Carbon monoxide
IUPAC name	Carbon monoxide
Other names	Carbonic oxide, Coal gas, Exhaust Fumes
Identifiers
CAS number	[630-08-0]
RTECS number	FG3500000
Properties
Molecular formula	CO
Molar mass	28. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 0101 g/mol
Appearance	Colourless, odorless gas
Density	0. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 789 g/cm³, liquid 1. 250 g/L at 0°C, 1 atm. 1. 145 g/L at 25°C, 1 atm. (lighter than air)
Melting point	-205 °C (68 K)
Boiling point	-192 °C (81 K)
Solubility in water	0. Some Gases are buoyant in Air because they have densities lower than that of air (about 1 The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 0026 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Dipole moment	0. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 112 D (3. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. 74×10−31 C·m)
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Highly flammable (F+) Repr. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Carbon monoxide. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Cat. 1 Toxic (T)
NFPA 704	2 4 2
R-phrases	R12, R23, R33, R48, R61
S-phrases	S9, S16, S33, S45, S53
Flash point	Flammable gas
Related compounds
Related oxides	carbon dioxide; carbon suboxide; dicarbon monoxide; carbon trioxide
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide C3O2with four cumulative double bonds making it a Cumulene. Dicarbon Monoxide (C2O is an extremely reactive Molecule that contains two Carbon Atoms and one Oxygen and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Carbon monoxide. and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Carbon monoxide. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Carbon monoxide. and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Carbon monoxide. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the There are two covalent bonds and a coordinate covalent bond between the oxygen and carbon atoms. A coordinate covalent bond (formerly also known as dative bond) is a description of Covalent bonding between two atoms in which both electrons shared in the bond come

Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Carbon monoxide forms in preference to the more usual carbon dioxide when there is a reduced availability of oxygen present during the combustion process. Carbon monoxide has significant fuel value, burning in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Despite its serious toxicity, CO plays a highly useful role in modern technology, being a precursor to myriad products. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism

Contents 1 Production 2 Structure 3 Principal chemical reactions 3.1 Industrial uses 3.2 Coordination chemistry 3.3 Organic and main group chemistry 4 Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere 5 Role in physiology and food 6 History 7 Source concentrations 8 Toxicity 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

Production

Carbon monoxide is so fundamentally important that many methods have been developed for its production. ^[1]

Producer gas is formed by combustion of carbon in oxygen at high temperatures when there is an excess of carbon. The term Producer gas has different meanings in the USA and UK In an oven, air is passed through a bed of coke. Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. The initially produced CO₂ equilibrates with the remaining hot carbon to give CO. The reaction of O₂ with carbon to give CO is described as the Boudouard equilibrium. Above 800 °C, CO is the predominant product:

O₂ + 2 C → 2 CO

ΔH = -221 kJ/mol

The downside of this method is if done with air it leaves a mixture that is mostly nitrogen.

Synthesis gas or Water gas is produced via the endothermic reaction of steam and carbon:

H₂O + C → H₂ + CO

ΔH = 131 kJ/mol

CO also is a byproduct of the reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a simplified form as follows:

MO + C → M + CO

ΔH = 131 kJ/mol

Since CO is a gas, the reduction process can be driven by heating, exploiting the positive (favorable) entropy of reaction. Syngas (from syn thesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy The Ellingham diagram shows that CO formation is favored over CO₂ in high temperatures. In Metallurgy, the Ellingham diagram is used to predict the equilibrium temperature between a Metal, its Oxide and Oxygen, and by extension

CO is the anhydride of formic acid. In Chemistry, an anhydride is a compound that can be considered as derived from another compound by subtracting the molecules of water. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. As such it is conveniently produced by the dehydration of formic acid, for example with sulfuric acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Another laboratory preparation for carbon monoxide entails heating an intimate mixture of powdered zinc metal and calcium carbonate. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3

Zn + CaCO₃ → ZnO + CaO + CO

Another lab style of generate CO is reacting Sucrose and Sodium Hydroxide in a closed system. Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound.

Structure

The CO molecule is characterized by a bond length of 0. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic 1128 nm. A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a ^[2] Formal charge and electronegativity difference cancel each other out. Chemistry, a formal charge (FC is a Partial charge on an Atom in a Molecule assigned by assuming that Electrons in a Chemical " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons The result is a small dipole moment with its negative end on the carbon atom^[3]. The reason for this, despite oxygen's greater electronegativity, is that the highest occupied molecular orbital has an energy much closer to that of carbon's p orbitals, meaning that greater electron density is found near the carbon. In addition, carbon's lower electronegativity creates a much more diffuse electron cloud, enhancing the dipole moment. This is also the reason that almost all chemistry involving carbon monoxide occurs through the carbon atom, and not the oxygen.

The molecule's bond length is consistent with a partial triple bond. The molecule has a small dipole moment and can be represented by three resonance structures:

The leftmost resonance form is the most important. The bond dipole moment uses the idea of Electric dipole moment to measure the polarity of a chemical bond within a Molecule. ^[2] This is illustrated by the reactivity of carbon monoxide: it reacts with carbocations. A carbocation (ˌkɑrboʊˈkætaɪɒn is an Ion with a positively-charged Carbon Atom.

Dinitrogen is isoelectronic to carbon monoxide, which means that these molecules have the same number of electrons and similar bonding. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 The physical properties of N₂ and CO are similar, although CO is more reactive.

Principal chemical reactions

Industrial uses

Carbon monoxide is a major industrial gas that has many applications in bulk chemicals manufacturing. Industrial gas is a group of gases that are commercially manufactured and sold for uses in other applications ^[4]

High volume aldehydes are produced by the hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, CO, and H₂. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis, is an important industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon In one of many applications of this technology, hydroformylation is coupled to the Shell Higher Olefin Process to give precursors to detergents. The Shell higher olefin process is a Chemical process for the production of Linear alpha olefins via ethene oligomerization and Olefin metathesis invented A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning.

Methanol is produced by the hydrogenation of CO. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2 In a related reaction, the hydrogenation of CO is coupled to C-C bond formation, as in the Fischer-Tropsch process where CO is hydrogenated to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The Fischer-Tropsch process (or Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas ( Syngas) a mixture of Carbon monoxide This technology allows coal to be converted to petrol.

In the Monsanto process, carbon monoxide and methanol react in the presence of a homogeneous rhodium catalyst and HI to give acetic acid. The Monsanto process is an important method for the manufacture of Acetic acid. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of acetic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste

Carbon monoxide is a principle component of syngas, which is often used for industrial power. Syngas (from syn thesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Carbon monoxide(CO) is also used in industrial scale operations for purify Nickel, it is a precursor for an corrosion process called Mond Process. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 The Mond Process, sometimes known as the Carbonyl Process is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1899 to extract and purify Nickel.

Coordination chemistry

Main article: metal carbonyl

Most metals form coordination complexes containing covalently attached carbon monoxide. Metal carbonyls are Coordination complexes of Transition metals with Carbon monoxide. HOMO and LUMO are Acronyms for highest occupied Molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied Molecular orbital, respectively In Chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an Electron may be found in a Molecule. HOMO and LUMO are Acronyms for highest occupied Molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied Molecular orbital, respectively Antibonding (or anti-bonding) is a type of chemical bonding. An antibonding orbital is a form of Molecular orbital (MO that is located outside the region In Chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an Electron may be found in a Molecule. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Only those in lower oxidation states will complex with carbon monoxide ligands. In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally This is because there must be sufficient electron density to facilitate back donation from the metal d_xz-orbital, to the π* molecular orbital from CO. In Chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an Electron may be found in a Molecule. The lone pair on the carbon atom in CO, also donates electron density to the d_x²−y² on the metal to form a sigma bond. In Chemistry, sigma bonds ( σ bonds) are the strongest type of covalent Chemical bond. In nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄ forms by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and nickel metal at room temperature. Nickel carbonyl ( IUPAC name tetracarbonylnickel) is a colorless Organometallic complex that is a versatile reagent first described in Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 For this reason, nickel in any tubing or part must not come into prolonged contact with carbon monoxide (corrosion). Nickel carbonyl decomposes readily back to Ni and CO upon contact with hot surfaces, and this method was once used for the industrial purification of nickel in the Mond process. Nickel carbonyl ( IUPAC name tetracarbonylnickel) is a colorless Organometallic complex that is a versatile reagent first described in Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 The Mond Process, sometimes known as the Carbonyl Process is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1899 to extract and purify Nickel. ^[5]

In nickel carbonyl and other carbonyls, the electron pair on the carbon interacts with the metal; the carbon monoxide donates the electron pair to the metal. In these situations, carbon monoxide is called the carbonyl ligand. In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally One of the most important metal carbonyls is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)₅:

Many metal-CO complexes are prepared by decarbonylation of organic solvents, not from CO. Iron pentacarbonyl, also known as iron carbonyl, is the compound with formula (5 For instance, iridium trichloride and triphenylphosphine react in boiling methoxyethanol or DMF) to afford IrCl(CO)(PPh₃)₂. Iridium(III chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula IrCl3 Triphenylphosphine (in Europe triphenylphosphane is a common Organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H53 - often abbreviated to 2-Methoxyethanol, or methyl cellosolve is an Organic compound that is used mainly as a Solvent. Dimethylformamide is the Organic compound with the formula ( CH3)2NC(OH Vaska's complex is the Trivial name for the Chemical compound trans -chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphineiridium(I which has the formula IrCl(CO2

Organic and main group chemistry

In the presence of strong acids and water, carbon monoxide reacts with olefins to form carboxylic acids in a process known as the Koch-Haaf reaction. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H ^[6] In the Gattermann-Koch reaction, arenes are converted to benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of AlCl₃ and HCl. The Gattermann-Koch reaction, named for the German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch, in Organic chemistry refers to a Friedel-Crafts Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO is a chemical compound consisting of a Benzene ring with an Aldehyde substituent Aluminium chloride (AlCl3 is a compound of Aluminium and Chlorine. ^[7] Organolithium compounds, e. g. butyl lithium react with CO, but this reaction enjoys little use. n -Butyllithium (abbreviated BuLi is the most prominent Organolithium reagent.

Although CO reacts with carbocations and carbanions, it is relatively unreactive toward organic compounds without the intervention of metal catalysts. A carbocation (ˌkɑrboʊˈkætaɪɒn is an Ion with a positively-charged Carbon Atom. A carbanion is an Anion in which Carbon has an unshared pair of Electrons and bears a negative charge usually with three substituents for a total of eight ^[8]

With main group reagents, CO undergoes several noteworthy reactions. Chlorination of CO is the industrial route to the important compound phosgene. Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I With borane CO forms an adduct, H₃BCO, which is isoelectronic with the acylium cation [H₃CCO]⁺. In chemistry a borane is a chemical compound of Boron and Hydrogen. acyl group ( IUPAC name alkanoyl) is a Functional group derived by the removal of one or more Hydroxyl group from an Oxoacid. CO reacts with sodium to give products resulting from C-C coupling such as Na₂C₂O₂ (sodium acetylenediolate), and potassium to give K₂C₂O₂ (potassium acetylenediolate) and K₂C₆O₆ (potassium rhodizonate). Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39

Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Carbon monoxide, though thought of as a pollutant today, has always been present in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity. MOPITT ( Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) is a payload scientific instrument launched into Earth Orbit by NASA on Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the It occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high pressures in the earth's mantle. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided Carbon monoxide contents of volcanic gases vary from less than 0. 01% to as much as 2% depending on the volcano. It also occurs naturally in bushfires. Ladysmith-RFSJPG|right|thumb| Ladysmith NSW RFS fire fighting tanker]]A Bushfire is a Fire that occurs in the bush (collective term for Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas.

Carbon monoxide has an indirect radiative forcing effect by elevating concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone through chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents (e. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. g. , the hydroxyl radical, OH^{. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell} ) that would otherwise destroy them. Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in the atmosphere and spatially variable.

Anthropogenic CO from automobile and industrial emissions may contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The Greenhouse effect refers to the change in the Thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an Atmosphere containing gas that absorbs In urban areas carbon monoxide, along with aldehydes, reacts photochemically to produce peroxy radicals. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond. Peroxy radicals react with nitrogen oxide to increase the ratio of NO₂ to NO, which reduces the quantity of NO that is available to react with ozone. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Carbon monoxide is also a constituent of tobacco smoke.

Role in physiology and food

Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef and pork. Modified atmosphere is a common technical definition that describes the practice of modifying the composition of the internal atmosphere of a package (commonly food packages but this technique The CO combines with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright cherry red pigment. Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment, metmyoglobin. This stable red colour can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat, giving the appearance of freshness. ^[9] Typical levels of CO used are 0. 4% to 0. 5%.

The technology was first given generally recognized as safe status by the FDA in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system. Generally Recognized as Safe ( GRAS) is a United States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA designation that a chemical or substance added to food In 2004 the FDA approved CO as primary packaging method, declaring that CO does not mask spoilage odour. ^[10] Despite this ruling, the technology remains controversial in the US for fears that it is deceptive and masks spoilage. ^[11]

One reaction in the body produces CO. Carbon monoxide is produced naturally as a breakdown of heme (which is one of hemoglobin moieties), a substrate for the enzyme heme oxygenase. A heme ( American English) or haem ( British English) is a Prosthetic group that consists of an Iron atom contained in the center of Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Heme oxygenase (HO is an Enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of Heme. The enzymatic reaction results in breakdown of heme to CO, biliverdin and Fe³⁺ radical. The endogenously produced CO may have important physiological roles in the body (eg as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessels relaxant). See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article In addition CO regulates inflammatory reactions in a manner that prevents the development of several diseases such as atherosclerosis or severe malaria.

CO is a nutrient for methanogenic bacteria,^[12] a building block for acetylcoenzyme A. Methanogens are Archaea that produce Methane as a Metabolic byproduct in Anoxic conditions Coenzyme A ( CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a Coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of Fatty acids This theme is the subject for the emerging field of bioorganometallic chemistry. Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids In bacteria, CO is produced via the reduction of carbon dioxide via the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, an Fe-Ni-S-containing protein. ^[13]

A haeme-based CO-sensor protein, CooA, is known. ^[14] The scope of its biological role is still unclear, it is apparently part of a signaling pathway in bacteria and archaea, but its occurrence in mammals is not established.

CO is also currently being studied in several research laboratories throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties that can be used therapeutically to prevent the development of a series of pathologic conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, sepsis, severe malaria or autoimmunity. There are yet no clinical applications of CO in humans.

History

Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. He mistakenly concluded that the gaseous product was hydrogen as it burned with a blue flame. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The gas was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by the English chemist William Cumberland Cruikshank in the year 1800. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the William Cumberland Cruikshank (1745 Edinburgh — June 27, 1800) was a British chemist and anatomist.

The toxic properties of CO were first thoroughly investigated by the French physiologist Claude Bernard around 1846. Claude Bernard ( July 12, 1813 – February 10, 1878) was a French Physiologist. He poisoned dogs with the gas, and noticed that their blood was more rutilant in all the vessels. 'Rutilant' is a French word, but also has an entry in English dictionaries, meaning ruddy, shimmering, or golden. However, it was translated at the time as crimson, scarlet, and now is famously known as 'cherry pink'.

During World War II, carbon monoxide was used to keep motor vehicles running in parts of the world where gasoline was scarce. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A motor Vehicle is a Machine which incorporates a motor (sometimes known as an Engine) and which is used for Transportation External charcoal or wood burners were fitted, and the carbon monoxide produced by gasification was piped to the carburetor. A wood gas generator often known as a gasifier is a wood-fueled Gasification reactor mounted on an Internal combustion engine, to provide a Wood gas Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials such as Coal, Petroleum, or Biomass, into Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen A carburetor (North American spelling or carburettor ( Commonwealth spelling) is a device that blends air and Fuel for an Internal The CO in this case is known as "wood gas". Carbon monoxide was also reportedly used on a small scale during the Holocaust at some Nazi extermination camps, and in the Action T4 "euthanasia" program. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Action T4 (Aktion T4 was a program in Nazi Germany spanning October 1939 until August 1941 during which physicians killed 70273 peoplespecified in Hitler's Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner

Source concentrations

• 0. 1 ppm - natural background atmosphere level (MOPITT)
• 0. MOPITT ( Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) is a payload scientific instrument launched into Earth Orbit by NASA on 5 to 5 ppm - average background level in homes^[15]
• 5 to 15 ppm - levels near properly adjusted gas stoves in homes^[15]
• 100-200 ppm - Mexico City central area from autos etc. ^[16]
• 5,000 ppm - chimney of a home wood fire ^[17]
• 7,000 ppm - undiluted warm car exhaust - without catalytic converter^[17]
• 30,000 ppm - undiluted cigarette smoke^[17]

Toxicity

Main article: Carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide is a significantly toxic gas and has no odor or color. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas It is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. ^[18] Exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Following poisoning, long-term sequelae often occur. A sequela, (sɨˈkwiːlə plural sequelæ) is a Pathological condition resulting from a Disease, Injury, or other trauma. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the baby of a pregnant woman. Symptoms of mild poisoning include headaches and dizziness at concentrations less than 100 ppm. Concentrations as low as 667 ppm can cause up to 50% of the body's haemoglobin to be converted to carboxy-haemoglobin (HbCO). Carboxyhemoglobin (British English Carboxyhaemoglobin) (COHb is a stable complex of Carbon monoxide and Hemoglobin that forms in red Blood Carboxy-haemoglobin is quite stable but this change is reversible. Carboxy-haemoglobin is ineffective for delivering oxygen, resulting in some body parts not receiving oxygen needed. As a result, exposures of this level can be life-threatening. In the United States, OSHA limits long-term workplace exposure levels to 50 ppm. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor.

The mechanisms by which carbon monoxide produces toxic effects are not yet fully understood, but haemoglobin, myoglobin, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase are thought to be compromised. Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic The Enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV () is a large Transmembrane protein complex found in Bacteria and the Mitochondrion Treatment largely consists of administering 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy, although the optimum treatment remains controversial. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hyperbaric medicine, also known as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT is the medical use of Oxygen at a higher than Atmospheric pressure. ^[19] Domestic carbon monoxide poisoning can be prevented by the use of household carbon monoxide detectors. A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the Toxic gas Carbon monoxide (CO a colorless and odorless compound

See also

• Carbon monoxide (data page)
• Boudouard reaction
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Criteria air contaminants
• Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Hyperbaric Treatment for CO Poisoning
• Rubicon Foundation research articles on CO Poisoning

References

External links

• [1]
• International Chemical Safety Card 0023
• National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• CID 281 from PubChem
• United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page
• External MSDS data sheet
• Carbon Monoxide Kills Awareness Campaign Site
• Carbon Monoxide Purification Process
• Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves
• USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999
• FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083
• Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site
• Carbon Monoxide Network & Forum
• Microscale Gas Chemistry Experiments with Carbon Monoxide
• Research on the therapeutic effects of CO (Gulbenkian Science Institute)
• Instant insight outlining the physiology of carbon monoxide from the Royal Society of Chemistry
• [2] Article about Sen. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC is a Learned society ( Professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the Chris mandating CO detectors in new homes & hotels in Florida as of 2008.

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