Carbonate

For other uses, see Carbonate (disambiguation).

Ball-and-stick model of the carbonate ion, CO32−

Ball-and-stick model of the carbonate ion, CO₃²⁻

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid. Ball-and-stick models and Space-filling models (also known as Calotte models) are 3D or spatial Molecular models which serve to display the structure Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3

1 Applications
2 Chemical properties
3 Acid-base chemistry
4 Biological Significance
5 Carbonate salts
6 History
7 References
8 See also

Applications

To test for the presence of the carbonate anion in a salt, the addition of dilute mineral acid (e. g. hydrochloric acid) will yield carbon dioxide gas. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water

Carbonate-containing salts are industrially and mineralogically ubiquitous. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The term "carbonate" is also commonly used to refer to one of these salts or carbonate minerals. Carbonate minerals are those Minerals containing the Carbonate Ion: CO32- Most common is calcite, or calcium carbonate, the chief constituent of limestone. Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of Calcium carbonate ( Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 The process of removing carbon dioxide from these salts by heating is called calcination. Calcination (also referred to as calcining) is a thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a Thermal decomposition

The term is also used as a verb, to describe the process of raising carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations in soda, see also carbonated water, either by the introduction under pressure of carbon dioxide gas into the bottle, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single

Chemical properties

The carbonate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula C O₃²⁻ and a molecular mass of 60. A polyatomic ion is a charged species ( Ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered as acting An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Use in chemistry In Chemistry, the empirical formula of a Chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of Atom Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the 01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three identical oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Chemistry, trigonal planar is a Molecular geometry with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle all in one plane The carbonate ion carries a negative two formal charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO₃⁻, which is the conjugate base of H₂CO₃, carbonic acid. Chemistry, a formal charge (FC is a Partial charge on an Atom in a Molecule assigned by assuming that Electrons in a Chemical Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation

A carbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Most carbonate salts are insoluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, with solubility constants of less than 1×10⁻⁸. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made Solubility equilibrium is any type Chemical equilibrium between solid and dissolved states of a compound at saturation. Exceptions include sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Carbonate of potash redirects here For one of potassium carbonate's impure forms see Potash. Ammonium carbonate is the commercial salt formerly known as sal volatile or salt of hartshorn.

In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist together in a dynamic equilibrium. In a Chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the chemical activities or Concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while in weakly basic conditions, the bicarbonate ion is prevalent. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO₂(aq), is the main form, which, with water, H₂O, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid - the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3

Carbonated water is formed by dissolving CO₂ in water under pressure. When the partial pressure of CO₂ is reduced, for example when a can of soda is opened, the equilibrium for each of the forms of carbonate (carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid) shifts until the concentration of CO₂ in the solution is equal to the solubility of CO₂ at that temperature and pressure. In living systems an enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, speeds the interconversion of CO₂ and carbonic acid. The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of Enzymes that catalyze the rapid conversion of Carbon dioxide to Bicarbonate

In organic chemistry a carbonate can also refer to a functional group within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom bound to three oxygen atoms, one which is double bonded. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions The VSEPR shape of the carbonate ion is trigonal planar or triplanar. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR theory (1957 is a model in Chemistry, which is used for predicting the shapes of individual Molecules based

Acid-base chemistry

The carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻) is a moderately strong base. It is a conjugate base of the weakly acidic bicarbonate (IUPAC name hydrogen carbonate HCO₃⁻), itself a moderately strong conjugate base of the still weakly acidic carbonic acid. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 As such in aqueous solution, the carbonate ion seeks to reclaim hydrogen atoms.

Biological Significance

It works as a buffer in the blood as follows: when pH is too low, the concentration of hydrogen ions is too high, so you exhale CO₂. This will cause the equation to shift left, essentially decreasing the concentration of H⁺ ions, causing a more basic pH.

When pH is too high, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood is too low, so the kidneys excrete bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). This causes the equation to shift right, essentially increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions, causing a more acidic pH.

Carbonate salts

See also: Category:Carbonates

Carbonate overview:

H₂CO₃

Li₂CO₃

BeCO₃

Na₂CO₃

MgCO₃

K₂CO₃

CaCO₃

MnCO₃

FeCO₃

CoCO₃

NiCO₃

CuCO₃

ZnCO₃

Rb₂CO₃

SrCO₃

Ag₂CO₃

CdCO₃

Cs₂CO₃

BaCO₃

Tl₂CO₃

PbCO₃

Uub

Uut

Uuq

Uup

Uuh

Uus

Uuo

↓

La₂(CO₃)₃

History

It is generally thought that the presence of carbonates in rock is unequivocal evidence for the presence of liquid water. Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 Lithium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the formula Li2CO3 Beryllium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula BeCO3 Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 is a white Solid that occurs in nature as a Mineral. Carbonate of potash redirects here For one of potassium carbonate's impure forms see Potash. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Manganese carbonate is a compound with the Chemical formula Mn[[Carbon C]] O 3 Siderite is also the name of a type of Iron Meteorite. ---- Siderite is a Mineral composed of Iron Carbonate Fe[[carbon Cobalt(II carbonate also known as spherocobaltite is a Mineral with Chemical formula CoCO3 Nickel(II carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula Ni[[Carbon C]] O3. Copper(II carbonate (often called copper carbonate or cupric carbonate) is a blue-green compound (chemical formula CuCO3 forming part of the Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is Zinc Carbonate Zn[[carbon C]] O 3 a mineral ore of zinc Rubidium carbonate, Rb2CO3 is a convenient compound of Rubidium; it is stable not particularly reactive and readily soluble in water (2 Strontium carbonate (SrCO3 is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder Silver carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula Ag2CO3 Otavite is a rare Cadmium carbonate mineral with formula Cd[[carbon C]] O 3 Barium carbonate ( Ba[[Carbonate CO]]3 also known as witherite, is a Chemical compound used in Rat poison, Bricks Thallium(I carbonate ( Tl2[[Carbon C]] O3) is a Chemical compound. Lead carbonate, is the chemical compound PbCO3 It is prepared industrially from Lead(II acetate and Carbon dioxide. Lanthanum carbonate, La 2( C[[Oxygen O]]33 is the Salt formed by Lanthanum (III Cations and Carbonate In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Recent observations of the Planetary nebula NGC 6302 shows evidence for carbonates in space^[1], where aqueous alteration similar to that on Earth is unlikely. A planetary nebula is an Emission nebula consisting of a glowing shell of Gas and plasma formed by certain types of Stars when they die NGC 6302 (also called the Bug Nebula or Butterfly Nebula) is a bipolar Planetary nebula in the constellation Scorpius. Other minerals have been proposed which would fit the observations.

Significant carbonate deposits have not been found on Mars via remote sensing or in situ missions, even though Martian meteorites contain small amounts and groundwater may have existed at both Gusev^[2] and Meridiani Planum^[3]. Evidence for Carbonates on Mars has remained elusive For example in spite of remote sensing instruments such as OMEGA and THEMIS that are sensitive

References

^ Kemper, F. , Molster, F. J. , Jager, C. and Waters, L. B. F. M. (2002) The mineral composition and spatial distribution of the dust ejecta of NGC 6302. Astronomy & Astrophysics 394, 679-690.
^ Squyres et al. , (2007) doi 10.1126/science.1139045
^ Squyres et al. , (2006) doi 10.1029/2006JE002771

Dictionary

-noun

any salt or ester of carbonic acid

-verb

(transitive) to charge (often a beverage) with carbon dioxide

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