Citizendia

Carcinoma of the penis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 C60.
ICD-9 187

Penile cancer is a malignant growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the penis, usually originating in the glans and/or foreskin. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The penis (plural penises, penes It is a rare form of cancer with an incidence of 1 in 100,000 per year in developed countries. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors [1]

Contents

Risk factors

Then exact cause of penile cancer is unknown. The American Cancer Society provides the following as risk factors for penile cancer:[2] human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, smegma, phimosis, treatment of psoriasis, age, and AIDS. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to A human papillomavirus ( HPV) is a Papillomavirus that infects the skin and Mucous membranes of Humans Approximately 130 HPV types have been Tobacco Smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of the Tobacco plant most often in the form of a Cigarette. This article is about smegma a secretion of mammalian genitals Phimosis is a condition where the male foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the Penis. Psoriasis (səˈraɪəsɪs ( suh-RI-uh-sus) is a non-contagious disorder which affects the Skin and Joints It commonly causes red scaly The other etiologic factor most commonly associated with penile carcinoma is poor hygiene. There is some evidence that lichen sclerosus (also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans) may also be a risk factor. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO is a dermatological (skin condition affecting the male genitalia [3]

Circumcision

There has been a lot of controversy over whether circumcision is a form of prevention. Although for a long time it was thought that men who were circumcised were less likely to develop penile cancer, it is now generally agreed that circumcision is a marginal consideration and that there are other factors which are much more indicative. As such, circumcision should not be considered a preventative measure.

One study done reports a lifetime risk of a man developing invasive penile cancer (IPC) in the United States is 1 in 600 if he is uncircumcised,[4] and more than 3 times lower if he was circumcised neonatally. [5][6][7]

Other studies show a lower incidence of penile cancer in uncircumcised men. [8][5][4][9][10][11]

Some studies have found that circumcision decreases the risk of HPV infection in males. Whether this increses the risk of developing penile cancer is debatable. [12][13][14]

One study showing that circumcision does not prevent penile cancer is by Wallerstein. The study found that the risk of penile cancer in Finland, Norway, and Denmark (all noncircumcising countries) is about the same (1 in 100,000 per year) as in the US. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The American Medical Association and the Royal Australasian College of Physicians say the use of infant circumcision in hope of preventing penile cancer in adulthood is not justified. The American Medical Association (AMA founded in 1847 and incorporated 1897 is the largest association of Physicians and Medical students in the United States The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, or RACP, is the organisation responsible for training educating and representing over 9000 physicians and Paediatricians [15][16]

The American Cancer Society states on it's website:

"In the past, circumcision has been suggested as a way to prevent penile cancer. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to This suggestion was based on studies that reported much lower penile cancer rates among circumcised men than among uncircumcised men. However, most researchers now believe those studies were flawed because they failed to consider other factors that are now known to affect penile cancer risk. " [17]

and in 1998 stated:

". . . penile cancer risk is low in some uncircumcised populations, and circumcision is strongly associated with other socioethnic practices that are associated with lessened risk. The consensus among studies that have taken these other factors into account is that circumcision alone is not the major factor preventing cancer of the penis. It is important that the issue of circumcision not distract the public's attention from avoiding known penile cancer risk factors -- having unprotected sexual relations with multiple partners (increasing the likelihood of human papillomavirus infection) and cigarette smoking. "[2]

Symptoms

A draining sore on the foreskin or glans of the penis may be a sign of penile cancer. Anyone with these symptoms should consult a doctor immediately.

Pathology

Staging

Like many malignancies, penile cancer can spread to other parts of the body. It is usually a primary malignancy, the initial place from which a cancer spreads in the body. Much less often it is a secondary malignancy, one in which the cancer has spread to the penis from elsewhere. Doctors use the extent of metastasis to estimate what stage the disease is in, to aid in treatment decisions and prognosis. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, The stages are assessed as follows:

Prognosis can range considerably for patients, depending where on the scale they have been staged. Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the better the prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate for all stages of penile cancer is about 50%.

Treatment

There are several treatment options for penile cancer, depending on staging. They include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Immunotherapy in medicine refers to an array of treatment strategies based upon the concept of modulating the Immune system to achieve a prophylactic and/or The most common treatment is one of five types of surgery:

Radiation therapy is usually used adjuvantly with surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant With earlier stages of penile cancer, a combination of topical chemotherapy and less invasive surgery may be used. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. More advanced stages of penile cancer usually require a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Vaccine

Main article: HPV vaccine

Infection with HPV is associated with some penile cancers. Human papillomavirus (HPV vaccine is a Vaccine that targets certain strains of Human papillomavirus associated with the development of Cervical A quadri-valent vaccine (Gardasil) to prevent infection by some types of HPV has been developed, successfully tested and approved for women by the US Food and Drug Administration. Gardasil ( Merck & Co) is a Vaccine against certain types of Human papillomavirus (HPV [18] Approval for men is expected in 2008. It is licensed and in production, and could substantially reduce the incidence of HPV infection in men, the incidence of genital warts and ano-genital cancers including penile cancer, and mortality. [19]

References

  1. ^ ACS :: What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  2. ^ a b ACS :: What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer?. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  3. ^ bmj.com Rapid Responses for Rickwood et al., 321 (7264) 792-793. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  4. ^ a b Kochen M, McCurdy S (1980). "Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis". Am. J. Dis. Child. 134 (5): 484–6. PMID 7377156.  
  5. ^ a b Dillner J, von Krogh G, Horenblas S, Meijer CJ (2000). "Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis". Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl (205): 189–93. doi:10.1080/00365590050509913. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11144896.  
  6. ^ Maden C, Sherman KJ, Beckmann AM, et al (1993). "History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1093/jnci/85.1.19. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8380060.  
  7. ^ Gajalakshmi CK, Shanta V (1993). "Association between cervical and penile cancers in Madras, India". Acta Oncol 32 (6): 617–20. PMID 8260177.  
  8. ^ Sánchez Merino JM, Parra Muntaner L, Jiménez Rodríguez M, Valerdiz Casasola S, Monsalve Rodríguez M, García Alonso J (2000). "[Epidermoid carcinoma of the penis]" (in Spanish; Castilian). Arch. Esp. Urol. 53 (9): 799–808. PMID 11196386.  
  9. ^ Tsen HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, Peters RK (2001). "Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States)". Cancer Causes Control 12 (3): 267–77. PMID 11405332.  
  10. ^ Schoeneich G, Perabo FG, Müller SC (1999). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis". Andrologia 31 Suppl 1: 17–20. PMID 10643514.  
  11. ^ Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby C, Machin G (2000). "The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer". Pediatrics 105 (3): E36. doi:10.1542/peds.105.3.e36. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 10699138.  
  12. ^ Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, et al (2002). "Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (15): 1105–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011688. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11948269.  
  13. ^ Baldwin SB, Wallace DR, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Vaught LC, Giuliano AR (2004). "Condom use and other factors affecting penile human papillomavirus detection in men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic". Sex Transm Dis 31 (10): 601–7. PMID 15388997.  
  14. ^ Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ (2002). "Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic". Sex Transm Infect 78 (3): 215–8. doi:10.1136/sti.78.3.215. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 12238658.  
  15. ^ AMA (CSAPH) Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99) Full Text. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  16. ^ racp.edu.au. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  17. ^ Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented?.
  18. ^ Access to articles : Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  19. ^ Vaccination against human papillomaviruses shows great promise. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org