Carbon fiber (alternately called graphite fiber) is a material consisting of extremely thin fibers about 0. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. 0002-0. 0004 inches (0. 005-0. 010 mm) in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber. The crystal alignment makes the fiber incredibly strong for its size. Several thousand carbon fibers are twisted together to form a yarn, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric. [1] Carbon fiber can be combined with a plastic resin and wound or molded to form composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (also referenced as carbon fiber) to provide a high strength-to-weight ratio material. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Carbon fiber reinforced plastic ( CFRP or CRP) is a very strong light and expensive Composite material or fiber reinforced plastic. The density of carbon fiber is also considerably lower than the density of steel, making it ideal for applications requiring low weight. [2] The properties of carbon fiber such as high tensile strength, low weight, and low thermal expansion make it very popular in aerospace, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports.
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History of Carbon Fiber
In 1958, Dr. Roger Bacon created the first high-performance carbon fibers at the Union Carbide Parma Technical Center, located outside of Cleveland, Ohio. Union Carbide Corporation ( Union Carbide) is one of the oldest chemical and polymers companies in the United States, currently employing more than 3800 people Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads [3]The first fibers were manufactured by heating strands of rayon until they carbonized. This process proved to be inefficient, as the resulting fibers contained only about 20% carbon and had low strength and stiffness properties. In the early 1960s, a process was developed using polyacrylonitrile as a raw material. This produced a carbon fiber that contained about 55% carbon and had much better properties. The polyacrylonitrile conversion process quickly became the primary method for producing carbon fibers. [1]
On January 14, 1969 Carr Reinforcements wove the first ever carbon fiber fabric in the world. [4]
During the 1970s, experimental work to find alternative raw materials led to the introduction of carbon fibers made from a petroleum pitch derived from oil processing. These fibers contained about 85% carbon and had excellent flexural strength. [1]
Structure and properties
Carbon fibers are the closest to asbestos in a number of properties. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective [5] Each carbon filament thread is a bundle of many thousand carbon filaments. A single such filament is a thin tube with a diameter of 5–8 micrometers and consists almost exclusively of carbon. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6
The atomic structure of carbon fiber is similar to that of graphite, consisting of sheets of carbon atoms (graphene sheets) arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded Carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice Regular hexagon The internal Angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal are all 120 ° and the hexagon has 720 degrees The difference lies in the way these sheets interlock. Graphite is a crystalline material in which the sheets are stacked parallel to one another in regular fashion. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating The chemical bonds between the sheets are relatively weak Van der Waals forces, giving graphite its soft and brittle characteristics. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic Depending upon the precursor to make the fiber, carbon fiber may be turbostratic or graphitic, or have a hybrid structure with both graphitic and turbostratic parts present. In turbostratic carbon fiber the sheets of carbon atoms are haphazardly folded, or crumpled, together. Carbon fibers derived from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are turbostratic, whereas carbon fibers derived from mesophase pitch are graphitic after heat treatment at temperatures exceeding 2200 C. Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) is a Resinous fibrous, or Rubbery organic Polymer. Liquid crystals are substances that exhibit a phase of matter that has properties between those of a conventional Liquid, and those of a Solid Pitch is the name for any of a number of highly viscous Liquids which appear Solid. Turbostratic carbon fibers tend to have high tensile strength, wheresas heat-treated mesophase-pitch-derived carbon fibers have high Young's modulus and high thermal conductivity. Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat.
Applications
Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as Carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Carbon fiber reinforced plastic ( CFRP or CRP) is a very strong light and expensive Composite material or fiber reinforced plastic. Another utilization of Carbon Fiber is its added aesthetic value to various consumer products.
Carbon Fiber as a tough and lightweight material is applied in the production of watch cases and dials. In watchmaking the material is often combined with polymer to improve its strength. [6]
Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix for carbon fibers. Due to the formation of metal carbides (i. e. , water-soluble AlC) and corrosion considerations, carbon has seen limited success in metal matrix composite applications. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings A metal matrix composite (MMC is Composite material with at least two constituent parts one being a Metal. Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) consists of carbon fiber-reinforced graphite, and is used structurally in high-temperature applications. Reinforced Carbon-Carbon ( carbon-carbon or RCC) is a Composite material consisting of Carbon fiber reinforcement in a matrix of Graphite The fiber also finds use in filtration of high-temperature gases, as an electrode with high surface area and impeccable corrosion resistance, and as an anti-static component. An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Triboelectric Series Materials are often listed in order of the polarity of charge separation when they are touched with another object
Carbon fiber is also used in compressed gas tanks, including compressed air tanks. A compressed fluid (also called a subcooled fluid) is a Fluid under thermodynamic conditions that force it to be a steam A storage tank is a container usually for holding liquids sometimes for compressed gases (gas tank Compressed air
Carbon fiber has recently been used for various decorative reasons such as doors and chairs.
Synthesis
Each carbon filament is made out of long, thin filaments of carbon sometimes transformed to graphite. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. A common method of making carbon filaments is the oxidation and thermal pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a polymer based on acrylonitrile used in the creation of synthetic materials. Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) is a Resinous fibrous, or Rubbery organic Polymer. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Acrylonitrile is the Chemical compound with the formula CH2CHCN Like all polymers, polyacrylonitrile molecules are long chains, which are aligned in the process of drawing continuous filaments. A common method of manufacture involves heating the PAN to approximately 300 °C in air, which breaks many of the hydrogen bonds and oxidizes the material. The oxidized PAN is then placed into a furnace having an inert atmosphere of a gas such as argon, and heated to approximately 2000 °C, which induces graphitization of the material, changing the molecular bond structure. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. When heated in the correct conditions, these chains bond side-to-side (ladder polymers), forming narrow graphene sheets which eventually merge to form a single, jelly roll-shaped or round filament. Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded Carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice The result is usually 93-95% carbon. Lower-quality fiber can be manufactured using pitch or rayon as the precursor instead of PAN. Pitch is the name for any of a number of highly viscous Liquids which appear Solid. Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic Fiber. Rayon is produced from naturally occurring Polymers and therefore it is not a truly The carbon can become further enhanced, as high modulus, or high strength carbon, by heat treatment processes. Carbon heated in the range of 1500-2000 °C (carbonization) exhibits the highest tensile strength (820,000 psi or 5,650 MPa or 5,650 N/mm²), while carbon fiber heated from 2500 to 3000 °C (graphitizing) exhibits a higher modulus of elasticity (77,000,000 psi or 531 GPa or 531 kN/mm²). Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i
Textile
There are several categories of carbon fibers: standard modulus (250 GPa), intermediate modulus (300 GPa), and high modulus (> 300 GPa). [7] The tensile strength of different yarn types varies between 2000 and 7000 MPa. A typical density of carbon fiber is 1750 kg/m3. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different
Precursors for carbon fibers are PAN, rayon and pitch. Carbon fiber filament yarns are used in several processing techniques: the direct uses are for prepregging, filament winding, pultrusion, weaving, braiding etc. Carbon fiber yarn is rated by the linear density (weight per unit length = 1 g/1000 m = tex) or by number of filaments per yarn count, in thousands. For example, 200 tex for 3,000 filaments of carbon fiber is 3 times as strong as 1,000 carbon fibers but is also 3 times as heavy. This thread can then be used to weave a carbon fiber filament fabric or cloth. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. The appearance of this fabric generally depends on the linear density of the yarn and the weave chosen. Some commonly used types of weave are twill, satin and plain. Twill is a type of fabric woven with a pattern of diagonal parallel ribs Satin weave is one of the three important Textile weaves. (The other two are Plain weave and Twill weave Plain or tabby weave is the most basic of the three fundamental types of Textile weaves.
Manufacturers
PAN aerospace/high end carbon fiber:
Toray Industries (largest worldwide manufacturer)
Toho Tenax
Mitsubishi
Hexcel
Cytec Industries
PAN commercial grade carbon fiber:
Zoltek
SGL
Fortafil
Pitch carbon fiber:
Sumitomo
See also
Chemistry and Synthesis of Carbon Fiber
Notes
- ^ a b c http://www.answers.com/topic/carbon-fiber?cat=technology
- ^ Mr. ( is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan that specializes in industrial products centered around technologies in organic synthetic chemistry, Toho Tenax has been a member of the Teijin Group since 2000 Toho Tenax is an international company that supplies customers throughout the world with carbon fiber under The, Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi Hexcel ( is a materials company incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in Stamford Connecticut that manufactures advanced structural materials Cytec Industries, based in West Paterson New Jersey is a specialty chemicals and materials Technology company with pro-forma sales in 2004 including the is one of the largest Keiretsus ' founded by Masatomo Sumitomo. See also Graphene, Buckypaper Carbon nanotubes (CNTs are Allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter Carbon fiber reinforced plastic ( CFRP or CRP) is a very strong light and expensive Composite material or fiber reinforced plastic. Jeremy Hierholzer, Assistant Professor of Aviation Technology, Purdue University, 2007.
- ^ Bacon’s breakthrough
- ^ Carr Reinforcements. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Properties And Fiber Types
- ^ Carbon Fiber in Watchmaking
- ^ "Carbon Fiber Data Sheets - Continuous Fiber," Hexcel Corporation, 26 November 2007
External links
- Bacon's breakthrough at ACS. org
- Carbon Fiber at ps
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