Bubbles of carbon dioxide float to the surface of a soft drink. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or

Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of Molecules of a Solvent with molecules or Ions of a Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances This process yields the "fizzle" to carbonated water and sparkling mineral water, the head to beer, and the cork pop and bubbles to champagne and sparkling wine. In many places mineral water is often colloquially used to mean Carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water as opposed to tap water The Foam on top of Beer is called a head. It is caused by bubbles of Carbon dioxide rising to the surface Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation.

Effervescence

Effervescence is the escape of gas from an aqueous solution. The term is used to describe the foaming or fizzing that results from a release of gas. In the lab, a common example of effervescence is the addition of hydrochloric acid to a block of limestone. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 If a few pieces of marble or an antacid tablet are put in hydrochloric acid in a test tube fitted with a cork, effervescence of carbon dioxide can be witnessed. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity. A test tube, also known as a culture tube, sample tube, test flute or flaccid flute, is a piece of Laboratory glassware composed of Cork material is a Prime-subset of generic cork tissue, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork Oak tree Quercus Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single

This process is generally represented by the following reaction, where a pressurized dilute solution of carbonic acid in water releases gaseous carbon dioxide at decompression:

In simple terms, it is the result of the chemical reaction occurring in the liquid which produces a gaseous product. Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3

Fizz

"Fizzle" is a word used to describe the action or sound of gas bubbles moving through and escaping from a liquid. Fizz also describes the formation of a foam of this gas and liquid at the top of the liquid's container. The most general definition of foam is a substance that is formed by trapping many gas Bubbles in a Liquid or Solid. The word itself is an example of onomatopoeia, derived from the sound the multiple bubbles make together as they "pop" when they escape. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing A carbonated beverage, such as cola or beer, will form bubbles when the dissolved carbon dioxide is depressurized to form emulsions at the top, and it will make "fizzing" sounds when it is opened or poured into a container. Cola is a sweet carbonated drink usually with Caramel coloring and containing Caffeine. In the United Kingdom, soft drinks are often referred to as 'fizzy drinks'. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A cocktail based on carbonated water and an acidic juice is called a Fizz, such as the Gin Fizz. A Fizz is a traditional family of Mixed drinks It is variation on the older Sours family A Fizz is a traditional family of Mixed drinks It is variation on the older Sours family

Fizz can also result from a chemical reaction, such as a solid dissolving in a liquid to produce gas. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called For example, Alka-Seltzer brand tablets, used to treat stomach indigestion, form an effervescent solution that fizzes when dropped into water. Alka-Seltzer is a name owned by the German Bayer Corporation for a line of Medications sold over the counter and taken by means of rapidly Dyspepsia (from the Greek "δυς-" (Dys- and "πέψη" (Pepse known in plain English as indigestion, meaning hard The essential chemical reaction is:

Measuring carbonation

The quality of carbonated beverages including softdrinks, seltzer and beer is affected by the amount of dissolved CO2 (the gas that causes carbonation) and the amount of carbonic acid in the drink. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has an infrared absorption wavelength of 4. 27 micrometers and can be measured online using an infrared carbonation sensor. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre This is an improvement to the traditional inferred measurement method using temperature and pressure for Henry's Law coefficients because this methodology is influenced by changes in density and alcohol content. Infrared measurements are not affected by changes in density or alcohol content because they are actually measuring the CO2 molecule using the Beer-Lambert law. In The amount of carbonation in a beverage is measured in Volumes or grams/liter. This is because introducing CO2 into a beverage will change its weight. An easy experiment to prove this is to take a seltzer bottle and weigh it. Carefully remove the top slowly so no liquid escapes from the bottle as the gas escapes the weight of the bottle of seltzer will go down. Shaking the bottle closed and then opening it to remove more CO2 will increase this effect.

Natural and artificial carbonation

Carbonation can occur as a result of natural processes: when yeast ferments dissolved sugars sealed in a pressure-tolerant bottle or keg; when underground volcanic carbon dioxide carbonates well water; or when rainwater passes through limestone into a cave and forms a stalactite. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the A stalactite ( Greek stalaktites, (Σταλακτίτης from the word for "drip" and meaning "that which drips" is a type of Speleothem Or it can be done artificially by dissolving carbon dioxide under pressure into the liquid. Sometimes natural carbonation is called conditioning while the term carbonation is reserved for the artificial process.

Uses

In many consumer beverages such as soft drinks (well known examples include Coca-Cola, 7 Up, Fanta and Pepsi), carbonation is used to give "bite". Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries 7 Up is a brand of a Lemon - lime flavored non-caffeinated Soft drink. Fanta is a global Brand of fruit-flavored Soft drinks from the The Coca-Cola Company. Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Contrary to popular belief, the fizzy taste is caused by dilute carbonic acid inducing a slight burning sensation, and is not caused by the presence of bubbles. Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 This can be shown by drinking a fizzy drink in a hyperbaric chamber at the same pressure as the beverage. A diving chamber or submersible chamber has two main functions as a simpler form of submersible vessel to take divers Underwater This gives much the same taste, but the bubbles are completely absent.

Carbonation is sometimes used for reasons other than consumption for example: to lower the pH (raise the hydrogen ion concentration) of a water solution, and in the cleaning industry (Chem-Dry and Carbonated Solutions both use carbonated cleaning solutions for carpet cleaning)

Brewing

In homebrewing, overcarbonation can be dangerous; it can result in bottles gushing or even exploding. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Homebrewing typically refers to the Brewing of Beer and similar Alcoholic beverages (and sometimes soft drinks on a very small scale as a Hobby Adding priming sugar or malt extract at bottling time to beer that has had its fermentable sugar content totally consumed is the safest approach to carbonation. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Exceeding recommended levels of priming sugar for a given recipe is dangerous, as is using inappropriate bottles or improper capping methods. Beer may also be force-carbonated using a keg and special bottling equipment so that the carbonation level can be carefully controlled.

A carbonated beverage.

Further reading

• Richard J. Kinch. Carbonating at Home with Improvised Equipment and Soda Fountains. — Kinch describes in detail the theory and practice of constructing one's own home carbonation system.

References

• Robert O'Leary. ATR Infrared Spectroscopy method for measuring Carbonation in beverages. —O'Leary describes in detail the theory and practice of measuring dissolved CO2 content in softdrinks and beer.

See also

External links

• Carbonation and Acidity
• From Velvety Foam to Rocky Head - Ray Daniels
• Dissolution of Marble in Hydrochloric Acid Demonstration experiment: Instruction and video