Being carbon neutral, or carbon neutrality, refers to neutral (meaning zero) total carbon release, brought about by balancing the amount of carbon released with the amount sequestered or offset. Various special interests attempt to promote a use of the term that refers to carbon reduction, which is clearly not neutral. In this more loose sense, it has two common uses:

• It can refer to the practice of balancing carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels, with renewable energy that creates a similar amount of useful energy, so that the carbon emissions are compensated, or alternatively using only renewable energies that don't produce any carbon dioxide (this last is called a post-carbon economy). Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal ^[1]

• It is also used to describe the practice, criticized by some,^[2] of carbon offsetting, by paying others to remove or sequester 100% of the carbon dioxide emitted from the atmosphere^[3] – for example by planting trees – or by funding 'carbon projects' that should lead to the prevention of future greenhouse gas emissions, or by buying carbon credits to remove (or 'retire') them through carbon trading. A carbon offset is a financial instrument representing a reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest on land that is not a forest or has not been a forest for a long time by planting trees or their seeds Emissions trading -->A carbon project refers to a business initiative that receives funding because of the cut the emission of Greenhouse Emissions trading --> This article deals with carbon credits for international trading and the scams associated with it Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control Pollution by providing economic Incentives for These practices are often used in parallel, together with energy conservation measures to minimize energy use. Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used

The concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases measured in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalence. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CDE) and Equivalent carbon dioxide (or CO2e) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much Global The phrase was the New Oxford American Dictionary’s Word Of The Year for 2006. The New Oxford American Dictionary ( NOAD) is a single-volume Dictionary of North American English compiled by American editors at Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4]

Contents 1 Becoming carbon neutral 2 Direct and indirect emissions sources 3 Simplification of carbon neutral standards and definitions 4 Carbon-neutral states 5 See also 6 References

Becoming carbon neutral

When an individual or an organization sets out to become carbon neutral it is usually achieved by combining the following three steps:

• Limiting energy usage and emissions
  • From transportation (walking, using bicycles or public transport, avoiding flying, using low-energy vehicles). The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A Low-energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than a regular Petroleum fuel vehicle
  • From buildings, equipment, animals and processes.
• Obtaining electricity and other energy from a renewable energy source, either directly by generating it (installing solar panels on the roof for example) or by selecting an approved green energy provider, and by using low-carbon alternative fuels such as sustainable biofuels. Photovoltaics ( PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of Solar cells for Energy by converting Sunlight directly Green energy is a term used to describe sources of energy that are considered to be Environmentally friendly and non- polluting. Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional Fuels are any Materials or substances that can be used as a Fuel, other than conventional fuels Biofuels – transport fuels derived from plant materials – are entering the market driven by factors such as rising oil prices and the need for increased
• Offsetting the remaining emissions that cannot for the moment be avoided or generated from renewables in a responsible carbon project, or by buying carbon credits. Emissions trading -->A carbon project refers to a business initiative that receives funding because of the cut the emission of Greenhouse Emissions trading --> This article deals with carbon credits for international trading and the scams associated with it

Being carbon neutral is increasingly seen as good corporate or state social responsibility and a growing list of corporations and states are announcing dates for when they intend to become fully neutral. Corporate social responsibility (CSR also called corporate responsibility corporate citizenship responsible business and corporate social opportunity is a concept whereby Organizations Some corporate examples include Dell,^[5] Google,^[6][7] HSBC,^[8] ING Group,^[9] PepsiCo,^[10] and Tesco. The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online HSBC Holdings plc ( (,,,) is a Public limited company incorporated in England and Wales, headquartered in London. ING Groep NV () (known as ING Group) is a Financial institution of Dutch origin offering Banking Insurance and PepsiCo Incorporated (Short for Pepsi Company ( is a large conglomerate with interests in manufacturing marketing and selling a wide variety of carbonated and non- carbonated Tesco plc is a British -based international grocery and general merchandising retail chain ^[11]

Events such as the G8 Summit^[12] and organizations like the World Bank^[13] are also using offset schemes to become carbon neutral. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Artists like The Rolling Stones^[14] and Pink Floyd^[15] have made albums or tours carbon neutral. Pink Floyd are

Direct and indirect emissions sources

To be considered carbon neutral, an organization must reduce its carbon footprint to zero. A carbon footprint is a "measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of Greenhouse gases produced measured in units of carbon Determining what to include in the carbon footprint depends upon the organization and the standards they are following.

Generally, direct emissions sources must be reduced and offset completely, while indirect emissions from purchased electricity can be reduced with renewable energy purchases.

Direct emissions include all pollution from manufacturing, company owned vehicles and reimbursed travel, livestock and any other source that is directly controlled by the owner. Indirect emissions include all emissions that result from the use or purchase of a product. For instance, the direct emissions of an airline are all the jet fuel that is burned, while the indirect emissions include manufacture and disposal of airplanes, all the electricity used to operate the airline's office, and the daily emissions from employee travel to and from work. In this case, the power company has a direct emission of greenhouse gas, while the office that purchases it considers it an indirect emission.

Simplification of carbon neutral standards and definitions

Before an agency can certify an organization or individual as carbon neutral, it is important to specify whether indirect emissions are included in the Carbon Footprint calculation. ^[16] Most Voluntary Carbon neutral certifiers such as Standard Carbon in the US, require both direct and indirect sources to be reduced and offset. As an example, for an organization to be certified carbon neutral by Standard Carbon, it must offset all direct and indirect emissions from travel by 1 lb CO2e per passenger mile, and all non-electricity direct emissions 100%. ^[17] Indirect electrical purchases must be equalized either with offsets, or renewable energy purchase. This standard differs slightly from the widely used World Resource Institute and may be easier to calculate and apply.

The World Resource Institute, in addition to publishing many tables and help aids for calculating carbon footprints, only requires direct emissions to be reduced and balanced for carbon neutral status, however there is adequate encouragement to include all emissions sources. With this accounting, there are essentially two levels of Carbon neutral: Either all direct and indirect emissions, or only direct emissions.

Much of the disunity in carbon neutral standards can be attributed to the voluntary nature of carbon offseting and carbon neutrality.

The concept of shared resources also reduces the volume of carbon a particular organization has to offset, with all upstream and downstream emissions the responsibility of other organizations or individuals. If all organizations and individuals were involved then this would not result in any double accounting.

Carbon-neutral states

In July 2007, Vatican City became the first carbon neutral state in the world, following the politics of the Pope to eliminate global warming. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the The goal was reached through the donation of the Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary. The Vatican Climate Forest, to be located in the Bükk National Park, Hungary, was donated to the Vatican City by a Carbon offsetting company Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The forest is to be sized to offset the year's carbon dioxide emissions. ^[18]

The Central American nation of Costa Rica aims to be fully carbon neutral before 2030. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in ^[19] In 2004, 46. 7% of Costa Rica's primary energy came from renewable sources,^[20] while 94% of its electricity was generated from hydroelectric power, wind farms and geothermal energy in 2006. Primary energy is energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water A wind farm is a group of Wind turbines in the same location used for production of electric power Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth and therme, meaning heat is energy generated by heat stored in the earth or the collection ^[21] A 3. 5% tax on gasoline in the country is used for payments to compensate landowners for growing trees and protecting forests and its government is making further plans for reducing emissions from transport, farming and industry.

See also

• Carbon offset
• Carbon footprint
• Cellulosic ethanol
• Live Earth
• Low carbon diet
• Low-carbon economy
• Reverb
• Zero-carbon building (carbon neutral buildings)

References

The International Energy Agency ( IEA, or AIE in Romance languages) is a Paris -based intergovernmental organization founded by the Organisation

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic