with the Treaty of Munster and Treaty of Osnabrück (Treaty of Westphalia), in which Mazarin's policies were French rather than Catholic and brought Alsace (though not Strasbourg) to France; he settled Protestant princes in secularized bishoprics and abbacies in reward for their political opposition to Austria. Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne, often called simply Turenne ( September 11 1611 &ndash July 27 1675) was For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région In 1658 he formed the League of the Rhine, which was designed to check the House of Austria in central Germany. In 1659 he made peace with Habsburg Spain in the Peace of the Pyrenees, which added to French territory Roussillon and northern Cerdanya— as French Cerdagne— in the far south as well as part of the Low Countries. Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is French Cerdagne is the northern half of Cerdanya, which came under French control as a result of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, while the southern The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt

Towards Protestantism at home, Mazarin pursued a policy of promises and calculated delay to defuse the armed insurrection of the Ardèche (1653) for example, and keep the Huguenots disarmed: for six years they believed themselves to be on the eve of recovering the protections of the Edict of Nantes: in the end they obtained nothing. Ardèche ( Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of

Towards the pontificate of the successful Spanish candidate, Cardinal Pamphili, elected pope (15 September, 1644) as Innocent X, there was constant friction. You may be looking for Eusebius Pamphili, or Eusebius of Pamphilius Pope Innocent X ( May 6, 1574 &ndash January 7, 1655) born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili) was Pope Mazarin protected the Barberini cardinals, nephews of the late pope, and the Bull against them was voted by the Parliament of Paris "null and abusive"; France made a show of preparing to take Avignon by force, and Innocent backed down. The Barberini are a family of the Italian nobility that rose to prominence in 17th century Rome. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Mazarin was more consistently an enemy of Jansenism, in particular during the formulary controversy, more for its political implications than out of theology. Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent The Formulary Controversy, in 17th century France, pitted the Jansenists against the Jesuits. On his deathbed he warned young Louis "not to tolerate the Jansenist sect, not even their name. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent "

Controversy over the Cardinal's policies, and the weakness of the regency, resulted in two revolts, known as la Fronde (1648-53). La Fronde (1648–1653 was a Civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635 Twice, in 1651 and 1652, he was driven out of the country, by the Parliamentary Fronde and the Fronde of the Nobles. The countless abusive and satirical pamphlets called Mazarinades published against him often invoked his Italian birth. In addition, the increasing authoritarian royal power of France (a process begun under Richelieu), as well as rising taxes such as the Taille were attacked by defenders of ancient aristocratic liberties against the growing absolutism that Louis XIV was able to exploit. Taille was also a name used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach for the Baroque Cor anglais. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler

Death

Death found him seated in his chair, dressed in his full cardinal's robes, and his beard carefully trimmed, as if for a levée; he continued to sign dispatches while his hand could grasp a pen; power passed away only with life. To the last he was consistent with his old hypocrisy; a few hours before his decease he sent a message to the Parliament, in which he declared that its very humble servant died. The event took place on the 9th of March 1661.

Family connections

Cardinal Mazarin's wealth (he collected benefices and amassed a huge fortune and a greater collection of art than the king's) and his nieces' beauty, made for notable family connections, marital and extramarital.

His three nieces Ortensia, Maria and Olimpia, were famous for their wit, their beauty and their freedom. Hortense Mancini Duchesse Mazarin (1646 Rome &ndash November 9, 1699, Chelsea) was the favourite niece of Cardinal Mazarin Marie Mancini ( Anna Maria Mancini; August 28, 1639 &ndash May 8, 1715) was the middle of the five Mancini sisters nieces to Olympia Mancini, in France Olympe Mancini ( July 11[[ 638]] — 9 October[[ 708]] was the second of five famous Mancini sisters nieces of Cardinal Olimpia was the mother of the famous Prince Eugene of Savoy. This article refers to the Austrian Habsburg military leader for the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte see Eugène de Beauharnais. Ortensia was also a mistress of Charles II of England. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Another niece Laura married Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena and was the mother of Mary of Modena, Queen of England. Laura Martinozzi (born May 27 1639 &ndash died July 19 1687 was the Regent of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the name of her son Francesco. Alfonso IV d'Este ( 1634 - July 16 1662) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1658 until his death List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena In 1452 the Italian family of Este, Lords of Ferrara, were created Dukes of Modena and Mary of Modena (Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel born Este later Queen Mary of England Scotland and Ireland 5 October 1658 &ndash 7 A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king.

Mazarin in fiction

Notes

  1. ^ Pescina is now in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
  2. ^ On December 5, 1642, the day after Richelieus' death, the king sent a circular letter to all officials ordering them to send in their reports to Cardinal Mazarin, as they had formerly done to Cardinal Richelieu. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.

External links

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