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A captive bolt pistol (also variously known as a cattle gun, stunbolt gun, bolt gun, or stunner) is a device used for stunning animals prior to slaughter. Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious prior to their being slaughtered for food Proper stunning is essential to prevent the pain and suffering of the animal through the bleeding (exsanguination) process (which is itself necessary to prevent meat spoilage) during the butchering process. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from Exsanguination (also known colloquially as bleeding out) is the fatal process of total Hypovolemia (blood loss In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Decomposition (or spoilage) refers to the break down of tissue of a formerly living Organism into simpler forms of matter A butcher is someone who prepares various Meats and other related goods for sale The principle behind captive bolt stunning is a forceful strike on the forehead using a bolt to induce unconsciousness. Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious prior to their being slaughtered for food In Human anatomy, the forehead or brow is the bony part of the head above the Eyes Cultural Aspects A popular Stereotype See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is The bolt may or may not destroy part of the brain, depending on which method is used. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The bolt is a heavy rod made of non-rusting alloys, such as stainless steel. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 It is held in position inside the barrel of the stunner by means of rubber washers. The bolt is usually not visible in a stunner in good condition. The bolt is actuated by a trigger pull and is propelled forward by compressed air or by the discharge of a blank round ignited by a firing pin. A blank is a type of cartridge for a Firearm that contains Gunpowder but no Bullet or shot. After striking a shallow but forceful blow on (or through) the forehead of the animal, spring tension causes the bolt to recoil back into the barrel.
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Variations
The captive bolt pistols are of three types: penetrating, non-penetrating, and free bolt.
In the penetrating type, the stunner uses a pointed bolt which is propelled by pressurized air or a blank cartridge. A blank is a type of cartridge for a Firearm that contains Gunpowder but no Bullet or shot. The bolt penetrates the skull of the animal, enters the cranium, and catastrophically damages the cerebrum and part of the cerebellum. The telencephalon (tÉ›lÉ›nˈsÉ›fÉ™lÉ’n cerebrum, or forebrain is the most Anterior or especially in humans most Dorsal region of the The cerebellum ( Latin: "little brain" is a region of the Brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception Due to concussion, destruction of vital centres of brain and an increase in intra-cranial pressure, the animal loses consciousness. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain This method is currently the most effective and widely used type of stunning, since it physically destroys brain matter (increasing the probability of a successful stun), while also leaving the brain stem intact (thus ensuring the heart continues to beat, facilitating a successful bleed). The brain stem (or brainstem) is the lower part of the Brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the Spinal cord. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from One disadvantage of this method is that brain matter is allowed into the blood stream, possibly contaminating other tissue with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells €”such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE) commonly known as Mad-Cow Disease ( MCD) is a fatal Neurodegenerative disease in Cattle
The action of a non-penetrating stunner is similar, but the bolt is blunt with a mushroom-shaped tip. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source The bolt strikes the forehead with great force and immediately retracts. This concussion is responsible for the unconsciousness of the animal. This type of stunner is less reliable at causing immediate and permanent unconsciousness than penetrating types; however, it has undergone a resurgence of popularity due to concerns about mad cow disease. In the European Union, this captive bolt design is required for slaughter of animals that will be used for pharmaceutical manufacture. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [1]
There is another type of stunner called a free bolt stunner, which is used for the emergency in-the-field euthanasia of large farm animals which are unable to be restrained. Put to sleep redirects here For its literal meaning see Sleep or Anaesthetic. It differs from a true captive bolt gun in that the projectile is not retractable; it is similar in operation to a powder-actuated nail gun or conventional firearm. A Powder-actuated tool (often called "Hilti guns" or "Ramset guns" after two of the companies who manufacture the tools is a Nail gun used in the construction A nail gun, nailgun or nailer is a type of Tool used to drive nails into Wood or some other kind of material Capable of firing only when pressed firmly against a surface (typically the animal's forehead), the device fires a small projectile through the animal's skull. The veterinarian can then either leave the animal to expire from the projectile wound, or administer lethal drugs on the spot as necessary. A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician
Use
With cattle, goats, and sheep, a penetrating stunner is typically used since it destroys the cerebrum while leaving the brain stem intact; this results in a more consistently reliable stun, and ensures the animal's heart continues to beat during the bleeding process. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe The telencephalon (tɛlɛnˈsɛfəlɒn cerebrum, or forebrain is the most Anterior or especially in humans most Dorsal region of the The brain stem (or brainstem) is the lower part of the Brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the Spinal cord. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from In some veal operations, a non-penetrating concussive stunner is used in order to preserve the brains for further processing. Veal is the Meat of The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain
Captive bolt stunners are safer to use in most red meat slaughter situations. There is no danger of ricochet or overpenetration as there is with regular firearms.
Captive bolts allow for meat trimming from the head to be salvaged.
Most animals are stunned at a place on the forehead or pate above the eyes. Some animals (old Hereford cattle—too much hair on forehead/pate; and bulls—too thick a skull) are stunned at the back of the poll. Hereford Cattle are a widely used breed in Temperate areas mainly for beef production This is known as poll knocking. It can render livestock unconscious, but may require more attempts since the placement of the bolt is more difficult (place the bolt in the space where the skull meets the head in the depression that it makes).
The cartridges typically use 2 to 3 grains (130 to 190 mg) of gunpowder, but can use up to 7 grains (450 mg) in the case of large animals such as bulls. In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes The velocity of the bolt is usually 55 m/s in the case of small animals and 75 m/s in the case of large animals.
There are certain specific stunning sites for various animals:
- Bull and cow: The stunning site is at or below the point of intersection of two imaginary lines drawn from the base of each horn to the inner canthus of the opposite eye. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Canthus (pl canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the Eye where the upper and lower Eyelids meet
- Pig: The stunning site is on the forehead at a point 25 mm above the eyes. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The stunner should be directed towards the gullet. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in
- Sheep and goat: The stunning site is below the ridge which runs under the base of the horn. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe The direction of shot is towards the gullet.
For all polled animals, the site is at the center of forehead, the shot being directed towards the gullet. Polled livestock (or pollards) are Livestock of normally-horned species that are lacking horns either naturally or as a result of humans removing them The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in
In popular culture
In the novel No Country For Old Men and its Oscar-winning 2007 film adaptation, the killer Anton Chigurh uses a captive bolt pistol to kill several people and to punch out cylinder locks on doors. No Country for Old Men is a 2005 Novel by American author Cormac McCarthy. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. No Country for Old Men is a 2007 crime [[thriller (genre| thriller film]] adapted for the screen and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, starring A cylinder lock is a lock in constructed with a cylinder that a Locksmith can easily unscrew to facilitate rekeying
The captive bolt stunner is described in Eric Schlosser's 2001 book Fast Food Nation, and footage showing its use in a slaughterhouse appears in the film adaptation. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (2001 is a book by Investigative journalist Eric Schlosser that examines the local and A slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir (from the French verb abattre, "to strike down" or freezing works ( New Zealand
In the 1983 novel Cal, the IRA soldier Crilly uses a captive bolt pistol to kneecap fellow paramilitaries. "Cal" is a 1983 novel by Bernard MacLaverty, detailing the experiences of a young Irish Catholic named Cal who is involved with the IRA. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Knee-capping is a form of malicious wounding often as extralegal Punishment or Torture, in which the victim is injured in the Knee, usually using a The victims subsequently develop a limp, pointing them out as traitors to others. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. In the novel, the man uses a captive bolt pistol because he believes "it doesn't leave a trace". Ironically this is what leads investigators to him and his paramilitary unit. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status
A captive bolt pistol is used to commit murder in the book and film adaptation of The Butcher Boy. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Film adaptation is the transfer of a written work to a Feature film. The Butcher Boy is a 1992 Novel by Patrick McCabe. It was shortlisted for the 1992 Booker Prize and won the 1992 Irish Times
The 1992 German film Benny's Video features a captive bolt pistol in the killing of a pig for slaughter and also in the commission of a murder by the title character. Benny's Video is a 1992 Horror-of-personality film directed by the Austrian Michael Haneke. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times
In Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods, Czernobog discusses the use of the captive bolt pistol in a slaughterhouse as part of a history of his work in the meatpacking industry. Neil Richard Gaiman (ˈgeɪmən (born November 10, 1960) is an English author of Science fiction and Fantasy short stories and American Gods is a Novel by Neil Gaiman. The novel is a blend of Americana, Fantasy, and various strands of ancient and modern The meat packing industry is an Industry that handles the slaughtering, Processing and distribution of animals such as Cattle
In the video game Hitman: Contracts Agent 47 can use a bolt pistol to eliminate his targets in the level 'The Meat King's Party'. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Hitman Contracts is the third game of the Hitman Video game series released April 20, 2004. Agent 47, also known as Mr 47, is a Fictional character and main protagonist of the Hitman video game series, created by
The comic book The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: Cut! features an unnamed villain who uses a captive bolt pistol (referred to as a "bolt stunner") to murder one teenager and knock another unconscious. A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative The popularity of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre film series and its main character Leatherface led to several comic books based on the franchise
The Deli Creeps song "Boom Ch Ka," a song written about McDonald's and the slaughter of cattle used in their burgers, is named after the sound created when the bolt is fired. The Deli Creeps are an Experimental rock band consisting of Maximum Bob on vocals Buckethead on guitar Dan Monti on bass and Pinchface on drums Burger may refer to Hamburger, a sandwich Ground beef Patty, especially in the United States Veggie
The television show Bones referenced a bolt pistol as the weapon of choice for a hitman tied to Dr. Bones is an American drama Television series that premiered on the Fox Network on September 13, 2005. Temperance Brennan's fugitive parents. A fugitive is a person who is fleeing from Custody, whether it be from private Slavery, a government Arrest, government or non-government questioning The use of the bolt pistol was the unique signature that led to additional charges for this hitman. For other uses of this term see Hitman (disambiguation A hitman usually is an Assassin who is hired to assassinate a target via
One of the first occurrences of the captive bolt pistol in a detective story can be found in the 1935 novel The Unicorn Murders by Carter Dickson (one of the pen names of John Dickson Carr). Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Unicorn Murders is a Mystery novel by the American writer John Dickson Carr (1906-1977 who published it under the name of Carter Dickson John Dickson Carr ( November 30, 1906 &ndash February 27, 1977) was an American Author of Detective stories
References
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